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Encyclopedia > Mary I of Portugal
Portuguese Royalty
House of Braganza

John IV
Children include
   Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
   Princess Joan
   Princess Catherine
   Prince Afonso
   Prince Peter
Afonso VI
Peter II
Children include
   Princess Isabel Luísa
   Prince John
   Francis, Duke of Beja
   Prince Anthony
   Prince Manuel
   Princess Francisca Josefa
   Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval (natural daughter)
   Joseph, Archbishop of Braga (natural son)
John V
Children include
   Princess Barbara
   Prince Joseph
   Prince Peter
Joseph
Children include
   Princess Maria Francisca
   Princess Maria Ana
   Princess Maria Francisca Doroteia
   Princess Maria Francisca Benedita
Maria I and Peter III
Children include
   Joseph, Prince of Beira
   Prince John
   Princess Maria Ana
John VI
Children include
   Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira
   Princess Maria Isabel
   Prince Pedro
   Princess Maria Francisca
   Princess Isabel Maria
   Prince Michael
   Princess Maria da Assunção
   Princess Ana de Jesus
Peter IV (I of Brazil)
Children include
   Princess Maria da Glória
   Januária, Princess Imperial of Brazil
   Francisca, Princess of Brazil
   Peter II of Brazil
Michael
Children include
   Miguel II, Duke of Braganza
Maria II and Ferdinand II
Children include
   Prince Peter
   Prince Louis
   John, Duke of Beja
   Princess Maria Ana
   Princess Antónia
   Augustus, Duke of Coimbra

