It has been suggested that Sojourner (rover) be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Mars Pathfinder
Organization	NASA - JPL
Mission type	Lander, rover
Orbital insertion date	Landed 04 July 1997 UT 16:57
Launch date	4 December 1996 at 06:58:07 UTC from ESMC / launch complex 17B
Launch vehicle	Delta 7925 (#D240)
NSSDC ID	1996-068A
Mass	264 kg (lander), 10.5 kg (rover)
Power	35 W (lander) 13 W (rover)

The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. After a 7-month voyage it landed on Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia on Mars, on 4 July 1997. During its voyage the spacecraft had to accomplish four flight adjustments on 10 January, 3 February, 6 May and 25 June. The lander opened, exposing the rover called Sojourner that would go on to execute many experiments on the Martian surface. Image File history File links Mergefrom. ... Sojourner next to the rock Barnacle Bill The Sojourner rover was the first space exploration rover to successfully reach another planet. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (3000x2048, 6135 KB) Mars Pathfinder Lander preparations File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mars Pathfinder Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... The JPL complex in Pasadena, Ca. ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... UTC redirects here. ... Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 17 is a launch site at Merritt Island, Florida. ... A Delta II rocket launches from Cape Canaveral carrying a GPS satellite The Boeing IDS Delta II family of launch vehicles has been in service since 1989. ... The International Designator (or NSSDC ID) is an international naming convention for satellites. ... is the 338th day of the year (339th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ... The Delta II family of launch vehicles was designed and built by Boeings Integrated Defense Systems division and has been in service since 1989. ... The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was a US spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. ... Ares Vallis is a valley on Mars which appears to have been carved by fluids, perhaps water. ... Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A lander is a type of spacecraft which descends to come to rest on the surface of an astronomical body. ... Two different Mars rover designs. ... Sojourner next to the rock Barnacle Bill The Sojourner rover was the first space exploration rover to successfully reach another planet. ...

The mission carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto "cheaper, faster and better" promoted by the then administrator, Daniel Goldin. The mission was directed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology, responsible for NASA's Mars Exploration Program. Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... This article is about the geological substance. ... NASAs Discovery Program is a series of lower-cost, highly focused scientific space missions. ... Daniel S. Goldin Daniel Saul Goldin (born July 23, 1940) served as the 9th and longest-tenured Administrator of NASA from April 1, 1992, to November 17, 2001. ... For the singer/songwriter, see Jon Peter Lewis. ... The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech)[1] is a private, coeducational research university located in Pasadena, California, in the United States. ... Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration Rovers which touched down on Mars in 2004. ...

This mission to Mars, besides being the first of a series of missions to Mars that included rovers (robotic exploration vehicles), was the most important since the Vikings landed on the red planet (.A.K.A. Mars) in 1976, and also was the first mission to send a rover to a planet. (The Soviet Union had succeeded in sending rovers to the Moon as part of the Lunokhod programme earlier in the 1970s.) Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky. ... Viking mission profile. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the astronomical term. ... Lunokhod series Soviet Moon exploration robot vehicle A panorama shot from Lunokhod 1 Lunokhod (Russian for Moon walker) 1 and 2 were a pair of unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union. ...

Though completing real objectives, the Mars Pathfinder mission can be regarded as a "proof-of-concept" for various technologies, such as airbag-mediated touchdown and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rovers. The Mars Pathfinder was also remarkable for its extremely low price relative to other unmanned space missions. This was an important achievement, considering that approximately two-thirds of the spacecraft destined for Mars have either failed to launch or were lost en route. For the Mozilla crash reporting software previously called Airbag, see Breakpad. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars (credit: Maas Digital LLC) Marvin the Martian, Spirit rover Mission patch Duck Dodgers, Opportunity rover Mission patch NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission is an ongoing robotic mission of exploring Mars, that began in 2003 with the sending of two rovers â€” Spirit...

