For other meanings of autonomism, see autonomism (disambiguation) page Autonomism can refer to: Autonomism, a set of left-wing, socialist movements that first appeared in Italy in the 1970s. ...

Raised fist, stenciled protest symbol of Autonome at the Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus in Vienna, Austria

Autonomism refers to a set of left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. Autonomism (autonomia) emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist (operaismo) communism. Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendencies became significant after influence from the Situationists, the failure of the Italian revolutionary era in the 1970s and the emergence of a number of important theorists including Antonio Negri, who had contributed to the 1969 founding of Potere Operaio autonomist group. It influenced the German and Dutch Autonomen, the worldwide Social Center movement, and today is influential in Italy, France, the United States and some other English-speaking countries. Those who describe themselves as autonomists now vary from workerist Marxists to post-structuralists and (some) anarchists. Image File history File links Ekh-faust-foto. ... Image File history File links Ekh-faust-foto. ... The Ernst Kirchweger House in September 2005. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... In politics, left-wing, political left, leftism, or simply the left, are terms which refer (with no particular precision) to the segment of the political spectrum typically associated with any of several strains of socialism, social democracy, or liberalism (especially in the American sense of the word), or with opposition... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolinis fascist regime, Italys history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats) party for fourty years, until the Tangentopoli scandal and operation Mani pulite, which led to the dissolving of most of the Italian parties. ... Workerism describes political positions which regard the experience and politics of labourers and the working class as central. ... Workerism is a name given to different trends in left-wing political discourse, especially anarchism and Marxism. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Marxism is the philosophy, social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century German socialist philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary. ... Anarchism is a generic term describing various political philosophies and social movements that advocate the elimination of hierarchy and imposed authority. ... The Situationist International (SI), an international political and artistic movement, originated in the Italian village of Cosio dArroscia on 28 July 1957 with the fusion of several extremely small artistic tendencies: the Lettrist International , the International movement for an imaginist Bauhaus, and the London Psychogeographical Association. ... Antonio Negri (1933- ) is a moral and political philosopher from Italy. ... Potere Operaio (Workers Power) was an extremist left-wing Italian political group, particularly active between 1968 and 1973. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Community centre. ... Post-structuralism emerged in France in the 1960s and is an extension and critique of structuralism, especially as used in critical textual analysis, which emphasizes plurality and deferral of meaning and rejects the binary oppositions of structuralism. ...

Meaning of autonomy

The term Autonome is derived from the Greek "auto-nomos" referring to someone or something which lives by her own rule. Autonomy, in this sense, is not independence. While independence refers to an autarcic kind of life, separated from the community, autonomy refers to life in society but by one own's rule. Aristotle thus considered that only beasts or gods could be independent and live apart from the polis ("community"), while Kant defined the Enlightenment by autonomy of thought and the famous "Sapere aude" ("dare to know"). Nomos (plural: Nomoi) can refer to: the prefectures of Greece, the administrative division immediately below the peripheries of Greece (Greek: νομός, νομοί) the subdivisions of Ancient Egypt, see Nome (subnational division) law (Greek: νόμος, νόμοι). It is the origin of the suffix -onomy. ... An autarky is an economy that does no trade with the outside world, or an ecosystem not affected by influences from its outside, and relies entirely on its own resources. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Aristotle (Ancient Greek: AristotélÄ“s 384 – March 7, 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... A polis (πολις) — plural: poleis (πολεις) — is a city, or a city-state. ... Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 – February 12, 1804) was a Prussian philosopher, generally regarded as one of Europes most influential thinkers and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. ... Look up Enlightenment in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sapere aude is a Latin phrase meaning Dare to know or Dare to be wise. Most famously, it is found in Immanuel Kants essay What Is Enlightenment?. The original use seems to be in Epistle II of Horaces Epistularum liber primus [1], line 40: Dimidium facti qui coepit...

