NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Maroon (people)

A Maroon (from the word marronage or American/Spanish cimarrón: "fugitive, runaway", lit. "living on mountaintops"; from Spanish cima: "top, summit") was a runaway slave in the West Indies, Central America, South America, or North America. Maroon populations are found in Jamaica, Amazon River Basin to the American states of Florida and North Carolina. Download high resolution version (731x731, 209 KB)I inherited this photo from my father, Ted Hill, who took it while travelling along the Suriname River in 1955. ... Download high resolution version (731x731, 209 KB)I inherited this photo from my father, Ted Hill, who took it while travelling along the Suriname River in 1955. ... Ndyuka (or Ndjuka, officially NdyukÃ¡tongo) is a language of Suriname. ... The shaman is an intellectual and spiritual figure who is regarded as possessing power and influence on other peoples in the tribe and performs several functions, primarily that of a healer ( medicine man). The shaman provides medical care, and serves other community needs during crisis times, via supernatural means (means... Slave redirects here. ... The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... This article is about the river. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area Ranked 22nd - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] kmÂ²) - Width 361 miles (582 km) - Length 447 miles (721 km) - % water 17. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area Ranked 28th - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 kmÂ²) - Width 150 miles (240 km) - Length 560[1] miles (901 km) - % water 9. ...

History

In the New World, as early as 1512, black slaves had escaped from Spanish and Portuguese owners and either joined indigenous peoples or eked out a living on their own.^[1] Sir Francis Drake enlisted several 'cimaroons' during his raids on the Spanish.^[2] As early as 1655 runaway slaves had formed their own communities in inland Jamaica.^[3] Frontispiece of Peter Martyr dAnghieras De orbe novo (On the New World). Carte dAmÃ©rique, Guillaume Delisle, 1722. ... Year 1512 (MDXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... This article is about the Elizabethan naval commander. ... Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ...

When runaway slaves banded together and subsisted independently in the wild they were called Maroons. On the Caribbean Islands runaway slaves formed bands and on some islands formed armed camps. Maroon communities faced great odds to survive against white attackers, obtain food for subsistence living, and to reproduce and increase their numbers. As the planters took over more land for crops, the Maroons began to vanish on the small islands. Only on some of the larger islands were organized Maroon communities able to thrive by growing crops and hunting. Here they grew in number as more slaves escaped from plantations and joined their bands. Seeking to separate themselves from whites, the Maroons gained in power and amid increasing hostilities, they raided and pillaged plantations and harassed planters until the planters began to fear a mass slave revolt.^[4] I inherited this photo from my father, Ted Hill, who took it in 1955. ... I inherited this photo from my father, Ted Hill, who took it in 1955. ... Ndyuka (or Ndjuka, officially NdyukÃ¡tongo) is a language of Suriname. ... The Suriname River is 480 km long and flows through the country of Suriname. ... This is a list of inhabited islands in the Caribbean. ...

The early Maroon communities were usually displaced; as sugar cane plantations expanded the jungle was cut down. By 1700, Maroons had disappeared from the smaller islands. Survival was always difficult as the Maroons had to fight off attackers as well as attempt to grow food.^[4] One of the most influential Maroons was François Mackandal, a houngan, or voodoo priest, who led a six year rebellion against the white plantation owners in Haiti that preceded the Haitian Revolution.^[5] FranÃ§ois Mackandal (died 1758) was one of the most famous leaders of the Haitian Maroons. ... Houngan is the term for a voodoo priest, usually used in Haiti. ... Voodoo (Vodou, Vodoun, Vudu, or Vudun in Benin, Togo, southeastern Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Senegal; also Vodou in Haiti) is a name attributed to a traditionally uten West African spiritual system of faith and ritual practices. ... Combatants Haiti France Commanders Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines Charles Leclerc, vicomte de Rochambeau, Napoleon Bonaparte Strength Regular army: <55,000, Volunteers: <100,000 Regular army: 60,000, 86 warships and frigates Casualties Military deaths: unknown, Civilian deaths: <100,000 Military deaths: 57,000 (37,000 combat; 20,000 yellow...