Mary I Frances or Maria I Francisca (pron. IPA /mɐ.'ɾi.ɐ fɾɐ̃.'siʃ.kɐ/), (Portuguese full name: Maria Francisca Isabel Josefa Antónia Gertrudes Rita Joana), the Piteous (Port. a Piedosa) - (Lisbon December 17, 1734Rio de Janeiro March 20, 1816) was the daughter of King Joseph I of Portugal, the eldest of four daughters. Her mother Marianne Victoria of Borbón was daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Duchy of Bragança or Braganza is one of the most important titles of the Portuguese Royal Family. ... Image File history File links Licensing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... John IV of Portugal (Portuguese: João IV de Portugal pron. ... Teodósio of Braganza or Teodósio of Portugal was a Portuguese Prince son of John IV of Portugal (first king of the House of Braganza) and his wife Luiza de Guzman (Luísa de Gusmão). ... Joan of Portugal or Joan of Braganza (Portuguese: Joana) was a Portuguese Princess daughter of John IV, King of Portugal (the first of the House of Braganza) and his wife Luiza de Guzman (Luísa de Gusmão). ... Catherine of Braganza. ... Afonso VI (English Alphonzo or Alphonse), or Affonso (Old Portuguese), (August 12, 1643 - September 12, 1683) was the twenty-second (or twenty-third according to some historians) King of Portugal, the second of the House of Braganza, known as the Victorious (Port. ... Peter II (Portuguese Pedro), the Pacific (Port. ... Afonso VI (English Alphonzo or Alphonse), or Affonso (Old Portuguese), (August 12, 1643 - September 12, 1683) was the twenty-second (or twenty-third according to some historians) King of Portugal, the second of the House of Braganza, known as the Victorious (Port. ... Peter II (Portuguese Pedro), the Pacific (Port. ... Isabel Luísa Josefa (Lisbon, January 6, 1668-Palhavã, October 21, 1690), Isabel Louise Josepha in English, was a Portuguese princess and the sole daughter of King Peter II of Portugal and his first wife and sister-in-law Marie-Françoise of Savoy. ... John V (Portuguese João pron. ... Francis of Braganza or Francis of Portugal (Portuguese: Francisco), 7th Duke of Beja was a Portuguese Prince son of Peter II, King of Portugal and his wife Marie-Françoise of Savoy. ... Anthony of Portugal or Anthony of Braganza (Portuguese: António) was a Portuguese Prince son of Peter II, King of Portugal and his wife Marie-Françoise of Savoy. ... Manuel of Braganza or Manuel of Portugal (English: Emmanuel) was a Portuguese Prince son of Peter II, King of Portugal and his wife Marie-Sophie of Neuburg. ... Francisca Josefa of Braganza (Lisbon, January 30, 1699-Lisbon, July 15, 1736) was a Portuguese princess and the last of eight daughters of King Peter II of Portugal and his second wife Marie Sophie of Neuburg. ... Luísa of Portugal, Duchess of Cadaval (English: Louise; Lisbon, January 9, 1679-Évora, December 23, 1732) was a natural daughter of Portuguese King Peter II and a Portuguese lady named Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas. ... José of Braganza, Archbishop of Braga (English: Joseph; Lisbon, May 6, 1703-Ponte de Lima, June 3, 1756) was a natural son of Portuguese King Peter II and a Portuguese lady named Francisca Clara da Silva. ... John V (Portuguese João pron. ... Maria Bárbara of Bragança, queen of Spain Barbara of Braganza, Princess of Portugal and Queen of Spain (December 4, 1711 - August 27, 1758), was the eldest daughter of King John V of Portugal and his wife, Mary Anne Josepha of Austria. ... Joseph I (Portuguese José), the Reformer (Port. ... Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese Pedro) (July 5, 1717 - May 25, 1786) became King Consort of Portugal on the succession of his wife and niece queen Maria I in 1777, and ruled with her until his death. ... Joseph I (Portuguese José), the Reformer (Port. ... Maria Ana Francisca Josefa of Braganza (English: Mary Anne Francis Josepha) was a Portuguese princess daughter of King Joseph I of Portugal and his wife Marianne Victoria of Borbón. ... Maria Francisca Doroteia of Braganza (English: Mary Francis Dorothea) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King Joseph I of Portugal and his wife Marianne Victoria of Borbón. ... Maria Francisca Benedita of Braganza (English: Mary Francis Bennedicta) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King Joseph I of Portugal and his wife Marianne Victoria of Borbón. ... Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese Pedro) (July 5, 1717 - May 25, 1786) became King Consort of Portugal on the succession of his wife and niece queen Maria I in 1777, and ruled with her until his death. ... Joseph of Braganza (full name: José Francisco Xavier de Paula Domingos António Agostinho Anastácio de Bragança), Duke of Braganza, Prince of Beira, Prince of Brazil and presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal as the oldest son of Queen Maria I of Portugal and her King consort... John VI (Portuguese João, pron. ... Mariana Vitória Josefa or Maria Ana Vitória Josefa was a Portuguese infanta daughter of Quenn Maria I of Portugal and his king consort Peter III of Portugal. ... John VI (Portuguese João, pron. ... Maria Teresa of Braganza (English: Mary