Italian Autonomism

Autonomist Marxism appeared in Italy in the early 1960s, around the review Quaderni Rossi and Classe Operaia, founded by Antonio Negri and Mario Tronti. In 1969, this operaismo movement splitted into two different groups, Lotta Continua, led by Adriano Sofri (Pasolini also contributed to it) and Potere Operaio, directed by Toni Negri, Franco Piperno, Oreste Scalzone, and Valerio Morucci. Autonomia Operaia was then created in 1972. In Bologna, Radio Alice was one of the free radio involved in the autonomist movement. In the context of the strategy of tension (strategia della tensione), which aimed at destabilizing the country through a campaign of "false flags" terrorist attacks in order to promote an authoritative government and impede the historic compromise (compromesso storico) between the Christian Democracy (DC) and the Communist Party (PCI), the autonomist movement engaged itself in various direct actions operations, including propaganda by the deed (refusing to pay public transport, electricity, gas, rent, food - a practice called "autoreduction" of prices -, riots and sometimes bank robberies). Antonio Negri (1933- ) is a moral and political philosopher from Italy. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Lotta Continua was a far left political party in Italy, involved in the autonomism movement. ... Adriano Sofri (born August 1, 1942), Italian politician, intellectual, journalist, writer and convicted felon. ... Pier Paolo Pasolini (March 5, 1922 - November 2, 1975) was an Italian poet, intellectual, film director, and writer. ... Potere Operaio (Workers Power) was an extremist left-wing Italian political group, particularly active between 1968 and 1973. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1972 calendar). ... Bologna (pronounced , from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, in the Pianura Padana, between the Po River and the Apennines, exactly, between Reno River and Sàvena River. ... Radio Alice was an Italian free radio in Bologna at the end of the 1970s. ... The term pirate radio lacks a specific universal interpretation. ... The Strategy of Tension (Italian; strategia della tensione) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs and terror. ... False flag operations are covert operations conducted by governments, corporations, or other organizations, which are designed to appear as if they are being carried out by other entities. ... The term Historic Compromise (Italian:compromesso storico) most commonly refers to the accommodation between the Italian Christian Democrats (DC) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in the 1970s, after the latter embraced eurocommunism. ... Christian Democracy, (Democrazia Cristiana), the Christian democratic party of Italy, commonly called the democristiani or DC, dominated government for nearly half a century until its demise amid a welter of corruption allegations in 1992-94. ... The Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) or Italian Communist Party emerged as Partito Comunista dItalia or Communist Party of Italy from a secession by the Leninist comunisti puri tendency from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) during that bodys congress on 21 January 1921 at Livorno. ... Direct action is a method and a theory of stopping objectionable practices or creating more favorable conditions using immediately available means. ... Propaganda of the Deed or Propaganda by Deed was an anarchist doctrine that promoted the decisive action of individuals to inspire further action by others. ... Skytrain Bangkok. ... Riots occur when crowds of people have gathered and are committing crimes or acts of violence usually due to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. ... Bank robbery is the crime of robbing a bank. ...