In Cuba, there were maroon communities in the mountains, where escaped slaves had joined refugee Taínos.^[6] Remnants of these communities remain to this day (2006) for example in Viñales.^[7] Reconstruction of a TaÃno village in Cuba The TaÃno are pre-Columbian indigenous inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and some of the Lesser Antilles. ... ViÃ±ales is a small town and municipality in the north-central Pinar del Rio Province of Cuba. ...

Maroon communities emerged in many places in the Caribbean (St Vincent and Dominica for example), but none were seen as such a great threat to the British as the Jamaican Maroons.^[8] A British governor signed a treaty promising the Maroons 2500 acres (10 km²) in two locations, because they presented a threat to the British. Also, some Maroons kept their freedom by agreeing to capture runaway slaves. They were paid two dollars for each slave returned.^[9] Kingstown, St. ...

Beginning in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Jamaican Maroons fought British colonists to a draw and eventually signed treaties in the 18th century that effectively freed them over 50 years before the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. To this day, the Jamaican Maroons are to a significant extent autonomous and separate from Jamaican society. The physical isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today led to their communities remaining amongst the most inaccessible on the island. In their largest town, Accompong, in the parish of St. Elizabeth, the Leeward Maroons still possess a vibrant community of about 600. Tours of the village are offered to foreigners and a large festival is put on every January 6 to commemorate the signing of the peace treaty with the British after the First Maroon War.^[3]^[10] The Jamaican Maroons were runaway slaves who fought the British during the 18th century. ... Abolition is the act of formally destroying something through legal means, either by making it illegal, or simply no longer allowing it to exist in any form. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Jamaican Maroons were runaway slaves who fought the British during the 18th century. ... Accompong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Location latitude 18Â°15N, longitude 77Â°56W Capital town Black River other Towns Santa Cruz, Malvern, Junction, Balaclava, Prospect County Cornwall Area 1212. ... Maroon is a name given to the indiginous blacks peoples of Jamaica they escaped from slavery when the ownership of the island changed from Spain to Britain in 1655! The First Maroon War is the name given to a conflict in Jamaica which reached a crescendo in 1731. ...

Culture

Escaped slaves were frequently within the first generation of their arrival from Africa and often preserved their African languages and much of their culture. African traditions include such things as the use of medicinal herbs together with special drums and dances when the herbs are administered to a sick person. Other African healing traditions and rites have survived through the centuries - see, for example, the accompanying photos of a medicine man and a protective charm from Suriname. I inherited this photo from my father, Ted Hill, who took it in 1955. ... I inherited this photo from my father, Ted Hill, who took it in 1955. ... Ndyuka (or Ndjuka, officially NdyukÃ¡tongo) is a language of Suriname. ... The Suriname River is 480 km long and flows through the country of Suriname. ... Map showing the distribution of African language families and some major African languages. ...

The jungles around the Caribbean Sea offered food, shelter, and isolation for the escaped slaves. Maroons survived by growing vegetables and hunting. They also originally raided plantations. During these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities. Individual groups of Maroons often allied themselves with the local indigenous tribes and occasionally assimilated into these populations. Maroons played an important role in the histories of Brazil, Suriname, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Cuba, and Jamaica. Box Log Falls, Lamington National Park, Queensland, Australia Jungle usually refers to a dense forest in a hot climate, such as a tropical rainforest. ... Map of Central America and the Caribbean The Caribbean Sea (pronounced or ) is a tropical sea in the Western Hemisphere, part of the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. ... A sugarcane plantation at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, 2005 A plantation is a large tract of monoculture, as a tree plantation, a cotton plantation, a tea plantation or a tobacco plantation. ... Native Americans (also Indians, Aboriginal Peoples, American Indians, First Nations, Alaskan Natives, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the indigenous inhabitants of The Americas prior to the European colonization, and their modern descendants. ...

There is much variety among Maroon cultural groups because of differences in history, geography, African nationality, and the culture of indigenous people throughout the Western hemisphere. For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... The geographical western hemisphere of Earth, highlighted in yellow. ...

Maroon settlements often possessed a clannish, outsider identity. They sometimes developed Creole languages by mixing European tongues with their original African languages. One such Maroon Creole language, in Suriname, is Saramaccan. A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originates seemingly as a new language, sometimes with features that are not inherited from any apparent source, without however qualifying in any appreciable way as a mixed language. ... Saramaccan (autonym: Saamáka) is a creole spoken by about 24,000 people near the Saramaccan and upper Suriname Rivers in Suriname, and 2,000 in French Guiana. ...

