NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mary I of Scotland

Mary I (popularly // known as Mary, Queen of Scots) (December 8, 1542 – February 8, 1587) was Queen of Scots (the monarch of the Kingdom of Scotland) from December 14, 1542, to July 24, 1567. She was also the queen consort of France from July 10, 1559 to December 5, 1560. After a long period of protective custody in England she was tried and executed for treason following her involvement in 3 plots to assassinate Elizabeth I of England and place herself on the throne. Mary, Queen of Scots is the name of: Mary I of Scotland, the former queen of France and Scotland executed by her cousin Elizabeth I of England Mary, Queen of Scots (film), a 1971 film about that queen starring Vanessa Redgrave Mary, Queen of Scots (1969 book), a 1969 book... The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years. ... Image File history File links Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn. ... James V (April 10, 1512 â€“ December 14, 1542) was king of Scotland (September 9, 1513 â€“ December 14, 1542). ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 â€“ 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary... Francis II (French: FranÃ§ois II) (January 19, 1544 â€“ December 5, 1560) was a King of France (1559 â€“ 1560). ... Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 â€“ 9 or 10 February 1567), commonly known as Lord Darnley, king consort of Scotland, was the first cousin and second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of her son King James VI, who also succeded Elizabeth I of England. ... The Duke of Orkney James Hepburn, Duke of Orkney, Marquess of Fife, 4th Earl of Bothwell, usually just referred to as Bothwell (~1535 - April 14, 1578) was the third husband of Mary I of Scotland. ... James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... A Royal House or Dynasty is a sort of family name used by royalty. ... The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... James V (April 10, 1512 â€“ December 14, 1542) was king of Scotland (September 9, 1513 â€“ December 14, 1542). ... Marie de Guise Marie de Guise (in English, Mary of Guise) (November 22, 1515 â€“ June 11, 1560) was the Queen Consort of James V of Scotland and the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... The south face of Linlithgow Palace Linlithgow Palace from the east North and west faces of Linlithgow Palace The ruins of Linlithgow Palace are situated in the town of Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland, 15 miles west of Edinburgh. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 20th - Total 427 kmÂ² - % Water ? Admin HQ Livingston ISO 3166-2 GB-WLN ONS code 00RH Demographics Population Ranked 10th - Total (2005) 163,780 - Density 384 / kmÂ² Scottish Gaelic - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics West Lothian Council http://www. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Fotheringhay Church Fotheringhay is a village in Northamptonshire, England. ... Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or Nhants) is a landlocked county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). ... Peterborough Cathedral Plan Peterborough Cathedral is dedicated to Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Andrew, and is very unusual amongst mediÃ¦val cathedrals in Britain because of its triple front (dominated by the statues of the three saints) and overall asymmetrical appearance. ... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely: England (united with Wales from 1536) up to 1707; Scotland up to 1707; The Kingdom of Great Britain... Louis XIV, king of France and Navarre (Painting by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701). ... Motto Latin: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) (Scots: Wha daur meddle wi me) Capital EdinburghÂ¹ Language(s) Gaelic, Scots Government Monarchy King/Queen - 843-860 Kenneth I - 1587â€“1625 James VI - 1702-1714 Anne Legislature Parliament of Scotland History - United 843 - Union of the... is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 15 - Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey. ... is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Elizabeth I redirects here. ...

Heritage, birth, and coronation

During the 14th century reign of Robert II of Scotland, it had been confirmed that the Scottish Crown would only be inherited by males in the line of Robert's children—all sons—who were listed in that parliamentary Act. Females and female lines could inherit only after extinction of male lines. Robert the warrior and knight: the reverse side of Robert IIs Great Seal, enhanced as a 19th century steel engraving. ... An order of succession is a formula or algorithm that determines who inherits an office upon the death, resignation, or removal of its current occupant. ... The parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. ...

Mary ascended to the throne because, with the demise of her father, James V, there were no remaining direct male descendants of Robert II of unquestionably legitimate origins (John Stewart, Duke of Albany, a direct descendant of Robert II, would probably have succeeded James V had he not died in 1536).^{[dubious – discuss]} James V (April 10, 1512 - December 14, 1542) was king of Scotland (September 9, 1513 - December 14, 1542). ... John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (1481â€“1536) was a son of Alexander Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany and a grandson of King James II of Scotland. ...