Following the December 12, 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, 4 000 left-wing members were detained by the police, which accused Giuseppe Pinelli, an anarchist, of having carried out the bombing. It would be only in the 1980s, with the neo-fascist terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra's confessions to magistrate Felice Casson, that it was proven that the massacre had been carried out by Ordine Nuovo, supported by Gladio, in an attempt to push the state into declaring a state of emergency. Giuseppe Pinelli was held and interrogated for three days, longer than Italian law specified that people could be held without seeing a judge. On December 15, he died after allegedly being pushed by the window. Luigi Calabresi, one of the police officers who had interrogated him, was put under investigation in 1971 for murder but charges were dropped because of lack of evidence. The next year, Calabresi was killed by two shots from a revolver outside his home. December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... The Piazza Fontana bombing refers to the terrorist bombing on December 12th 1969 in the offices of Banca Nazionale dellAgricoltura (National Agrarian Bank) in Piazza Fontana, Milan, Italy. ... Giuseppe Pinelli (1928-1969) was an Italian railway worker and left-wing political activist. ... This page pertains to fascism after World War II. For a discussion of groups and movements that also include as core tenets racial nationalism, antisemitism, and praise for Hitler, see Neo-Nazism. ... Vincenzo Vinciguerra was a member of Avanguardia Nazionale (National Vanguard), a far-right terrorist organization founded by Stefano Delle Chiaie and involved in Italys strategy of tension promoted by Gladio networks. ... Felice Casson (born August 5, 1953, in Chioggia, province of Venice) is an Italian magistrate and politician, who discovered the existence of Operation Gladio, a stay-behind NATO anti-communist army during the Cold War, which, in Italy, took part in the strategy of tension. ... Ordine Nuovo a. ... Operation Gladio Operation Gladio was a clandestine stay-behind operation sponsored by the CIA and NATO to counter communist influence in Italy, as well as in other European countries. ... A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On March 11, 1977, riots in which the autonomists participated took place in Bologna following the killing of a young man by the police. Gladio, NATO's "stay-behind" secret paramilitary organization, as well as the Italian secret services and the outlawed Propaganda Due masonic lodge (aka "P2") were later found to be directly involved in the strategy of tension, which culminated with the 1978 murder of prime minister Aldo Moro, who was also the leader of the Christian Democracy and engaged in the historic compromise. Starting from 1979, the state launched a heavy repression campaign against the movement, claiming it protected the Red Brigades, which had kidnapped and assassinated Aldo Moro in obscure circumstances (the Italian state surprisingly refused to negotiate with the terrorists, and the secret services' role wasn't clear). 12 000 far-left activists were detained, while 300 exiled themselves in France and 200 others in South America, on a total of 600 people who escaped away^[1]. In 1988, former Lotta continua member Adriano Sofri was arrested with Ovidio Bompressi and Giorgio Pietrostefani for the murder of Luigi Calabresi, the police officer who had allegedly assassinated Giuseppe Pinelli after the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing. The charges against them were based on testimony provided, sixteen years later, by a pentito (an ex-militant who accused himself of having carried out the murder of Calabresi, under order from Adriano Sofri, and collaborated with the magistrates). Claiming his innocence, Sofri was finally sentenced 22 years after a long series of trials, in 2000, giving rise to a book from historian Carlo Ginzburg, The Judge and the Historian: Marginal Notes on a Late Twentieth-Century Miscarriage of Justice. March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (Military Intelligence and Security Service, SISMI) is the military intelligence agency of Italy. ... P2 is the common name for the Italian pseudo-Freemasonic lodge Propaganda Due (Italian: Propaganda Two). ... 1978 (MCMLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1978 calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... The Red Brigades (Brigate Rosse) are a militant leftist group located in Italy. ... Power lines leading to a trash dump hover just overhead in El Carpio, a Nicaraguan refugee camp in Costa Rica Under international law, a refugee is a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tommaso Buscetta (in sunglasses), the first important pentito of Italian Mafia, escorted in a court of law. ... Carlo Ginzburg is a noted historian and pioneer of microhistory. ...

In contrast with other forms of Marxism, autonomist marxism emphasised the ability of the working class to force changes to the organisation of the capitalist system independent of the state, trade unions or political parties. Autonomist Marxism is a "bottom up" theory: it draws attention to activities that autonomists see as everyday working class resistance to capitalism, for example absenteeism, slow working, and socialisation in the workplace. The US Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) are popularly taken as a prototypical "autonomist" labor union. The term working class is used to denote a social class. ... In economics, a capitalist is someone who owns capital, presumably within the economic system of capitalism. ... A state is an organized political community, occupying a territory, and possessing internal and external sovereignty, that enforces a monopoly on the use of force. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues. ... Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation. ... The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is a famous international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and the wage system abolished. ...

