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Martial Race or Martial Races Theory is an ideology based on the assumption that certain ethnic groups are inherently more martially inclined than others. It was a term originally used by the British, who observed that the Scottish Highlanders were more fierce in battle than others on the British Isles, and extended this concept to India, where they classified each ethnic group into one of two categories: 'Martial' and 'Non-Martial'. A 'martial race' was typically considered brave and well-built for fighting but was also described as 'unintelligent'.^[1] The 'non-martial races' were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. Of late, this concept has been dismissed as Imperialistic and based on racial stereotypes.^[2] Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... This article explains the archipelago in north-western Europe. ... For other uses, see Race. ... For other uses, see Concept (disambiguation). ... A cartoon portraying the British Empire as an octopus, reaching into foreign lands Imperialism is a policy of extending the control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires, either through direct territorial or through indirect methods of exerting control on the politics... An ethnic stereotype may be either (A) an overly-simplified representation of the typical characteristics of members of an ethnic group, or (B) a falsehood that has been repeated so many times that is accepted by many people as generally true. ...

Criteria

'Martial Race' was a designation created by officials of British India. The British faced fierce resistance in some regions while easily conquering some others. This led the British officials to conclude that the peoples of these regions were naturally warlike 'races' which possessed qualities such as courage, loyalty, self sufficiency, physical strength, resilience, orderliness and fighting tenacity and were hard-working and skilled in military tactics^{[citation needed]}. These 'martial races' tended to be hunting or agricultural cultures from hilly or mountainous regions with a history of conflict, whether internally or with external groups, who were considered better capable of enduring hardship than the inhabitants of the hot, flat plains of the country who were thought to be unwarlike and unfit for military service^{[citation needed]}. Still others were excluded due to their 'ease of living' or branded as seditious agitators.^[3] The doctrine of 'martial races' postulated that the qualities that make a useful soldier are inherited and that most Indians, with the exception of the specified castes, did not have the requisite genes that would make them warriors.^[4] Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1877-1901 Victoria  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - January-December 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George... For other uses, see Courage (disambiguation). ... (UTC):This page is about loyalty as faithfulness to a cause. ... Self-sufficiency refers to the state of not requiring any outside aid, support, or (in hardline cases) interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of extreme personal or collective (group-based) autonomy. ... Physical strength is the ability of a person or animal to exert force on physical objects using muscles. ... Military tactics (Greek: TaktikÄ“, the art of organizing an army) are the collective name for methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. ... This article is about the hunting of prey by human society. ... For other uses, see Conflict (disambiguation). ... Sedition is a term of law which refers to covert conduct, such as speech and organization, that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Gene (disambiguation). ...

The British recruited heavily from the 'martial races' for service in the colonial army.^[5] Sensing the inequalities and fierce loyalty to one's tribe and caste of the diverse native peoples of the subcontinent, the British found opportunity to use it to their own great advantage. These already wide divides were fertile breeding ground to inculcate pride in one's identity based on 'race'. This served the British in two ways. On the one hand it made sure that there was no repeat of the Indian rebellion of 1857 by ensuring there was no unity among the different subjects of the Raj. On the other hand it encouraged a sense of competition among the different 'races'. The British found willing Indians to aid and abet them in the suppression of the rebellion to begin with^{[citation needed]}. A British general and scholar, Lieutenant General Sir George Fletcher MacMunn (1869-1952) noted in his writings "It is only necessary for a feeling to arise that it is impious and disgraceful to serve the British, for the whole of our fabric to tumble like a house of cards without a shot being fired or a sword unsheathed".^[6] To this end, it became British policy to recruit only from those tribes whom they classified as members of the 'martial races' and the practice became an integral part of the recruitment manuals for the Army in the British Raj. "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward."^[7] Call-up ad inviting citizens to enlist in French Colonial Forces, after colonies of North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia) had been reconquered by the Allies in WW2. ... Belligerents Rebellious East India Company Sepoys, 7 Indian princely states, deposed rulers of the independent states of Oudh, Jhansi Some Indian civilians. ...