Mary Stuart was the first member of the royal House of Stuart to use the Gallicised spelling Stuart, rather than the earlier Stewart. (Mary adopted the French spelling Stuart during her time in France, and she and her descendants continued to use it. ^[1] ) The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... Francization is the process of giving a French character to something (a word, an organization) or someone. ...

Princess Mary Stuart was born at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian, on December 7 or December 8, 1542 to King James V of Scotland and his French wife, Mary of Guise. In Falkland Palace, Fife, her father heard of the birth and prophesied, "The devil go with it! It came with a lass, it will pass with a lass!"^{[citation needed]} James truly believed that Mary's birth marked the end of the Stewarts' reign over Scotland. Instead, through Mary's son, it was the beginning of their reign over both the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. The south face of Linlithgow Palace Linlithgow Palace from the east North and west faces of Linlithgow Palace The ruins of Linlithgow Palace are situated in the town of Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland, 15 miles west of Edinburgh. ... Linlithgow town in the background, the Loch in the mid-ground with the Palace in the foreground Linlithgow (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Iucha, Scots Lithgae) is a town and Royal Burgh in Scotland. ... Location Geography Area Ranked 20th - Total 427 kmÂ² - % Water ? Admin HQ Livingston ISO 3166-2 GB-WLN ONS code 00RH Demographics Population Ranked 10th - Total (2005) 163,780 - Density 384 / kmÂ² Scottish Gaelic - Total () {{{Scottish council Gaelic Speakers}}} Politics West Lothian Council http://www. ... is the 341st day of the year (342nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 342nd day of the year (343rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events War resumes between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French. ... James V (April 10, 1512 â€“ December 14, 1542) was king of Scotland (September 9, 1513 â€“ December 14, 1542). ... Marie de Guise Marie de Guise (in English, Mary of Guise) (November 22, 1515 â€“ June 11, 1560) was the Queen Consort of James V of Scotland and the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. ... Falkland Palace is a former Scottish royal palace in Falkland, Fife. ... This article is about the area in Scotland. ... This article is about the country. ... Motto Dieu et mon droit(French) God and my right Territory of the Kingdom of England Capital Winchester; London from 11th century Language(s) Old English (de facto, until 1066) Anglo-Norman language (de jure, 1066 - 15th century) English (de facto, gradually replaced French from late 13th century) Government Monarchy...

The six or seven-day-old Mary became Queen of Scotland when her father died at the age of 30, probably from cholera^{[citation needed]}, although his contemporaries believed his death to have been caused by grief over the Scots' loss to the English at the Battle of Solway Moss. James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran was the next in line for the throne after Mary; he acted as regent for Mary until 1554, when he was succeeded by the Queen's mother, who continued as regent until her death in 1560. Distribution of cholera Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious gastroenteritis caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ... Solway Moss is a moss (lowland peat bog), in Cumbria, England, lying next to the River Sark which marks the Scottish border. ... James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (c. ... Regent, from the Latin, a person selected to administer a state because the ruler is a minor or is not present or debilitated. ... A dowager is a widow who holds a title or property, or Dower, derived from her deceased husband. ...

In July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaties of Greenwich [1] promised Mary to be married to Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England in 1552, and for their heirs to inherit the Kingdoms of Scotland and England. Mary's mother was strongly opposed to the proposition, and she hid with Mary two months later in Stirling Castle, where preparations were made for Mary's coronation. At the age of nine months Mary was crowned Queen of Scots in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on September 9, 1543. The Treaty of Greenwich (also known as the Treaties of Greenwich) contained two agreements both signed on July 1, 1543 in Greenwich between representatives of England and Scotland. ... Edward Tudor redirects here. ... Henry VIII redirects here. ... For other uses, see inheritance (disambiguation). ... Stirling Castle southwest aspect from the Kings Knot Parterre below the castle crags. ... A asses is a ceremony marking the investment of a monarch with regal power through, amongst other symbolic acts, the placement of a crown upon his or her head. ... A chapel is a private church, usually small and often attached to a larger institution such as a college, a hospital, a palace, or a prison. ... is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn. ...