Like other Marxists, they see class struggle as of central importance, but unlike most Marxists, they have a broad definition of the working class that includes the waged (white collar and blue collar), and the unwaged (beneficiaries, homemakers and so on). The movement drew a line between the waged blue- and white-collar, protected by trade unions and the Welfare state, and other unwaged people, including unemployed people, students and immigrants, deprived from any form of political organization. Autonomists were less concerned with party political organisation than other types of Marxist thought; instead it focuses on self-organised working class action and the development of its theoretical tools in accord with actual working class struggles. Early theorists were Mario Tronti, Antonio Negri, Sergio Bologna, Paolo Virno and others in Italy in the 1970s. These thinkers theorized a "immaterial" and "social labour", a notion which extended the marxist concept of labour to the whole of society. As such, they explained how one modern society's wealth was produced by unaccountable collective work, of which only a little part of it was redistributed to the workers under the form of wages. For example, the operaismo movement insisted on the importance of feminism and un-payed female labour, which regroups not only domestic labour but also affective aspects leading to new forms of social organization. Class struggle is class conflict looked at from a Marxist, libertarian socialist, or anarchist perspective. ... White-collar workers perform tasks which are less physically laborious yet often more highly paid than blue-collar workers, who do manual work. ... A blue-collar worker performs manual, unskilled or halfskilled jobs, such as in a factory or maintenance trades in contrast to a white-collar worker, who does non-manual work generally at a desk. ... It has been suggested that Welfare capitalism be merged into this article or section. ... An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ... Students attending a lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb stŭdērĕ, meaning to direct ones zeal at; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... Antonio Negri (1933- ) is a moral and political philosopher from Italy. ... A wage is the amount of money paid for some specified quantity of labour. ... Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women. ...

The French autonome movement

In France, the marxist group Socialisme ou Barbarie, led by philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis, may be said one of the first autonomist groups, as well as being important in the council communist tradition. Socialisme ou Barbarie ("Socialism or Barbary") harshly criticized stalinism and the USSR, which it considered a form of state capitalism and not at all of state socialism as it pretended to be. Philosopher Jean-François Lyotard, famous for his work on post-modernism, was also part of this movement. However, the Italian influence of the operaismo movement was more directly felt in the creation of the review Matériaux pour l'intervention (1972-1973) by Yann Moulier-Boutang, a French economist close to Toni Negri. This would lead in turn to the creation of the Camarades group (1974-78) by Yann Moulier-Boutang. Along with others, Moulier-Boutang would join the Centre International pour des Nouveaux Espaces de Liberté (CINEL), founded three years before by Félix Guattari, and would give refugee to Italian activists accused of terrorism, of whom at least 300 escaped to France. Socialisme ou Barbarie (Socialism or Barbarism) was a French-based radical libertarian socialist group of the post-World War II period. ... Cornelius Castoriadis (Greek: Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης) (March 11, 1922-December 26, 1997) was born in Constantinople (Istanbul) and his family moved soon after to Athens. ... Council communism was a radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... Stalinism is a brand of political theory, and the political and economic system named after Josef Stalin, who implemented it in the Soviet Union. ... State socialism, broadly speaking, is any variety of socialism which relies on ownership of the means of production by the state. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ... Pierre-Félix Guattari (1930 - 1992) was a French pioneer of institutional psychotherapy, as well as the founder of both Schizoanalysis and the science of Ecosophy. ...

The French autonome mouvement then organized itself in the AGPA (Assemblée Parisienne des Groupes Autonomes, "Parisian Assembly of the Autonome Groups"; 1977-78). Many tendencies were present in it, including the Camarades group led by Yann Moulier-Boutang, members of the Organisation communiste libertaire (OCL - an anarchist-communist group), some people referring themselves to the "Desiring Autonomy" of Bob Nadoulek, but also squatters and street-wise people (including the groupe Marge). French autonomes supported the Rote Armee Fraktion ("Red Army Faction" - RAF) political prisoners, a cause also defended by Jean-Paul Sartre. RAF Logo with red star and MP5 The Red Army Faction (in German: Rote Armee Fraktion; RAF), was postwar Western Germanys most active left-wing insurgent organization. ... A political prisoner is anyone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, because their ideas or image either challenge or pose a real or potential threat to the state. ... Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (June 21, 1905 – April 15, 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist, novelist and critic. ...