The British regarded the 'martial races' as valiant and strong but also intellectually challenged, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large troops.^[8] They were also regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority.^[9] For these reasons, the 'martial races' theory did not apply in the case of officer recruitment, which was based on social class and loyalty to the British Raj.^[10] One source calls this a "pseudo-ethnological" construction, which was popularised by Frederick Sleigh Roberts, and created serious deficiencies in troop levels during the World Wars, compelling them to recruit from 'non-martial races'.^[11] In fact, Winston Churchill was reportedly concerned that the theory was abandoned during the war and wrote to the Commander-in-Chief, India that he must, "rely as much as possible on the martial races".^[12] After Indian Independence, the Indian Army abandoned this theory and recruitment took place without discrimination. Leader redirects here. ... The commanding officer (CO) is the officer in command of a military unit. ... An officer is a member of a military, naval, or if applicable, other uniformed services who holds a position of responsibility. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... Anthem God Save The King-Emperor The British Indian Empire, 1909 Capital Calcutta (1858 - 1912) New Delhi (1912 - 1947) Language(s) Hindustani, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1858-1901 Victoria¹  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George VI Viceroy... Ethnology (greek ethnos: (non-greek, barbarian) people) is a genre of anthropological study, involving the systematic comparison of the folklore, beliefs and practices of different societies. ... Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts of Kandahar, Pretoria and Waterford, VC, KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC (September 30, 1832 - November 14, 1914) was a distinguished British soldier and one of the most successful commanders of the Victorian era. ... There have been two World Wars, now more commonly known as World War I or First World War (from 1914 to 1918), and World War II or Second World War (from 1939 to 1945). ... Churchill redirects here. ... The list was taken from only one source [1]. Some checking had been done but the dates and the links to names need further work. ... The term Indian independence movement is diffused, incorporating various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant philosophy and involved a wide spectrum of Indian political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Authority as well as other colonial... This article is about the post-independence Indian Army. ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Affirmative action in the United States Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity...

Critics of this theory state that the Indian rebellion of 1857 may have played a role in reinforcing the British belief in 'martial races'. During this event some Indian troops (known as 'Sepoys'), particularly in Bengal, mutinied, but the 'loyal' Punjabis, Gurkhas and Garhwalis did not join the mutiny and fought on the side of the British Army. From then on, this theory was used to the hilt to accelerate recruitment from among these 'races', whilst discouraging enlistment of 'disloyal' Bengalis and high-caste Hindus who had sided with the rebel army during the war.^[13] Some authors, such as Heather Streets, argue that the military authorities puffed up the images of the martial soldiers by writing regimental histories, and by extolling the kilted Scots, kukri-wielding Gurkhas and turbaned Sikhs in numerous paintings.^[14] The 'Martial Race' theory has also been described as a clever British effort to divide and rule the people of India for their own political ends.^[15] Belligerents Rebellious East India Company Sepoys, 7 Indian princely states, deposed rulers of the independent states of Oudh, Jhansi Some Indian civilians. ... A sepoy (from Persian سپاهی Sipâhi meaning soldier) was a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, usually of the United Kingdom. ... Punjabi (also Panjabi; in Gurmukhī, Panjābī in Shāhmukhī) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ... Gurkha, also spelled as Gorkha, are people from Nepal and parts of North India, who take their name from the eighth century Hindu warrior-saint Guru Gorakhnath. ... Garhwal Rifles is a well known combat arm of the Indian Army. ... This article is about the Hindu religion; for other meanings of the word, see Hindu (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rebel (disambiguation) and Rebellion (disambiguation). ... A kilt in the Black Watch tartan A kilt is a traditional garment of modern Scottish and Celtic culture typically worn by men. ... For the genus of snakes having the common name kukri snakes, see oligodon. ... This article is about headwear. ... For the collection of novellas by L. Sprague de Camp, see Divide and Rule (collection). ...