Theresa; Ajuda, Lisbon, April 29, 1793-Trieste, January 17, 1874) was a Portuguese princess heir to the throne of Portugal between 1793 and 1795 when his younger brother António Pio of Braganza was born. ... Maria Isabel of Braganza (Queluz, May 19, 1797-Madrid, November 29, 1818) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Borbón. ... Pedro I of Brazil (pron. ... Maria Francisca de Assis of Braganza (English: Mary Francis of Assisi; Queluz, April 22, 1800-Gosport, September 4, 1834) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Borbón. ... Isabel Maria of Braganza and Borbón (Queluz, July 4, 1801-Benfica, Lisbon, April 22, 1876 was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Borbón. ... Miguel of Portugal (English: Michael), the Traditionalist (Port. ... Maria da Assunção of Braganza (English: Mary of Assumption; Queluz, June 25, 1805-Santarém, January 7, 1834) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Borbón. ... Ana de Jesus Maria of Braganza (Mafra, October 23, 1806-Rome, June 22, 1857) was a Portuguese infanta and last daughter of King John VI of Portugal and his wife Carlota Joaquina of Borbón. ... Pedro I of Brazil (pron. ... Maria II da Glória, (pron. ... Januária Maria of Braganza (Rio de Janeiro, March 11, 1822-Nice, March 13, 1901) was a Brazilian princess and Portuguese infanta daughter of Peter I of Brazil and IV of Portugal and his wife Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria. ... Francisca Carolina of Braganza (Rio de Janeiro, August 2, 1824-Paris, March 27, 1898) was a Brazilian princess and Portuguese infanta daughter of Peter I of Brazil and IV of Portugal and his first wife Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria. ... Dom Pedro IIs family Dom Pedro II and President Ulysses S. Grant, Philadelphia Exposition, 1876 Dom Pedro II in his old age Dom Pedro II of Brazil Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (December 2, 1825 – December 5, 1891) was the second and final Brazilian Emperor. ... Miguel of Portugal (English: Michael), the Traditionalist (Port. ... Miguel II of Bragança, in English Michael II of Braganza (September 19, 1853- October 11, 1927) was the head of the Migueline line of the dynasty of Braganza, and claimed to have been the 22nd Duke of Bragança. ... Maria II da Glória, (pron. ... Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (October 29, 1819 - December 15, 1885) was consort king of Portugal following his marriage to Queen Maria II in 1836. ... Pedro V of Portugal (pron. ... Luis I, King of Portugal (October 31, 1838 – October 19, 1889) was the second son of Maria II da Glória and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. ... John of Braganza (Portuguese: João, pron. ... Maria Ana of Braganza (Lisbon, August 21, 1843-Dresden, February 5, 1884) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of Queen Maria II of Portugal and her King consort Ferdinand II of Portugal. ... Antónia of Braganza (Lisbon, February 17, 1845-Sigmaringen, December 27, 1913) was a Portuguese infanta of the House of Braganza, daughter of Queen Maria II of Portugal and her King consort Ferdinand II of Portugal. ... Augustus of Braganza (Portuguese: Augusto; Lisbon, November 4, 1847-Lisbon, September 26, 1889) was a Portuguese infante son of Queen Maria II of Portugal and his King consort Ferdinand II of Portugal. ... Pronunciation refers to: the way a word or a language is usually spoken; the manner in which someone utters a word. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ... Portuguese ( â–¶ (help· info), Portugal dialect: , Brazilian: ) is an Iberian Romance language originated in Portugal, which is now the main language also of Angola, Brazil, Mozambique, Cape Verde and several other African and Asian nations, and an important second language in many other countries. ... District Lisbon Mayor   - Party Carmona Rodrigues PSD Area 84. ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 8 - Premiere of George Frideric Handels opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. ... Ipanema beach, in the South Zone, immortalised by Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Morais song The Girl from Ipanema Cristo Redentor, the famous Christ the Redeemer statue at the top of the Corcovado mountain A NASA satellite image of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (meaning River of January in... March 20 is the 79th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (80th in Leap years). ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Joseph I (Portuguese José), King of Portugal was born in Lisbon, on June 6, 1714. ... Marianne Victoria of Bourbon (March 31, 1718 - January 15, 1781) (in Portuguese Mariana Vitória, in Spanish Mariana Victoria) was the eldest daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese. ... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 – July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... Elizabeth Farnese, queen of Spain Elizabeth Farnese (October 25, 1692 – July 11, 1766), Queen consort of Spain, also known as Isabel de Farnesio or Isabella Farnese, was the only daughter of Odoardo II Farnese, Duke of Parma. ...