The "Rough Wooing"

The Treaties of Greenwich fell apart soon after Mary's coronation. The betrothal did not sit well with the Scots, especially since Henry VIII suspiciously tried to change the agreement so that he could possess Mary years before the marriage was to take place. He also wanted them to break their traditional alliance with France. Fearing an uprising among the people, the Scottish Parliament broke off the treaty and the engagement at the end of the year. Henry then began his "rough wooing"^[2] designed to impose the marriage to his son on Mary. This consisted of a series of raids on Scottish territory and other military actions. It lasted until June 1551, costing over half a million pounds and many lives. In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later created Duke of Somerset by Edward VI) arrived in the Firth of Forth hoping to capture the city of Edinburgh and kidnap Mary, but Mary of Guise hid her in the secret chambers of Stirling Castle. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Henry VIII redirects here. ... The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between England and Scotland during the sixteenth century. ... GBP redirects here. ... The titles of Earl of Hertford and Marquess of Hertford have been created several times in the peerages of England and Great Britain. ... The Duke of Somerset is a title in the peerage of England that has been created several times. ... Edward Tudor redirects here. ... The Firth of Forth from Calton Hill The Forth Bridges cross the Firth Satellite photo of the Firth and the surrounding area Map of the Firth Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary or firth of Scotlands River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ...

On September 10, 1547, known as "Black Saturday", the Scots suffered a bitter defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Mary of Guise, fearful for her daughter, sent her temporarily to Inchmahome Priory, and turned to the French ambassador Monsieur D'Oysel. is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Combatants Scots English Commanders Earl of Arran Duke of Somerset Strength Between 23,000 and 36,000 17,000 30 warships Casualties 5,000 killed 1500 prisoners 500 killed The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, along the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part... Inchmahome Priory is situated on Inchmahome (Inch meaning an island), the largest of three islands in the centre of Lake of Menteith, close to Aberfoyle, Scotland. ...

The French, remaining true to the Auld Alliance, came to the aid of the Scots. The new French King, Henri II, was now proposing to unite France and Scotland by marrying the little Queen to his three-year old son, the Dauphin François. This seemed to Mary of Guise to be the only sensible solution to her troubles. In February 1548, hearing that the English were on their way back, Mary of Guise moved Mary to Dumbarton Castle. The English left a trail of devastation behind once more and seized the strategically located town of Haddington. By June, the much awaited French help had arrived. On 7 July with it the French Marriage Treaty was signed at a nunnery near Haddington. The Auld Alliance refers to a series of treaties, offensive and defensive in nature, between Scotland and France aimed specifically against an aggressive and expansionist England. ... Henry II (French: Henri II) (March 31, 1519 â€“ July 10, 1559), a member of the Valois Dynasty, was King of France from March 31, 1547, until his death. ... Coat of Arms of the Dauphins of France. ... Dumbarton Castle has the longest recorded history of any stronghold in Great Britain. ... Haddington. ... is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Childhood in France

With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France in 1548 to spend the next thirteen years at the French court. Henry II had offered to guard and raise her. On August 7, 1548, the French fleet sent by Henry II sailed back to France from Dumbarton carrying the five-year-old Queen of Scots on board. She was accompanied by her own little court consisting of two lords, two half-brothers, and the "four Marys", four little girls her own age, all named Mary, and the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, and Livingston. A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Henry II (French: Henri II) (March 31, 1519 â€“ July 10, 1559), a member of the Valois Dynasty, was King of France from March 31, 1547, until his death. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Mary I of Scotland sent to France Births September 2 - Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (died 1616) September 29 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1626) Francesco Andreini, Italian actor (died 1624) Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and occultist (burned at the stake) 1600 (died 1600) Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general... Henry II (French: Henri II) (March 31, 1519 â€“ July 10, 1559), a member of the Valois Dynasty, was King of France from March 31, 1547, until his death. ... Dumbarton (DÃ¹n Breatainn in Scottish Gaelic) is a burgh in Scotland, lying on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Mary Seton (Before 1549- d. ... Mary Fleming was one of the Four Marys, ladies-in-waiting to Mary I of Scotland. ... Mary Livingston (c. ...