Tribes/Castes designated by the British as martial classes

"Rajputs" (anonymous, c.1860)
From the collection of the British Library

British declared 'martial races' in India ^{[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]}, listed in alphabetical order: Image File history File links Rajputs. ... Image File history File links Rajputs. ... British Library main building, London The British Library (BL) is the national library of the United Kingdom. ...

• Awans
• Ahirs
• Bhumihars
• Cheema
• Dogra
• Gakhars
• Garhwalis ^[22]
• Gujjars
• Gurkhas
• Janjuas
• Jat people
• Kamboj/Kamboh
• Khattars
• Kumaoni
• Minhas
• Mohyals
• Mukkulathors/Thevars
• Nairs^{[23][24][25][26][Quotation needed from source]} (removed after rebelling)^{[citation needed]}
• Pashtuns
• Rajputs
• Saini
• Sikhs
• Tanolis
• Tarkhan (Punjab)
• Tyagi
• Yadavas

The British often labelled the Sikhs 'the greatest of the martial races'.^[27] The Sikh Regiment is the Indian Army's most highly decorated regiment, as well as being highly awarded in battle honours by Britain. Awan (Urdu: اعوان), a South Asian Zamindar tribe, putatively of Arab origin, living predominantly in western and central parts of Punjab, Pakistan. ... Ahir (a corruption of the word Abhir, fearless) is a subgroup of the Yadav caste of India. ... Bhumihar Brahmins also known as Bhumihars (भूमिहार) are an influential Hindu sub-caste who have traditionally resided in fertile regions of Indo-Gangetic plains of North India, in the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand. ... Saka (Scythian) horseman from Pazyryk in Central Asia, c. ... The Dogras are a Northern Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. ... The Gakhars ( Gakkhars, Gurkkhars, Gurkhars) have been suggested, by the British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham to have been Indo-Sassanians in origin. ... Garhwal Rifles is a well known combat arm of the Indian Army. ... The Gujjar or Gurjar are an ethnic group and caste of the Indian subcontinent. ... Gurkha, also spelled as Gorkha, are people from Nepal and parts of North India, who take their name from the eighth century Hindu warrior-saint Guru Gorakhnath. ... The Janjua Rajput (Punjabi ਜਨ੍ਜੁਅ, Urdu: جنجوعہ) (also spelt Janjuha, Janjuah) is a highly dominant royal warrior clan of Northern India and Pakistan. ... About 8 million Jats live in the Indian state of Haryana. ... Look up Kamboj in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Kamboh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Variously used to signify the people or the local dialect of Kumaon, a region in the Indian Himalayas. ... Minhas or Manhas is a Rajput clan from the Jammu region of the Indian Subcontinent. ... Mohyal (Punjabi-Shahmukhi: ﻝﺎﻴﮨﻮﻣ , Punjabi-Gurmukhi: ਮੋਹ੍ਯਾਲ, Hindi: मोहयाल) (alternate spellings include Muhiyal, Muhial, Mhial, Mohiyal or Mahjal) is the name of an endogamous group of seven lineages arising from the Gandhara region. ... Mukkulathor or Mukulathaar (Tamil: முக்குலத்தோர்) is used to refer to the trinity of ancient royal lineages. ... Mukkulathor, Mukulathar or Mukulathor is a name for a group of three related social groups or castes of Tamil Nadu state of India. ... This article is about a Hindu caste. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India. ... Saini is a prominent caste of India. ... Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ... The Tanolies (also spelt Tanauli, Tanawali) are a prominent and famous Muslim tribe residing mainly in the Amb, Hazara district of NWFP Pakistan. ... The Tarkhan ethnic tribe inhabits the Punjab area of Northern India and Punjab area of Pakistan. ... Tyagi (Devanāgarī: त्यागी) is a common Hindu subcaste and surname, derived from the Sanskrit tyag, meaning to sacrifice or, one who has renounced. [1] Within Tyagi, a number of gotras co-exist, including Vatsa, Bharadwaj, Vashisth, Gautam, Atreya, Kaushik, Vatsyayana, Kashyap, Shandilya, Dixit and Parashar. ... The Yadava Dynasty ruled a kingdom in what is now Maharashtra, India from the 12th century to the 14th century. ... The Sikh Regiment is the highest decorated regiment of the Indian Army, with 72 Battle Honours, 15 Theatre Honours and 5 COAS Unit Citations and 1596 other gallantry awards. ... This article is about the post-independence Indian Army. ...