Landing site

The landing site was an ancient flood plain in Mars' northern hemisphere called "Ares Vallis" and is among the rockiest parts of Mars. It was chosen because scientists found it to be a relatively safe surface to land on and one which contained a wide variety of rocks deposited during a catastrophic flood. Upon successful landing, the landing site was named The Carl Sagan Memorial Station in honor of the late astronomer and leader in the field of robotic spacecraft missions. Insert non-formatted text here Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrobiologist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ... Galileo is often referred to as the Father of Modern Astronomy. ... An artists interpretation of the MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury A robotic spacecraft is a spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. ...

The probe

The probe consisted of a lander and a lightweight (10.6 kilograms/23 pounds) wheeled robot (Rover) called Sojourner ("one in a break from journeying"), after the sometime slave, abolitionist, and women's-rights activist Sojourner Truth. [1] This article is about the spacecraft type. ... For other uses, see robot (disambiguation). ... Sojourner Truth (c. ...

Landing process

Mars Pathfinder used an innovative method of directly entering Mars using an entry capsule, a supersonic parachute, followed by solid rockets and large airbags to cushion the impact. This article is about the device. ...

Mission

Mars Pathfinder launched on 4 December 1996

The lander relayed transmissions to and from the robot, allowing it to operate independently of the probe body. The robot was remotely controlled, but had a basic camera-assisted autonomous control system allowing it to navigate and negotiate minor obstacles without operator intervention. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1171x1500, 136 KB) Original Caption Released with Image: Mars Pathfinder was launched on a Delta Launch Vehicle at 1:56 am on 4 December 1996 from Cape Canaveral Spaceflight Center. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1171x1500, 136 KB) Original Caption Released with Image: Mars Pathfinder was launched on a Delta Launch Vehicle at 1:56 am on 4 December 1996 from Cape Canaveral Spaceflight Center. ...

The robot's freedom of movement allowed the exploration team to closely analyze many more rocks and soil samples than with a traditional probe. From its landing in July 4, 1997 until the final data transmission on September 27, 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from the rover, as well as more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors. Findings from the investigations carried out by scientific instruments on both the lander and the rover suggest that Mars was at one time in its past warm and wet, with water existing in its liquid state and a thicker atmosphere. is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ...

The lander and rover performed for much longer and better than expected, but eventually contact with the lander was lost on sol 83. The lander's silver-zinc battery was only capable of being recharged about 40 times, as a consequence after about 40 sols, the battery was not able to keep the lander warm at night. The exact reason for the final failure of the lander is not certain, but it was probably due to an electronics failure due to the very cold night-time temperatures that were experienced in the final weeks of the mission. After sol 92, the automatic backup procedures should have instructed the rover to return to the lander and circle it whilst attempting to re-establish communications. This behaviour would have continued until hardware failure. The lack of communication may mean that the rover's final location and state are unknown. NASA's efforts to recontact Pathfinder ended on March 10, 1998. Various schemes have been used or proposed to keep track of time and date on the planet Mars independently of Earth time and calendars. ... For other uses, see Battery. ... is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...

Mission objectives

• To prove that the development of "faster, better and cheaper" spacecraft is possible (with three years for development and a cost under $150 million).
• To show that it is possible to send a load of scientific instruments to another planet with a simple system and at one fifth the cost of a Viking mission. (For comparison, the Viking missions cost $935 million in 1974^[1] or $3.5 billion in 1997 dollars)

To demonstrate NASA's commitment to low-cost planetary exploration finishing the mission with a total expenditure of $280 million, including the launch vehicle and mission operations. The project manager was Tony Spear. Viking mission profile. ...

Mission equipment

Mars Pathfinder seen from space - MRO HiRISE.

Mars Pathfinder Lander: Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (4000 × 4000 pixel, file size: 6. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 600 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (4000 × 4000 pixel, file size: 6. ... NASAs Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. ... A lander is a type of spacecraft which descends to come to rest on the surface of an astronomical body. ...

1. Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP), (includes magnetometer and anemometer)
2. Atmospheric and meteorological sensors (ASI/MET)

Sojourner Rover: A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument. ... A hemispherical cup anemometer of the type invented in 2000 by John Thomas Romney Robinson An anemometer is a device for measuring the velocity or the pressure of the wind, and is one instrument used in a weather station. ... Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass. ... // Meteorology (from Greek: μετέωρον, meteoron, high in the sky; and λόγος, logos, knowledge) is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. ... Sojourner next to the rock Barnacle Bill The Sojourner rover was the first space exploration rover to successfully reach another planet. ...