Vivacious, pretty, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood. While in the French court, she was a favourite. She received the best available education, and at the end of her studies, she had mastered French, Latin, Greek, Spanish, and Italian in addition to her native Scots. She also learned how to play two instruments and learned prose, poetry, horsemanship, falconry, and needlework. For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Anglic language of Scotland. ...

Despite the fact that Mary was tall for her age (she would attain an adult height of 5"11)^[3] and fluent in speech, while his son and heir François was abnormally short and stuttered, Henry II commented that "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time"^[4] On 24 April 1558 Mary married the Dauphin François at Notre Dame de Paris, François assuming the title King consort of Scots. When Henri II died on 10 July 1559, Mary, Queen of Scots, became Queen consort of France; her husband becoming Francis II of France. is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 7 - French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England July 13 - Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines. ... For other uses, see Notre Dame. ... Henry II (French: Henri II) (March 31, 1519 â€“ July 10, 1559), a member of the Valois Dynasty, was King of France from March 31, 1547, until his death. ... is the 191st day of the year (192nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... January 15 - Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey. ... Francis II (French: FranÃ§ois II) (January 19, 1544 â€“ December 5, 1560) was a King of France (1559 â€“ 1560). ...

Claim to the English throne

Under the ordinary laws of succession, Mary was next in line to the English throne after her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, who was childless. In the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate, thus making Mary the true heir as Mary II of England. However the Third Succession Act of 1543 provided that Elizabeth would succeed Mary I of England on the throne. Elizabeth I redirects here. ... The Third Succession Act of Henry VIIIs reign was passed by the Parliament of England in mid-1543, and returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the line of the succession behind Prince Edward. ... Mary I (18 February 1516 â€“ 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 6 July 1553 (de facto) or 19 July 1553 (de jure) until her death on 17 November 1558. ...

The anti-Catholic Act of Settlement was not passed until 1701, but the last will and testament of Henry VIII, (given legal force by the Third Succession Act), had excluded the Stewarts from succeeding to the English throne. Mary's troubles were still further increased by the Huguenot rising in France, called le tumulte d'Amboise (March 6-March 17, 1560), making it impossible for the French to help Mary's supporters in Scotland. The question of the succession was therefore a real one. Act of Settlement The Electress Sophia of Hanover The Act of Settlement (12 & 13 Wm 3 c. ... In the law, a will or testament is a documentary instrument by which a person regulates the rights of others over his property or family after his death. ... The Third Succession Act of Henry VIIIs reign was passed by the Parliament of England in mid-1543, and returned both Mary and Elizabeth to the line of the succession behind Prince Edward. ... From the 16th to the 18th century the name Huguenot was applied to a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, historically known as the French Calvinists. ... The Amboise conspiracy, or Tumult of Amboise (1560), was a failed attempt by Huguenots and the house of Bourbon to wrest power over France, by abducting the young king, Francis II and arresting FranÃ§ois (the Duke of Guise) and his brother Charles (cardinal of Lorraine). ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ...

François died on December 5, 1560. Mary's mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for the late king's brother Charles IX, who inherited the French throne. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on July 6, 1560 following the death of her mother, France undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland and recognise Elizabeth's right to rule England. The 17-year-old Mary, still in France, refused to ratify the treaty. is the 339th day of the year (340th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ... Catherine de Medici (April 13, 1519 â€“ January 5, 1589) was born in Florence, Italy, as Caterina Maria Romola di Lorenzo de Medici. ... Charles IX (June 27, 1550 â€“ May 30, 1574) born Charles-Maximilien, was a member of the Valois Dynasty, King of France from 1560 until his death. ... The Treaty of Edinburgh was drawn up in 1560 by the Scottish Parliament in an attempt to formally end the Auld Alliance. ... is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 27 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation of Scotland The first tulip bulb was brought from Turkey to the Netherlands. ...

Religious divide

Mary returned to Scotland soon after her husband's death and arrived in Leith on August 19, 1561. Despite her talents, Mary's upbringing had not given her the judgment to cope with the dangerous and complex political situation in the Scotland of the time. sketch of mary, queen of scots, at age 16 having just become queen of france This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... sketch of mary, queen of scots, at age 16 having just become queen of france This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Water of Leith looking upriver from the docks, with the old buildings along Leith Shore including The Kings Wark and The Old Ship Hotel and Kings Landing. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots. ...