The militant group Action Directe appeared in 1979 and carried on several direct actions. The murder of Renault's CEO Georges Besse was blamed on them, although they denied it. It was later alleged that this murder had in fact been carried on by the Iranian intelligence services (George Besse had been CEO of nuclear company Eurodif, involved in Iran's nuclear program). Action Directe was dissolved in 1987. Action Directe can mean: the 1970s and 1980s French guerrilla group Action Directe; the rock climb Action Directe. ... Direct action is a method and a theory of stopping objectionable practices or creating more favorable conditions using immediately available means. ... Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing small to upper-midsize cars, vans, buses and trucks. ... Georges Besse (born December 25, 1927 in Clermont-Ferrand, France, died November 17, 1986) was a French businessman who led several large state-controlled French companies during his lifetime. ... SAVAK (Persian: ساواک, short for سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور Sazeman-i Ettelaat va Amniyat-i Keshvar, Organization for Intelligence and National Security) was the domestic security and intelligence service of Iran from 1957–1979. ... Eurodif, which means European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium, is a subsidiary company of French company Cogéma which exploits a uranium enrichment plant established in the nuclear site of Tricastin in Pierrelatte in Drôme. ... This article is about Irans civilian nuclear program. ...

In the 1980s, the autonomist movement almost disappeared from Italy because of state repression, and was stronger in Germany than in France. It remained mostly present in Parisians squatts and in some riots (for example in 1980 near the Jussieu campus in Paris, or in 1982 in the Ardennes department during anti-nuclear demonstrations, etc.) Political repression means the restriction of the abilities of certain groups of people to take part in the political life of a society; or the persecution of people for their political beliefs. ... Riots occur when crowds of people have gathered and are committing crimes or acts of violence usually due to a perceived grievance or out of dissent. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... Main entrance Gridiron bars The Jussieu Campus (Campus Universitaire de Jussieu) is a higher education campus located in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France. ... 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Ardennes is a département in the northeast of France named after the Ardennes area. ... The anti-nuclear movement holds that nuclear power is inherently dangerous and thus ought to be replaced with safe and affordable renewable energy. ...

In the 1990s, the French autonomist movement was present in struggles led by unemployed people, such as l'Assemblée générale des chômeurs de Jussieu ("General Assembly of Jussieu's unemployed people"). It was also involved in the alter-globalization movement. An 1837 political cartoon about unemployment in the United States. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Anti-globalization. ...

From July 19 to July 28, 2002, a No Border camp was made in Strasbourg to protest against anti-immigration policies, in particular inside the Schengen European space. July 19 is the 200th day (201st in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 165 days remaining. ... July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... City flag City coat of arms Coordinates : , Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) Administration Département Bas-Rhin (67) Région Alsace Mayor Fabienne Keller (UMP) (since 2001) Intercommunality Urban Community of Strasbourg City (commune) Characteristics Land Area 78. ...  Schengen Agreement members  Signatories (agreement not yet implemented)  Expressed interest in joining A monument of the Schengen Agreement in Schengen A typical Schengen border crossing with no border control post, as here between Germany and Austria This article deals with the agreement and convention. ...

In 2003, conflict opposed autonomists to the French Socialist Party (PS) during a demonstration that had taken place in the frame of the European Social Forum in Saint-Denis (Paris). End of December, hundreds of unemployed people helped themselves in the Bon Marché supermarket in order to be able to celebrate Christmas (an action called "autoréduction" in French, meaning "autoreduction" of prices). French riot police (CRS) physically opposed themselves to the unemployed people inside the shop. 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste or PS), founded in 1969, is the main opposition party in France. ... The European Social Forum (ESF) is an annual conference held by members of the alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement). ... Saint Denis can refer to: a Christian saint: see Denis Seine-Saint-Denis a département of France Several communes in France: Saint-Denis,in the Aude département Saint-Denis, in the Gard département Saint-Denis, in the Seine-Saint-Denis département, home of Saint Denis Basilica Saint-Denis, in the... Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Bon Marche, roughly translated as good price, was the name chosen for a Seattle, Washington department store launched in 1890 by the Nordhoff family. ... A CRS officier in normal gear, standing by a Bastille Day parade The Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (Republican Security Companies, CRS) are the riot control forces and general reserve of the French National Police. ...