1. Imaging system (three cameras: front B&W stereo, 1 rear color)
2. Laser striper hazard detection system
3. Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
4. Wheel Abrasion Experiment
5. Material Adherence Experiment
6. Accelerometers
7. Potentiometers

The Mars Pathfinder executed different investigations on the Martian soil using three scientific instruments. The lander contained a stereoscopic camera with spatial filters on an expandable pole called Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP)^[2][3], and the Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Meteorology Package (ASI /MET)^[4] which acts as a Mars meteorological station, collecting data about pressure, temperature, and winds. The Sojourner rover had a Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)^[5], which was used to analyze the components of the rocks and soil. The rover also had two black and white cameras and a color one. These instruments could make investigations of the geology of the Martian surface from just a few millimeters to many hundreds of meters, the geochemistry and evolutionary history of the rocks and surface, the magnetic and mechanical properties of the land, as well as the magnetic properties of the dust, atmosphere and the rotational and orbital dynamics of the planet. For other uses, see Laser (disambiguation). ... In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz... Spectrometer A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. ... A depiction of an accelerometer designed at Sandia National Laboratories. ... It has been suggested that Determining emf of primary cells using potentiometer be merged into this article or section. ... APXS is an acronym for Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer, a device that analyses the elements of a sample from the Alpha particles and X-Rays emitted. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter), symbol mm is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets, chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rocks and soils, and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earths chemical components in time and space, and their interaction with... In physics, magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... For other uses, see Mechanic (disambiguation). ... This article is about rotation as a movement of a physical body. ... Two bodies with a slight difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter. ...

Scientific objectives

• Surface morphology and geology using scaled measurements.
• Petrology and geochemistry of surface materials.
• Magnetic and mechanical properties of the surface.
• Atmospheric structure, besides diurnal and nocturnal meteorological variations.
• Rotational and orbital dynamics of Mars.

Petrology is a field of geology which focuses on the study of rocks and the conditions by which they form. ...

The Sojourner gets out

Sojourner rover

Sojourner's exit from the lander occurred on Sol 2. As the next sols progressed it approached some rocks which were named (by the scientists) "Barnacle Bill", "Yogi", and "Scooby Doo", after the famous cartoons. The rover made measurements of the elements found in those rocks and in the martian soil, while the lander took pictures of the Sojourner and the surrounding terrain, besides making climate observations. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1276x1175, 945 KB) Sojourner Rover Near The Dice source: http://photojournal. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1276x1175, 945 KB) Sojourner Rover Near The Dice source: http://photojournal. ... Sojourner Rover next to the Rock Barnacle Bill Barnacle Bill is a 40 centimeter rock on Mars in Ares Vallis. ... Yogi Rock is a music concert by Yogi the bear. ... Scooby-Doo IS THE SHIT is a short ass-running American animated television series produced for your mom Saturday morning television in several different versions from 1969 to the present. ... For other uses, see Cartoon (disambiguation). ...

The Sojourner was a six-wheeled vehicle and it was 65 cm long, 48 cm wide, 30 cm tall and weighed 10.6 kg. It could move about 500 metres from the lander and its maximum speed reached one centimeter per second. During its 83 sols of operation, it sent 550 photographs to Earth and analyzed the chemical properties of sixteen locations near the lander. Standards Of Learning SOL stands for The Standards Of Learning. ... For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ...

Sojourner's rock analysis

The Sojourner Rover is taking its Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer measurement of the Yogi Rock (NASA)

The first analysis on a rock started on Sol 3 with "Barnacle Bill". The Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) was used to determine its composition, the spectrometer taking ten hours to make a full scan of the sample. It found all the elements except hydrogen, which constitutes just one tenth of 1% of the rock's or soil's mass. Image File history File links Pathfinder01. ... Image File history File links Pathfinder01. ... Yogi Rock is a music concert by Yogi the bear. ... Sojourner Rover next to the Rock Barnacle Bill Barnacle Bill is a 40 centimeter rock on Mars in Ares Vallis. ... APXS is an acronym for Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer, a device that analyses the elements of a sample from the Alpha particles and X-Rays emitted. ... This article is about the chemistry of hydrogen. ... For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation). ...