Mary, being a devout Roman Catholic, was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects as well as by Elizabeth, who was her father's cousin and the monarch of the neighbouring Protestant country. Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions, and Mary's illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestant faction. The Protestant reformer John Knox also preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass, dancing, dressing too elaborately, and many other real and imagined offences. Catholic Church redirects here. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. ... For other persons named John Knox, see John Knox (disambiguation). ... For other uses of Mass, see Mass (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation). ...

To the disappointment of the Catholic party, however, Mary tolerated the newly-established Protestant ascendancy, and kept James Stewart as her chief advisor. In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant Lords. She joined with James in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562. George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (1514 - 1562), was a Scottish nobleman. ...

Mary was also having second thoughts about the wisdom of having crossed Elizabeth, and attempted to make up the breach by inviting Elizabeth to visit Scotland. Elizabeth refused, and the bad blood remained between them. Mary then sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as a potential heir to the throne. Elizabeth's response is said to have included the words "As for the title of my crown, for my time I think she will not attain it." However, Mary, in her own letter to her maternal uncle Francis, Duke of Guise, reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her." Elizabeth was mindful of the role Parliament would have to play in the matter. William Maitland (1525 â€“ June 9, 1573) was a Scottish politician and reformer, and the eldest son of the poet Richard Maitland. ... Francis, Duke of Guise Francis II, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Duke of Aumale (February 17, 1519 â€“ February 24, 1563), called BalafrÃ© (the scarred), was a French soldier and politician. ...

In December 1561 arrangements were made for the two queens to meet, this time in England. The meeting had been fixed for York "or another town" in August or September 1562, but Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to cancel in July because of the Civil War in France. In 1563, Elizabeth made another attempt to neutralize Mary by suggesting she marry Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (Sidney's brother-in-law), whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control. Dudley, being a Protestant, would have solved a double problem for Elizabeth. She sent an ambassador to tell Mary that, if she would marry someone (as yet unnamed) of Elizabeth's choosing, Elizabeth would "proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir". This proposal was rejected. For other uses, see York (disambiguation). ... Sir Henry Sidney (1529 - May 5, 1586), lord deputy of Ireland, was the eldest son of Sir William Sidney, a prominent politician and courtier in the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, from both of whom he received extensive grants of land, including the manor of Penshurst in Kent... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Marriage to Darnley

At Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first cousin (The validity of this marriage has been disputed, as some say she was forced into it by Lord Darnley. However, the issue was not brought up during her lifetime). The union infuriated Elizabeth, who felt she should have been asked permission, as Darnley was an English subject. Elizabeth also felt threatened by the marriage, because both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne, being direct descendants of Margaret Tudor, the elder sister of Henry VIII. Their children would inherit both parents' claims, and thus, be next in line for the English throne. A 19th century view of Holyrood Palace from Calton Hill. ... is the 210th day of the year (211th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ... Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 â€“ 9 or 10 February 1567), commonly known as Lord Darnley, king consort of Scotland, was the first cousin and second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of her son King James VI, who also succeded Elizabeth I of England. ... Margaret Tudor Margaret Tudor (29 November 1489 â€“ October 1541) was the eldest of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the elder sister of Henry VIII. In 1503 she married James IV, king of Scotland, thus becoming the mother of James V and...

This marriage, to a leading Catholic, precipitated Mary's half-brother, the James Stewart, Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant Lords in open rebellion. Mary set out for Stirling on 26 August 1565 to confront them, and returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops. Moray and the rebellious lords were routed and fled into exile, the decisive military action becoming known as the Chaseabout Raid. James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded. ... The Chaseabout Raid was a rebellion by Thomas Randolphthe 1st Earl of Moray against his half sister, Mary, Queen of Scots, over her marriage to Lord Darnley. ...