The Maroons created their own independent communities which in some cases have survived for centuries and until recently remained separate from mainstream society. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Maroon communities began to disappear as forests were razed, although some countries, such as Guyana and Suriname, still have large Maroon populations living in the forests. Recently, many Maroons have moved to cities and towns as the process of urbanization accelerates. For other uses, see Society (disambiguation). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname by Wim S.M. Hoogbergen gives an overall picture of the interesting history of the Aluku or Boni in Suriname from their origins until 1860, using the archives of The Netherlands, France and Surinam. Presently they live along the Lawa River, the border river between Suriname and French Guiana, with about 2,000 people. They fled there after protracted warfare against the white planters and their colonial armies. Another author who wrote on the Boni-history is John Gabriel Stedman. Other Maroon tribes still found in Suriname are the Saramaka, the Paramakans, the Ndyuka or Aukan, the Kwinti and the Matawai. Aluku is the linguistic entity of the eponymuous tribe in Suriname. ... John Gabriel Stedman (1747-1797) was a Scottish adventurer, son of a Scottish father and Dutch mother. ... Saramaka, sometimes spelled Saramacca is the name of a group of Maroons (escaped African slaves) who established small communities along the Surinam river in Suriname during the XVIII century and are now present in Suriname and in French Guiana. ... The Paramaccan are an ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their dialect, which has less than 1,000 speakers. ... Ndyuka (or Ndjuka, officially NdyukÃ¡tongo) is a language of Suriname. ... The Kwinti are an ethnic group living in the forested interior of Suriname, and the eponymous term for their dialect, which has less than 1,000 speakers. ...

Notes

^ "Sir Francis Drake Revived" in Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14 paragraph 21
^ "Sir Francis Drake Revived" in Voyages and Travels: Ancient and Modern. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14 paragraph 101
^ ^a ^b Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988) The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655-1796: A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal Bergin & Garvey, Granby, MA, ISBN 0-89789-148-1
^ ^a ^b Rogozinski, Jan (1999). A Brief History of the Caribbean, Revised, New York: Facts on File, Inc., pp 155-168. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2.
^ The History of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution. The City of Miami. Retrieved on 2007-08-16.
^ Aimes, Hubert H. S. (1967) A History of Slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868 Octagon Books, New York;
^ "El Templo de los Cimarrones" Guerrillero:Pinar del Río in Spanish
^ Edwards, Bryan (1801) Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo J. Stockdale, London;
^ Taylor, Alan (2001) American Colonies: The Settling of North America Penguin Books, New York;
^ Edwards, Bryan (1796) "Observations on the disposition, character, manners, and habits of life, of the Maroon negroes of the island of Jamaica; |b an a detail of the origin, progress, and termination of the late war between those people and the white inhabitants." in Edwards, Bryan (1801) Historical Survey of the Island of Saint Domingo J. Stockdale, London, pp. 303-360;

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

Daughters of the Dust is a 1991 independent film written and directed by Julie Dash. ... Year 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the 1991 Gregorian calendar). ... Julie Dash (born 1952) is a United States filmmaker. ... Year 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday [1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area Ranked 40th - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 kmÂ²) - Width 200 miles (320 km) - Length 260 miles (420 km) - % water 6 - Latitude 32Â° 2â€² N to 35Â° 13â€² N - Longitude... The Igbo, sometimes (especially formerly) referred to as the Ibo/Ebo, are an ethnic group in West Africa numbering in the tens of millions. ... A quilombo (from the Kimbundu word kilombo) is a Brazilian hinterland settlement founded by Quilombolas, or Maroons and, sometimes, a minority of marginalised Portuguese, Brazilian aboriginals, and/or other non-black, non-slave Brazilians. ... Carlos Diegues, also known as CacÃ¡ Diegues, (born 19 May 1940 in MaceiÃ³, Alagoas, Brazil) is a Brazilian film director. ... Palmares, or Quilombo dos Palmares, was a quilombo, a settlement of runaway and free-born African slaves, founded around 1600 in the Serra da Barriga hills of northeastern Brazil. ...

Contents

History

Culture

Notes

References

See also

External links