She married her father's younger brother, Peter III, on June 6, 1760 and later became the first Queen regnant of Portugal, and the 26th (or 27th according to some historians) Portuguese monarch. She was also Duchess of Bragança and Princess of Beira. Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese Pedro) (July 5, 1717 - May 25, 1786) became King Consort of Portugal on the succession of his wife and niece queen Maria I in 1777, and ruled with her until his death. ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A queen regnant is a female monarch who possesses all the monarchal powers that a king would have without regard to gender. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian... The Duchy of Bragança or Braganza is one of the most important titles of the Portuguese Royal Family. ... Prince of Beira is a title in Portugal, normally given to the heirs to the throne. ...


Her first act as queen was to dismiss the unpopular prime minister, the Marquis of Pombal, following the brutal treatment given to the Távoras in the Tavora affair. Noteworthy events of this period were Portugal's membership of the League of Armed Neutrality (July 1782) and the 1781 cession of Delagoa Bay from Austria to Portugal. In 1801 the Spanish dictator Manuel de Godoy invaded Portugal with backing from Napoleon, but was forced to abandon the campaign in the same year. However the Treaty of Badajoz on June 6, 1801 forced Portugal to cede Olivenza and part of Guyana to Spain. Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister A prime minister is a politician who serves as the head of the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... The Marquis of Pombal, or Marquês de Pombal, (13 May 1699 - 15 May 1782) was a Portuguese politician and statesman, prime minister of king Joseph I of Portugal throughout his reign. ... The Tavora affair was a political scandal of the 18th century Portuguese court. ... League of Armed Neutrality refers to one of two alliances of minor European naval powers (1780-1783 and 1800-1801), both intended to protect neutral shipping against the British Royal Navys wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband. ... Maputo Bay, formerly Delagoa Bay (Port. ... Manuel de Godoy (May 12, 1767 – October 7, 1851), Duke of Alcudia, was a Spanish statesman. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... Coordinates 38° 45 N, 5° 07 W Mayor Ramón Rocha Maqueda Area 750 km² Population  - Density 8,274 11. ...

Queen Maria I and King Pedro III
Queen Maria I and King Pedro III

Queen Mary suffered from religious mania and melancholia. It made her incapable of handling state affairs after 1799 and so her son Prince John became regent. The refusal of his government to join the Continental Blockade of Britain culminated in the 1807 Franco-Spanish invasion led by Marshal Junot. The Braganza dynasty fled to Brazil on November 13, 1807, and Junot was appointed governor of the kingdom pending Napoleon's decision on its ultimate fate. On August 1, 1808, the British General Arthur Wellesley (later Duke of Wellington) landed a British army in Lisbon and thus commenced the Peninsular War. Wellesley's initial victory over Junot at Vimeiro (August 21, 1808) was wiped out by his superiors in the Convention of Cintra (August 30, 1808). Nevertheless, Wellesley (now Lord Wellington) returned to Portugal on April 22, 1809 to recommence the campaign. Portuguese forces under British command distinguished themselves in the defence of the lines of Torres Vedras (1809-1810) and in the subsequent invasion of Spain and France. When Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815, Maria and her family were still in Brazil. The aged Queen died at Rio de Janeiro in 1816 and the Prince Regent succeeded her as King John VI of Portugal and Brazil. Image File history File links MariaIpedroIII.jpg Summary Queen Maria I and King Consort Pedro III of Portugal. ... Image File history File links MariaIpedroIII.jpg Summary Queen Maria I and King Consort Pedro III of Portugal. ... Melancholia (Greek μελαγχολια) was described as a distinct disease as early as the fifth and fourth centuries BC in the Hippocratic writings. ... John VI (Portuguese João, pron. ... // High public office A regent, from the Latin regens who reigns is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). ... Jean-Andoche Junot (October 23, 1771 - July 29, 1813) was a French general under Napoleon Bonaparte. ... The Duchy of Bragança or Braganza is one of the most important titles of the Portuguese Royal Family. ... November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... General is a high military rank, used by nearly every country in the world. ... The Most Noble Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. ... The Dukedom of Wellington, derived from Wellington in Somerset, is a hereditary title and the senior Dukedom in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. ... The Peninsular War (1808–1814) (known as War of Independence in Spain as French Invasions in Portugal and as Guerre dEspagne in France) was a major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the Iberian Peninsula with Spanish, Portuguese, and the British forces fighting against Napoleonic French. ... The Battle of Vimeiro was fought on August 20, 1808 and resulted the victory of the British under the Duke of Wellington against the French under General Junot. ... August 21 is the 233rd day of the year (234th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Convention of Sintra (or Cintra) was an agreement signed on August 30, 1808 during the Peninsular War. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... 1808 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). ... 1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Lines of Torres Vedras The Lines of Torres Vedras were a line of forts in Portugal built in secrecy between November 1809 and September 1810 during the Peninsular War. ... Ipanema beach, in the South Zone, immortalised by Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Morais song The Girl from Ipanema Cristo Redentor, the famous Christ the Redeemer statue at the top of the Corcovado mountain A NASA satellite image of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (meaning River of January in...