The German Autonomen movement in the 1970-80s

In Germany, Autonomen was used during the late 1970s to depict the most radical part of the political left and supported anarchist and anarcho-communist ideas. These individuals participated in practically all actions of the social movements at the time, especially in demonstrations against nuclear energy plants (Brokdorf 1981, Wackersdorf 1986) and in actions against the construction of airport runways (Frankfurt 1976-1986). The defense of squats against the police such as in Hamburg's Hafenstraße was also a major "task" for the "autonome" movement. The Dutch anarchist Autonomen movement from the 1960s also concentrated on squatting. Anarcho-Communism, or Libertarian Communism, is a political ideology related to Libertarian socialism. ... Nuclear energy is energy released from the nucleus of an atom. ... This article is about occupying land without permission. ... The smaller Alster lake at dusk Hamburg (German pronounciation: []; Low German: Hamborg, [haË‘mbɔːχ]) is the second largest city in Germany and with Hamburg Harbour, its principal port, Hamburg is also the second largest port city in the European Union. ...

Tactics of the "Autonome" were usually militant, including the construction of barricades or throwing stones or molotov cocktails at the police. During their most powerful times in the early 1980s, on at least one occasion the police had to take flight. Molotov cocktail is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons. ...

Because of their outfit (heavy black clothing, ski masks, helmets), the "Autonome" were dubbed der schwarze Block by the German media, and in these tactics were similar to modern black blocs. In 1989, laws regarding demonstrations in Germany were changed, prohibiting the use of so-called "passive weaponry" such as helmets or padding and covering your face. Black Bloc at April 12, 2003 anti-war demonstration in Washington DC. A black bloc is a group within a group of a left-wing oriented protesters, often dressed in black clothing and/or wearing masks or face-covering articles. ...

Today, the "autonome" scene in Germany is greatly reduced and concentrates mainly on anti-fascist actions. There are more militant and bigger groups still in operation, such as in Switzerland or Italy. Anti-Fascism is a belief and practice of opposing all forms of Fascism. ...

Influence

Due to the inspiration provided by the Autonomist Marxist and Autonomen movements for some of the revolutionary left, some English-language leftist groups with a fundamentally anarchist bent describe themselves as Autonomists. The Italian operaismo movement also influenced Marxist academics such as Harry Cleaver, John Holloway, Steve Wright, and Nick Dyer-Witheford. Harry Cleaver is best known as the author of Reading Capital Politically, an autonomist reading of Karl Marxs Capital. ... John Holloway is a Marxist economist and philosopher, whose work is closely associated with the Zapatista movement in Mexico - his home since 1991. ... Nick Dyer-Witheford Nick Dyer-Witheford is a Professor in the Faculty of Information & Media Studies, University of Western Ontario, in London, Ontario, Canada. ...

References

1. ^ (French) On the Autonomist movement

Bibliography

• (French) L’Autonomie. Le mouvement autonome en France et en Italie, éditions Spartacus 1978
• (French) Autonomes, Jan Bucquoy and Jacques Santi, ANSALDI 1985
• (French) Action Directe. Du terrorisme français à l’euroterrorisme, Alain Hamon and Jean-Charles Marchand, SEUIL 1986
• (French) Paroles Directes. Légitimité, révolte et révolution : autour d’Action Directe, Loïc Debray, Jean-Pierre Duteuil, Philippe Godard, Henri Lefebvre, Catherine Régulier, Anne Sveva, Jacques Wajnsztejn, ACRATIE 1990
• (French) Un Traître chez les totos, Guy Dardel, ACTES SUD 1999 (novel)
• (French) Bac + 2 + crime : l’affaire Florence Rey, Frédéric Couderc, CASTELLS 1998
• (French) Italie 77. Le « Mouvement », les intellectuels, Fabrizio Calvi, SEUIL 1977
• (Italian) Una sparastoria tranquilla. Per una storia orale del'77, ODRADEK 1997
• (German) Die Autonomen, Thomas Schultze et Almut Gross, KONKRET LITERATUR 1997
• (German) Autonome in Bewegung, AG Grauwacke aus den ersten 23 Jahren, ASSOCIATION A 2003

Action Directe was a French left-wing urban guerrilla or terror group which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France in the 1980s. ... Henri Lefebvre, born June 16, 1901, died 1991 was a French Marxist sociologist, intellectual and philosopher. ...