The Marathas were classified as 'non-martial', ignoring the Maratha Empire or the Maratha Regiment's valiant contribution against the Turks during the First World War, when they were recruited by the British Indian Army. The Marāthās (Marathi: , also Mahrattas) form an Indo Aryan group of Hindu warriors and peasants hailing mostly from the present-day state of Maharashtra, who created a the expansive Maratha Empire, covering a major part of India, in the late 17th and 18th centuries. ... Flag of the Maratha Empire Extent of the Maratha Empire ca. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... A group of native Indian Muslim soldiers posing for volley firing orders. ...

The Poorabiya regiment, where the Bihari Rajputs and Bhumihar Brahmins made up bulk of the army,who defeataed sikhs in 1834 anglo sikh war and were termed as martial races The Nairs of Kerala were initially included in the list, however after the Nairs of Travancore rebelled against the British under Velu Thampi Dalawa, they were recruited in lower numbers. For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ... This article is about a Hindu caste. ... , Kerala ( ; Malayalam: കേരളം; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi was the Dalawa or Prime Minister of the Indian kingdom of Travancore between 1801 AD and 1809 AD during the reign of His Highness Maharajah Bala Rama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal. ...

The British were also careful not to name the Sinhalese people as a 'martial race' because of their stiff opposition to British rule^{[citation needed]}. Similarly Arains were not considered 'martial' till the World War II^{[citation needed]} after which they were recruited in the army and rose to such heights as General (Chief of the Army Staff in Pakistan, General Zia ul Haq). The British suffered numerous setbacks during their attempts to capture Sinhalese territory. Even after they were finally subdued in 1815, the Sinhalese continued to rebel British rule which culminated in two major rebellions of 1818 and 1848. The British had to use numerous tactics to pacify the Sinhalese which included two major genocides in 1818 (Wellasse genocide) and 1848, the alteration of demographics of the island by settling Tamils in the central provinces of Sri Lanka, forced assimilation of Sinhalese people in the north and Tamils in the south, banning of Buddhist religions practices, the Bareland Act to deprive the Sinhalse of land and missionary work. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Arain (Urdu: آرائین) are a very good of an agricultural[1] caste[2] settled mainly in the Punjab[3][4] (Pakistan), with significant numbers also in the Sindh (Pakistan). ... Gen. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by...

Modern usage

Though seldom used in today's context, it has been alleged that Pakistan Military beleived in this and they thus felt that they should easily defeat India in a war, especially prior to the Second Kashmir War^[28][29][30] Based on this belief in the martial supremacy, it was popularly hyped that one Pakistani soldier was equal to four to ten Hindus/Indian soldiers (including a large number of Sikh soldiers and officers),^[31][32][33] and thus numerical superiority of the foe could be overcome.^[34] , though it should be pointed out that Pakistan won battles at Chawinda, Lahore and Chamb when outnumbered. Military manpower Military age 16 years of age Availability 39,028,014 (2005) Males ages 16-49 Reaching military age males: 1,969,055 (2005) Active troops 620,000 (Ranked 7th) Military expenditures Dollar figure $3. ... The 1965 war between India and Pakistan, also known as the Second Kashmir War, was the culmination of a series of skirmishes that occurred between April 1965 and September 1965. ...