The APXS works by irradiating rocks and soil samples with alpha particles (helium nuclei, which consist of two protons and two neutrons). The results indicated that "Barnacle Bill" is much like Earth's andesites, confirming past volcanic activity. An alpha particle is deflected by a magnetic field Alpha radiation consists of helium-4 nuclei and is readily stopped by a sheet of paper. ... General Name, symbol, number helium, He, 2 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 1, s Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 4. ... The nucleus of an atom is the very small dense region, of positive charge, in its centre consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons). ... For other uses, see Proton (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A sample of andesite (dark groundmass) with amygdaloidal vesicules filled with zeolite. ... Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ...

Analysis of "Yogi" rock again using the APXS showed that it was a basaltic rock, more primitive than "Barnacle Bill". Yogi's shape and texture show that it was probably deposited there by a flood. Yogi Rock is a music concert by Yogi the bear. ... For the cities, see Basalt, Colorado and Basalt, Idaho. ... Flooding near Key West, Florida, United States from Hurricane Wilmas storm surge in October 2005 For other uses, see Flood (disambiguation). ...

Another rock, named "Moe", was found to have certain marks on its surface, demonstrating erosion caused by the wind. Most rocks analyzed showed a high content of silicon. In another region known as Rock Garden the Sojourner encountered crescent Moon-shaped dunes, which are similar to crescentic dunes on Earth. Not to be confused with Silicone. ... This article is about the sand formations, for other meanings see Dune (disambiguation) Mesquite Flat Dunes in Death Valley National Park In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by eolian (wind-related) processes. ...

The lander, on the other hand, sent more than 16,500 pictures and made 8.5 million measurements of the atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind speed. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any given point in the Earths atmosphere. ... For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). ...

Video footage of Sojouner approaching "Yogi", including the photograph in this section, used in the opening credits of Star Trek: Enterprise made that television program the first science fiction television or film production in history to use images taken on another planet. The starship Enterprise (NX-01) Star Trek: Enterprise is a science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe. ...

End of the mission

Although the mission was programmed to last a week to a month, it eventually lasted for almost three months. The final contact with the Pathfinder was at 10:23 UTC on September 27, 1997. Although the mission planners tried to restore contact during the following five months, the successful mission was terminated on March 10, 1998. After the landing, the Mars Pathfinder was renamed as the Sagan Memorial Station in honor of the famous astronomer and planetologist Carl Sagan. The mission had exceeded its goals in the first month. is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 69th day of the year (70th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Astronomy (disambiguation). ... Planetary science, also known as planetology or planetary astronomy, is the science of planets and the solar system, and incorporates an interdisciplinary approach drawing from diverse sciences. ... Insert non-formatted text here Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrobiologist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ...

The Mars Pathfinder entry descent and landing system design was used (with some modification) on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Likewise many design aspects of Sojourner rover (e.g. the rocker-bogie mobility architecture and the navigation algorithms) were also successfully used on the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Artists Concept of Rover on Mars (credit: Maas Digital LLC) Marvin the Martian, Spirit rover Mission patch Duck Dodgers, Opportunity rover Mission patch NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission is an ongoing robotic mission of exploring Mars, that began in 2003 with the sending of two rovers â€” Spirit... Rocker-bogie The Rocker-Bogie system is the suspension arrangement used in the Mars rovers (mechanical robot) for both the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover missions. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars (credit: Maas Digital LLC) Marvin the Martian, Spirit rover Mission patch Duck Dodgers, Opportunity rover Mission patch NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission is an ongoing robotic mission of exploring Mars, that began in 2003 with the sending of two rovers â€” Spirit...

Mars Reconnaissance Obiter ^[6] may have spotted Pathfinder, January 2007 ^{[7] [8]}

Naming the Rover

The name Sojourner was chosen for the Mars Pathfinder rover after a year-long, worldwide competition in which students up to 18 years old were invited to select a heroine and submit an essay about her historical accomplishments. The students were asked to address in their essays how a planetary rover named for their heroine would translate these accomplishments to the Martian environment.