See also

Autonomism marxism thinkers

• Autonomist Marxism
• Antonio Negri
• Sergio Bologna
• Mario Tronti
• Paolo Virno
• Silvia Federici
• Multitudes magazine

Autonomism, or Autonomist Marxism is a left-wing political movement and theory. ... Antonio Negri (1933- ) is a moral and political philosopher from Italy. ... Silvia Federici is described as an Autonomist and Feminist. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Other movements or organizations

• Black blocs (alter-globalization groups)
• Os Cangaceiros (a French group)
• Council Communist
• Disobbedienti
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (US trade-union)
• Libertarian Marxism
• Luxembourgism
• Radio Alice (Italian radio involved in the autonomist movement)
• Tute Bianche (pacifist Italian group)
• Sardinian Action Party (Italian regionalist autonomist party)
• Socialisme ou Barbarie, a French group led by philosopher Cornelius Castoriadis
• United Socialist Party (Italy)
• Ya Basta
• Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) (famous Mexican guerrilla)

Black Bloc at April 12, 2003 anti-war demonstration in Washington DC. A black bloc is a group within a group of a left-wing oriented protesters, often dressed in black clothing and/or wearing masks or face-covering articles. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Anti-globalization. ... This page concerns the French political movement, for the early 20th Century Brazilian insurgents of the same name, see cangaço. ... Council communism was a radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... The Disobbedienti are those who practice Civil and social disobedience, a philosophy growing out of the militant Italian social movement Tute Bianche, which literally means, White Overalls. This philosophy includes the occupation and creation of squatted selfmanaged Social centers, anti-sexist organizing, activism for migration rights and political asylum rights... The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is a famous international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and the wage system abolished. ... Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that takes a less authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism, Trotskyism, and other forms of Marxism-Leninism, as well as a generally less reformist view than do Social Democrats. ... Radio Alice was an Italian free radio in Bologna at the end of the 1970s. ... Tute Bianche was a militant Italian social movement based on the idea of covering ones body with padding so as to resist the blows of police, to push through police lines, and to march together in large blocks for mutual protection during demonstrations. ... The Sardinian Action Party (Italian Partito Sardo dAzione) is a progressive regionalist political party in Italy, Sardinia. ... Socialisme ou Barbarie (Socialism or Barbarism) was a French-based radical libertarian socialist group of the post-World War II period. ... Cornelius Castoriadis (Greek: Κορνήλιος Καστοριάδης) (March 11, 1922-December 26, 1997) was born in Constantinople (Istanbul) and his family moved soon after to Athens. ... The United Socialist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Unitario, PSU) is the name of three successive socialist (Social democratic) political parties in Italy. ... Ya Basta! is a phrase in Spanish roughly approximate to enough already! in English. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Italian 1960-80 context

• History of Italy as a Republic
• strategy of tension
• Operation Gladio

After World War II and the overthrow of Mussolinis fascist regime, Italys history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats) party for fourty years, until the Tangentopoli scandal and operation Mani pulite, which led to the dissolving of most of the Italian parties. ... The Strategy of Tension (Italian; strategia della tensione) is a way to control and manipulate public opinion using propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs and terror. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...

Others

• direct action
• precarity
• propaganda of the deed

Direct action is a method and a theory of stopping objectionable practices or creating more favorable conditions using immediately available means. ... Precarity is a very recent term used to refer to either intermittent work or, more generally, a confluence of intermittent work and precarious existence. ... Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promotes the decisive action of individuals to inspire further action by others. ...

External links

Archives

• Recycling Marx: Autonomism and The Rejection of Orthodoxy
• Libertarian Communist Library Mario Tronti Archive
• Libertarian Communist Library Sergio Bolognia Archive
• Libertarian Communist Library Nick Dyer-Witheford Archive
• Libertarian Communist Library Antonio Negri Archive
• Libertarian Communist Library Raniero Panzieri Archive
• Libertarian Communist Library Harry Cleaver Archive

Others

• A critique of autonomism, published by a Trotskyist group
• Aut-op-sy - Autonomist forum and texts
• Texas Archives of Autonomist Marxism
• Libertarian Communist Library, which includes many Autonomist-Marxism texts
• The Anomalist E-Journal
• Nadir
• Wildcat
• No Border
• www.autonome.org