Before long, Mary became pregnant. Darnley became arrogant and demanded power commensurate with his courtesy title of "King". On one occasion he attacked Mary in an unsuccessful attempt to cause her to miscarry their unborn child. Darnley was jealous of Mary's friendship with her private secretary, David Rizzio, and, in March 1566 Darnley allegedly entered into a secret conspiracy with the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid. On 9 March a group of the lords, accompanied by Darnley, murdered Rizzio in front of Mary while the two were in conference at Holyrood Palace. Darnley changed sides again and betrayed the lords, but the murder was the catalyst for the breakdown of their marriage. A courtesy title is a form of address in systems of nobility used by children, former wives and other close relatives of a peer. ... David Rizzio, private secretary of Mary I of Scotland David Rizzio or David Riccio (approx. ... is the 68th day of the year (69th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Following the birth of their son, James, on 19 June 1566, a plot was hatched to remove Darnley, who was already ill (possibly suffering from syphilis). He was recuperating in a house in Edinburgh where Mary visited him frequently, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in prospect. In February 1567, an explosion occurred in the house at Kirk o'Field, and Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently of strangulation; historian Alison Weir, however, concludes he died of post-explosion suffocation. This event, which should have been Mary's salvation, only harmed her reputation. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, an adventurer who would become her third husband, was generally believed to be guilty of the assassination, and was brought before a mock trial but acquitted. Mary attempted to regain support among her Lords while Bothwell got some of them to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his claims to marry Mary. James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. ... Syphilis is a curable sexually transmitted disease caused by the Treponema pallidum spirochete. ... Contemporaneous drawing of the murder scene at Kirk o Field. ... The Duke of Orkney James Hepburn, Duke of Orkney, Marquess of Fife, 4th Earl of Bothwell, usually just referred to as Bothwell (~1535 - April 14, 1578) was the third husband of Mary I of Scotland. ...

Abdication and imprisonment

On April 24 Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where she was allegedly raped by Bothwell. She became pregnant with twins, which she later miscarried while imprisoned. On May 6 they returned to Edinburgh and on May 15, at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, Mary and Bothwell were married according to Protestant rites. Image File history File links Mary-queen-of-scots_full. ... Image File history File links Mary-queen-of-scots_full. ... The term captivity is used to refer to the following meanings: the state of being confined to a space from which it is hard or impossible to escape; see imprisonment. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Broad Street at the heart of Stirlings Old Town area (called Top of the Town by locals) Stirling Castle (Southwest aspect) The main courtyard inside Stirling Castle. ... View from the park looking north-west. ... is the 126th day of the year (127th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Holyrood Palace The Palace of Holyroodhouse, more commonly known as Holyrood Palace, originally founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence of the Kings and Queens of Scotland since the 15th century. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

The Scottish nobility turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised an army against them. Mary and Bothwell confronted the Lords at Carberry Hill on June 15, but there was no battle as Mary agreed to follow the Lords on condition that they let Bothwell go ^[5]. However, the Lords broke their promise, and took Mary to Edinburgh and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle, situated on an island in the middle of Loch Leven. Between July 18 and July 24, 1567, Mary miscarried twins. On July 24, 1567, she was also forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her one-year-old son James. is the 166th day of the year (167th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Loch Leven Castle is a castle on an island at in Loch Leven in the Perth and Kinross region of Scotland. ... Loch Leven, looking north from Vane Farm. ... is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ... Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or the fetus is incapable of surviving, generally defined in humans at a gestation of prior to 20 weeks. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ...

On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven and once again managed to raise a small army. After her army's defeat at the Battle of Langside on May 13, she fled to England. When Mary entered England on May 19, she was imprisoned by Elizabeth's officers at Carlisle. During her imprisonment, she famously had the phrase En ma Fin gît mon Commencement ("In my end is my beginning") embroidered on her cloth of estate. is the 122nd day of the year (123rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... Belligerents Regent Moray Mary Queen of Scots Commanders Regent Moray and William Kirkaldy of Grange Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll Strength about 4000 about 6000 Casualties and losses unknown about 300 The Battle of Langside, fought on May 13, 1568, was one of the more unusual contests in Scottish... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Carlisle (disambiguation). ...