Initiated in March 1994 by The Planetary Society of Pasadena, CA, in cooperation with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the contest got under way with an announcement in the January 1995 issue of the National Science Teachers Association's magazine "Science and Children," which is circulated to 20,000 teachers and schools across the nation.

Valerie Ambroise, 12, of Bridgeport, CT, submitted the winning essay about Sojourner Truth, an African-American reformist who lived during the Civil War era. An abolitionist and champion of women's rights, Sojourner Truth, whose legal name was Isabella Van Wagener, made it her mission to "travel up and down the land," advocating the rights of all people to be free and the rights of women to participate fully in society. The name Sojourner was selected because it means "traveler." JPL scientists and engineers working on the Mars Pathfinder project and Planetary Society staff members reviewed the 3,500 total entries received from all over the world, including essays from students living in Canada, India, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Poland and Russia. Nearly 1,700 of the essays were submitted by students aged 5 to 18 years old. Sojourner Truth (c. ...

The selection of winners from this group by representatives from JPL and NASA Headquarters was based on several factors: the quality and creativity of the essay, taking into consideration the age of each contestant, the appropriateness of the name for a Mars rover, and the knowledge of the heroine, and the understanding of the Pathfinder rover's mission conveyed in the essay.

The second place prize winner was Deepti Rohatgi, 18, of Rockville, MD, who proposed naming the rover after Marie Curie, a Polish-born chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1911 for her discovery of the elements radium and polonium. The test model identical to Sojourner used on earth was named Marie Curie. The third place prize went to Adam Sheedy, 16, of Round Rock, TX, who chose the late astronaut Judith Resnik as his namesake for the new rover. This article is about the chemist and physicist. ... Dr. Judith Arlene Resnik (April 5, 1949 – January 28, 1986) was an American astronaut who died at the age of 36 in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster during the launch of the mission STS-51-L. Resnik was born in Akron, Ohio and attended Hebrew school. ...

Facts

• In June of 1997, Mattel released a Hot Wheels toy vehicle based on the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Sojourner rover, in cooperation with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The toy was sold through major retailers such as Toys 'R' Us and Walmart.

• In 2003, the Sojourner Rover was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame.

Mattel headquarters in El Segundo Mattel Inc. ... Hot Wheels Car — Dodge viper Hot Wheels is a brand of die cast toy car, introduced by American toymaker Mattel in 1968. ... Toys Я Us NYSE: TOY is a toy store chain based in the United States. ... Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ... The Robot Hall of Fame was established in 2003 by the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ...

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Mars Pathfinder

• Exploration of Mars
• Mars Exploration Rovers (2003-present mission)
• Space exploration
• Atmospheric reentry
• Lunokhod programme (Lunar rovers)

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration Rovers which touched down on Mars in 2004. ... Artists Concept of Rover on Mars NASAs Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission (since 2003) is a unmanned Mars exploration mission that includes sending two Rovers (robots) to explore the Martian surface and geology. ... Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer space, both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft. ... “Reentry” redirects here. ... Lunokhod series Soviet Moon exploration robot vehicle A panorama shot from Lunokhod 1 Lunokhod (Russian for Moon walker) 1 and 2 were a pair of unmanned lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union. ...

Disambiguation

In sociology, sojourner is a grammatical shortening of the phrase "solo journeyer," a person working in a foreign country with the intention to return to the homeland after a period of time.

References

• This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 28 March 2005. It was translated by the Spanish Translation of the Week collaboration.
• JPL Mars Pathfinder article
• Mars Pathfinder Litograph Set, NASA. (1997)
• Poster: Mars Pathfinder –Roving the Red Planet, NASA. (1998)
• Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000, Asif A. Siddiqi. Monographs in Aerospace History, #24. June 2002, NASA History Office.
• "Return to Mars", article by William R. Newcott. National Geographic, pp. 2-29. Vol. 194, 2nd edition - August 1998.