Maria's marriages and descendants

Maria married her uncle, Prince Peter of Portugal, who when she was crowned Queen regnant automatically became King consort Peter III of Portugal, because a child had already been born from the marriage. Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese Pedro) (July 5, 1717 - May 25, 1786) became King Consort of Portugal on the succession of his wife and niece queen Maria I in 1777, and ruled with her until his death. ... A queen regnant is a female monarch who possesses all the monarchal powers that a king would have without regard to gender. ... King consort is a title given in some monarchies to the husband of a Queen regnant. ...

Name Birth Death Notes
By Peter III of Portugal (July 5, 1717-May 25, 1786; married on June 6, 1760)
Prince Joseph August 20, 1761 September 11, 1788 Titled Prince of Beira. Married his aunt Maria Francisca Benedita, Infanta of Portugal, but had no issue.
Prince John Francis September 16 1763 October 10 1763  
Prince John Maria May 13, 1769 March 26, 1826 With the title of Prince of Brazil, and who succeeded her as the 27th (or 28th according to some historians) King of Portugal.
Princess Maria Clementina June 9 1774 June 27 1776  
Princess Maria Isabel December 23, 1766 January 14 1777  
Princess Mariana December 15, 1768 November 2, 1788 Married Gabriel, prince of Spain, son of Charles III.

See also: List of Portuguese monarchs Peter III of Portugal (Portuguese Pedro) (July 5, 1717 - May 25, 1786) became King Consort of Portugal on the succession of his wife and niece queen Maria I in 1777, and ruled with her until his death. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... // Events January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign Triple Alliance February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Joseph of Braganza (full name: José Francisco Xavier de Paula Domingos António Agostinho Anastácio de Bragança), Duke of Braganza, Prince of Beira, Prince of Brazil and presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal as the oldest son of Queen Maria I of Portugal and her King consort... August 20 is the 232nd day of the year (233rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Prince of Beira is a title in Portugal, normally given to the heirs to the throne. ... Maria Francisca Benedita of Braganza (English: Mary Francis Bennedicta) was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King Joseph I of Portugal and his wife Marianne Victoria of Borbón. ... In the Spanish and former Portuguese monarchies, Infante (masc. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... John VI (Portuguese João, pron. ... May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (134th in leap years). ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... March 26 is the 85th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (86th in leap years). ... 1826 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Prince of Brazil (Portuguese: Principe do Brasil) was a title used in kingdom of Portugal, normally conferred on the heir of the royal house. ... This is a List of Portuguese monarchs from the independence of Portugal from Castile in 1139, to the beginning of the Republic in October 5, 1910. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the year 1776. ... December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... 1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1777 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Mariana Vitória Josefa or Maria Ana Vitória Josefa was a Portuguese infanta daughter of Quenn Maria I of Portugal and his king consort Peter III of Portugal. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... History of Portugal series Prehistoric Portugal Pre-Roman Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia Visigoths and Suevi Moorish rule and Reconquista First County of Portugal Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal Second County of Portugal Establishment of the Monarchy Consolidation of the Monarchy 1383–1385 Crisis Discoveries Portuguese Empire 1580 Crisis Iberian...

Preceded by:
Joseph
Queen of Portugal
17771816
with Peter III (17771786)
Succeeded by:
John VI

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