The Pakistan Army was also accused of bias and racism by the Bengalis of East Pakistan who felt humiliated by this dubious theory that was being floated in West Pakistan, that they were not 'martially inclined' compared to the Pashtuns and Punjabis.^[35] Pakistani author Hasan-Askari Rizvi notes that the limited recruitment of Bengali personnel in the Pakistan Army was because, the West Pakistanis, "could not overcome the hangover of the martial race theory".^[36] This was to be one of the factors for the Bangladesh Liberation War, where Bengalis aided by the Indian Military defeated the Pakistan Army in just a fortnight, which subsequently lead to the taking of 93000 as Prisoners of War - the largest surrender since World War II. For other senses of this word, see bias (disambiguation). ... Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955–1970) name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing (East Pakistan) became independent as Bangladesh. ... Combatants Mukti Bahini India Pakistan Commanders Col. ... The Bengali people are the ethnic community from Bengal (divided between India and Bangladesh) on the Indian subcontinent with a history dating back four millennia. ... Military branches: Indian Army, Indian Navy (including naval air arm), Air Force, various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, Rashtriya Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Defense Security Corps and several other units) and the Strategic Forces... Look up fortnight in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Balian of Ibelin surrendering the city of Jerusalem to Saladin, from Les Passages faits Outremer par les Français contre les Turcs et autres Sarrasins et Maures outremarins, ca. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Defense writers in Pakistan have noted that the defeat was partially attributable to the flawed 'Martial Races Theory' which merely led to, 'wishful thinking' that it was possible to defeat the Indian Army.^[37] Author Stephen P. Cohen notes that "Elevating the 'martial races' theory to the level of an absolute truth had domestic implications for Pakistani politics and contributed to the neglect of other aspects of security."^[34] Since then, the 'martial race' theory was rarely, if ever, used at all by Pakistan. Wishful thinking is the formation of beliefs and making decisions according to what might be pleasing to imagine instead of by appealing to evidence or rationality. ...

Arun Shourie an Indian writer, journalist and politician (former Minister of Communications and Information Technology) refers to the Sikhs as, "having retained a false pride in martial temperament and abilities".^[38] The tenth Sikh Guru Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed that one Sikh was equal to sava lakh (one hundred twenty five thousand) and a fauj-a one man army.^[39] The Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was reported to have said 'One Sikh could easily reckon with thirty-five Hindus.'^[40] Arun Shourie Arun Shourie (born 1941) is a prominent journalist, author, and politician of India. ... Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi: ) (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708) He was born in Patna in India in 1666 and became the tenth Guru of the Sikhs on 11 November 1675, succeeding his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur who was killed by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. ... Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale or Jarnail Singh (Brar) (Punjabi: ; February 12, 1947–June 6, 1984) was the leader of the Damdami Taksal, a Sikh religious group based in India[2], who supported the creation of the proposed Sikhism-based theocratic state of Khalistan. ...

Treatment in fiction

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.(May 2008) Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.

Sir V.S.Naipaul in his novel Magic Seeds describes the real example of a 'martial race', where the domicile and oppressed Tamils rise against the oppressor. ^[41] Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ...

See also

• Racism
• Race and intelligence
• Master race
• Racial groups of India

Manifestations Slavery Racial profiling Lynching Hate speech Hate crime Genocide (examples) Ethnocide Ethnic cleansing Pogrom Race war Religious persecution Blood libel Paternalism Police brutality Movements Policies Discriminatory Race / Religion / Sex segregation Apartheid Redlining Internment Ethnocracy Anti-discriminatory Emancipation Civil rights Desegregation Integration Equal opportunity Counter-discriminatory Affirmative action Racial quota... The study of race and intelligence is the controversial study of how human intellectual capacities may vary among the different population groups commonly known as races. ... Herrenvolk redirects here. ... Various attempts have been made, under the British Raj and later times, to classify the population of India according to a racial typology. ...

References

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is geographically the smallest of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888 to May 15, 1894. ... This article deals with The Daily Telegraph in Britain, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia) for the Australian publication The Daily Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper founded in 1855. ... Khem Karan is a town and a nagar panchayat in Amritsar district in the Indian state of Punjab. ... Dawn is Pakistans oldest and most widely-read English-language newspaper. ...

External links

• "Wakamba Warriors Are Soldiers of the Queen": The Evolution of the Kamba as a Martial Race, 1890–1970 by Timothy H. Parsons Martial race is the African scenario.