• "La misión Pathfinder –rebautizada Carl Sagan Memorial Station, en memoria del célebre astrónomo-, paso a paso todo Marte", de J. Roberto Mallo. Conozca Más, págs. 90-96. Edición número 106 - agosto de 1997.
• "Un espía que anda por Marte", de Julio Guerrieri. Descubrir, págs. 80-83. Edición número 73 - agosto de 1997.
• "Mars Pathfinder: el inicio de la conquista de Marte" EL Universo, Enciclopedia de la Astronomía y el Espacio, Editorial Planeta-De Agostini, págs. 58-60. Tomo 5. (1997)
• Sojourner: An Insider's View of the Mars Pathfinder Mission, by Andrew Mishkin, Senior Systems Engineer, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. ISBN 0-425-19199-0
• Experiences with operations and autonomy of the Mars Pathfinder microrover, A. H. Mishkin, J. C. Morrison, T. T. Nguyen, H. W. Stone, B. K. Cooper and B. H. Wilcox. In Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Snowmass, CO 1998.

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Andrew Mishkin (born c. ...

Bibliography on Mars

• The New Solar System, J. Kelly Beatty, Carolyn Collins Petersen, Andrew Chaikin. Cambridge University Press; 4 edition (1998); ISBN 0-521-64587-5
• The Surface of Mars, Michael H. Carr. Yale University Press, New Haven; 1 edition (1981); ISBN 0-300-02750-8, ISBN 0-300-03242-0
• Exploring the Planets, Eric H. Christiansen, Kenneth W. Hamblin. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; 2 edition (1995); ISBN 0-02-322421-5
• The Search for Life on Mars: Evolution of an Idea, Henry S.F. Cooper. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York (1980); ISBN 0-03-046166-9 (hardcover), ISBN 0-03-059818-4
• Mars, Percival Lowell. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston, New York (1895). Kessinger Publishing (2004); ISBN 1-4191-3284-9
• Journey Into Space: The First Thirty Years of Space Exploration, Bruce Murray. W.W. Norton, New York (1989); ISBN 0-393-02675-2 (hardcover), ISBN 0-393-30703-4
• Planets & Perception: Telescopic Views and Interpretations, 1609-1909, William Sheehan. University of Arizona Press, Tucson (1988); ISBN 0-8165-1059-8
• The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery, William Sheehan. University of Arizona Press, Tucson (1996); ISBN 0-8165-1640-5 (hardcover), ISBN 0-8165-1641-3
• The Martian Landscape, Viking Lander Imaging Team. NASA SP-425 (1978)
• Viking Orbiter Views of Mars, Viking Orbiter Imaging Team. NASA SP-441 (1980)
• Mars Beckons, John Noble Wilford. ISBN 0-394-58359-0 (hardcover, 1 edition, 1990), ISBN 0-679-73531-3 (1991), ISBN 0-517-19803-7 (1997)

Percival Lowell (March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an author, mathematician, and esteemed astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, and formed the beginning of the work and theories that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after...

External links

• Mars Pathfinder NASA/JPL Website
• Mars Pathfinder Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• Ted Stryk's Mars Pathfinder page
• "A Crawl On Mars" - Ted Stryk's Sojourner rover page
• NASA Office of Space Science
• JPL - Mars Exploration Rover Mission
• What really happened on Mars? — discussion of the software problems on the Pathfinder spacecraft
• A Little Rock on Mars — children's story about the Pathfinder landing
• Sojourner rover replica (French) — description and images of a full scale functional replica of the Sojourner rover].

v • d • e Spacecraft missions to Mars
Flybys	Mariner 4 · 6 · 7 · Mars 4 · Rosetta · Dawn
Orbiters	Mariner 9 · Mars 2 · 3 · 5 · 6 · Viking 1 · 2 · Phobos 2 · Mars Global Surveyor · 2001 Mars Odyssey · Mars Express Orbiter · Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Landers / Rovers	Mars 3 · Viking 1 · 2 · Mars Pathfinder · Spirit · Opportunity · Phoenix
Future missions	Mars Science Laboratory (2009) · Phobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 (2009) · MetNet (2009-2019) · Mars Scout (2013) · Mars Science and Telecommunications Orbiter (2013) · ExoMars (2013) · Astrobiology Field Laboratory (2016) · Mars Sample Return Mission (2024?)
See also	Mars · Exploration · Colonization · Failed Mars missions
Bold italics indicates active missions

Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration Rovers which touched down on Mars in 2004. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Mariner 4 (Mariner-Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft used for planetary exploration in a flyby mode and performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface. ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 ( Mariner Mars 69A / 69B) completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 ( Mariner Mars 69A / 69B) completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... Rosetta is a European Space Agency-led unmanned space mission launched in 2004 intended to study the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. ... The Dawn Mission, launched on September 27, 2007, is NASAs mission to send a robotic space probe to the two most massive members of the asteroid belt: the asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Mariner 9 launch Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars 71 / Mariner-I) was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mars 2. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... The Mars program was a series of Mars unmanned landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union in the early 1970s. ... Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASAs Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission. ... Frost on Mars. ... Illustration of the Phobos spacecraft Image of Phobos taken by Phobos 2 spacecraft The Phobos program was an unmanned space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. ... The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was a US spacecraft developed by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996. ... 2001 Mars Odyssey is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars. ... Oblique view of the Reull Vallis near the Hellas basin, rendered from data obtained by the Mars Express orbiters High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) The Mars Express Orbiter is part of the Mars Express program, a European Space Agency (ESA) mission to Mars. ... NASAs Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. ... A lander is a type of spacecraft which descends to come to rest on the surface of an astronomical body. ... Two different Mars rover designs. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mars 2. ... Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASAs Viking program, and holds the record for the longest Mars surface mission. ... Frost on Mars. ... The launch patch for Spirit, featuring Marvin the Martian. ... The launch patch for Opportunity, featuring Duck Dodgers (Daffy Duck). ... Phoenix is a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission to Mars under the Mars Scout Program. ... 2007 Mars Science Laboratory concept Schematic diagram of the planned rover components The Mars Science Laboratory (or MSL for short) is a NASA rover scheduled to launch in September 2009 and perform a precision landing on Mars in July-September 2010. ... Phobos-Grunt (rus. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Mars Science and Telecommunication Orbiter or MSTO is a proposal for what would be primarily an infrastructure component for future missions, but also perform some yet to be determined science activities of its own. ... ExoMars model at ILA 2006 (Berlin) ExoMars. ... The Astrobiology Field Laboratory is a proposed NASA unmanned planetary spacecraft to explore the planet Mars. ... The Mars Return Sample Mission is a joint project between NASA and ESA to collect rock and dust samples from Mars and to return them to Earth for analysis. ... Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ... Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration Rovers which touched down on Mars in 2004. ... Mars Mars is the focus of much speculation and serious study about possible human colonization. ... NASAs Discovery Program is a series of lower-cost, highly focused scientific space missions. ... The Kepler Mission is a space observatory being developed by NASA that will search for extrasolar planets and will only be the second space-based telescope particularly constructed for that task, the first one being COROT. For this purpose, it will observe the brightness of about 100,000 stars over... Overview The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) is one of two instruments that NASA is contributing to Indias first mission to the Moon, scheduled to launch in 2007. ... This article is about the NASA space mission. ... The Dawn Mission, launched on September 27, 2007, is NASAs mission to send a robotic space probe to the two most massive members of the asteroid belt: the asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. ... Artists conception of the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft Near Earth Asteroid Eros as seen from the NEAR spacecraft. ... NASAs Lunar Prospector The Lunar Prospector mission was the third selected by NASA for full development and construction as part of the Discovery Program. ... Illustration of the Deep Impact space probe after impactor separation (artists conception) Deep Impact is a NASA space probe designed to study the composition of the interior of the comet Tempel 1. ... An artists rendering of Stardust (NASA image) The Stardust capsule with cometary and interstellar samples landed at the U.S. Air Force Utah Test and Training Range at 10:10 UTC (15 January 2006) in the Bonneville Salt Flats. ... In its collecting configuration, the Genesis spacecraft exposed collecting wafers to the solar wind. ... The Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) was a Discovery-class space mission. ... Presented by The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences, the Webby Awards are a set of awards presented to the worlds best websites. The awards have been given out since 1996. ...