Mary was moved to Bolton Castle on 16 July 1568 and remained there under the care of Henry the 9th Lord Scrope. She Lived in Bolton Castle, which was outfitted for her stay there, until 26 January 1569, when she was moved to Tutbury Castle. Bolton Castle is located in Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales. ... Tutbury is a large village of about 3,000 residents surrounded by the agricultural countryside of Staffordshire and Derbyshire. ...

After some wrangling over the question of whether Mary should be tried for the murder of Darnley, Elizabeth ordered an inquiry instead of a trial, which was held in York between October 1568 and January 1569. The inquiry was politically influenced, but Elizabeth did not wish to convict Mary of murder. For other uses, see York (disambiguation). ...

Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her since she was an anointed Queen, and the man ultimately in charge of the prosecution, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, was ruling Scotland in Mary's absence. His chief motive was to keep Mary out of Scotland and her supporters under control. Mary was not permitted to see them or to speak in her own defence at the tribunal. She refused to offer a written defence unless Elizabeth would guarantee a verdict of not guilty, which Elizabeth would not do. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The term captivity is used to refer to the following meanings: the state of being confined to a space from which it is hard or impossible to escape; see imprisonment. ... Look up Circa on Wiktionary, the free dictionary The Latin word circa, literally meaning about, is often used to describe various dates (often birth and death dates) that are uncertain. ... James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. ...

The inquiry hinged on the "Casket letters"— eight letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell, reported by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton to have been found in Edinburgh in a silver box engraved with an F (supposedly for Francis II), along with a number of other documents, including the Mary/Bothwell marriage certificate. The authenticity of the Casket Letters has been the source of much controversy among historians. The originals have since been lost, and the copies available in various collections do not form a complete set. Mary argued that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate, and it has frequently been suggested either that the letters are complete forgeries, that incriminating passages were inserted before the inquiry, or that the letters were written to Bothwell by some other person. Comparisons of writing style have often concluded that they were not Mary's work. It would have required a skilled forger to produce this series of delicate poems in French, dedicated to a loved one (presumed to be Bothwell)^[6] Casket Letters. ... James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (c. ...

However, in 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by representatives of Charles IX of France to promise to help Mary regain her throne. As a pre-condition, she demanded the ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh, something Mary would still not agree to. Nevertheless, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, continued negotiations with Mary on Elizabeth's behalf. Charles IX (June 27, 1550 â€“ May 30, 1574) born Charles-Maximilien, was a member of the Valois Dynasty, King of France from 1560 until his death. ... The Treaty of Edinburgh was drawn up in 1560 by the Scottish Parliament in an attempt to formally end the Auld Alliance. ... William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (13 September 1520 â€“ 4 August 1598), was an English politician, the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign (17 November 1558â€“24 March 1603), and Lord High Treasurer from 1572. ...

The Ridolfi Plot, which attempted to unite Mary and the Duke of Norfolk in marriage, caused Elizabeth to reconsider. With the queen's encouragement, Parliament introduced a bill in 1572 barring Mary from the throne. Elizabeth unexpectedly refused to give it the royal assent. The furthest she ever went was in 1584, when she introduced a document (the "Bond of Association") aimed at preventing any would-be successor from profiting from her murder. It was not legally binding, but was signed by thousands, including Mary herself. The Ridolfi plot was meant to put Mary Stewart on the throne of England. ... Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (March 10, 1536 â€” 1572) and 1st Earl of Southampton, was entrusted by Queen Elizabeth I of England with public office despite his family history and his prior support for the Catholic cause, although he claimed to be a...

Mary eventually became a liability that Elizabeth could no longer tolerate. Elizabeth did ask Mary's final custodian, Amias Paulet, if he would contrive some accident to remove Mary. He refused on the grounds that he would not allow such "a stain on his posterity." Mary was implicated in several plots to assassinate Elizabeth, raise the Catholic North of England, and put herself on the throne, possibly with French or Spanish help. The major plot for the political takeover was the Babington Plot, but some of Mary's supporters believed it and other plots to be either fictitious or undertaken without Mary's knowledge. Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Sir Amias Paulet (1532-1588) was the son of Hugh Paulet and Philippa Pollard. ... Walsinghams Decypherer forged this cipher postscript to Marys letter to Babington. ...

Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat, and so eighteen years of confinement followed, much of it in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor in the custody of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and his redoubtable wife Bess of Hardwick. Bothwell was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane, and died in 1578, still in prison. In 1580 Mary's confinement was transferred to Sir Amias Paulet, and she was under his care for the rest of her life. Sheffield Castle was a castle in Sheffield, England, constructed at the confluence of the River Sheaf and the River Don on the site of a former Saxon long house, and dominating the early town. ... Sheffield Manor, also known as the Manor Lodge or Manor Castle, is a lodge built about 1510 in what then was a large deer park east of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK, to provide a country retreat for the fourth Earl of Shrewsbury. ... George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury by Rowland Lockley, 1592. ... Sir Amias Paulet (1532-1588) was the son of Hugh Paulet and Philippa Pollard. ...

Trial and execution

Mary was put on trial for treason by a court of about 40 noblemen, including Catholics, after being implicated in the Babington Plot and after having allegedly sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth. Mary denied the accusation and was spirited in her defence. One of her more memorable comments from her trial was "Remember Gentlemen the Theatre of history is wider than the Realm of England". She drew attention to the fact that she was denied the opportunity of reviewing the evidence or her papers that had been removed from her, that she had been denied access to legal counsel and that she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason. The extent to which the plot was created by Sir Francis Walsingham and the English Secret Services will always remain open to conjecture. For other uses, see Treason (disambiguation) or Traitor (disambiguation). ... Francis Walsingham by John de Critz (detail) Sir Francis Walsingham (c. ...

In a trial presided over by England's Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Bromley ^[7] and Attorney General Sir John Popham, (later Lord Chief Justice), Mary was ultimately convicted of treason, and was sentenced to beheading at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on February 8, 1587. She had spent the last hours of her life in prayer and also writing letters and her will. She expressed a request that her servants should be released. She also requested that she should be buried in France. The scaffold that was erected in the great hall was three feet tall and draped in black. It was reached by five steps and the only things on it were a disrobing stool, the block, a cushion for her to kneel on, and a bloody butcher's axe that had been previously used on animals. At her execution the executioners knelt before her and asked forgiveness. According to a contemporary account by Robert Wynkfield, she replied that she forgave them, for "you are about to end my troubles!" ^[8]. The executioners and her two servants helped remove a black outer gown, two petticoats, and her corset to reveal a deep red chemise—the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church. As she disrobed she smiled faintly to the executioner and said "never have I had such assistants to disrobe me, and never have I put off my clothes before such a company". ^[8] She was then blindfolded and knelt down on the cushion in front of the block. She positioned her head on the block and stretched her arms out behind her. Her Majestys Attorney General for England and Wales, usually known as the Attorney General, is the chief legal adviser of the Crown in England and Wales. ... Sir John Popham (1531 - June 10, 1607) [1] was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1580 to 1583, Attorney General from 1 June 1581 to 1592 and Lord Chief Justice of England from June 2, 1592 to June 1607. ... The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales was, historically, the second-highest judge of the Courts of England and Wales, after the Lord Chancellor. ... Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head), or beheading, is the removal of a living organisms head. ... Fotheringhay Church Fotheringhay is a village in Northamptonshire, England. ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1587 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ...

In Lady Antonia Fraser's biography, Mary Queen of Scots, the author writes that it took two strikes to decapitate Mary: the first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head, at which point the queen's lips moved (her servants reported they thought she had whispered the words "Sweet Jesus"). The second blow severed the neck, all but a small bit of sinew which the executioner severed by using the axe as a saw. One Robert Wynkfield recorded a detailed account of the moments leading up to Mary's execution, also describing that it took two strikes to behead the queen. Afterward, the executioner held her head aloft and declared, "God save the Queen." At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand came apart and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had very short, grey hair.^[8] The chemise that Mary wore at her execution is displayed at Coughton Court near Alcester in Warwickshire, which was a Catholic household at that time. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For other places named Alcester see Alcester (disambiguation). ... A detailed map Stratford-upon-Avon Kenilworth Castle Warwickshire (pronounced // or //) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in central England. ...

It has been suggested that it took three strikes to decapitate Mary instead of two. If so, then Mary would have been executed with the same number of axe strikes as Essex. It has been postulated that said number was part of a ritual devised to protract the suffering of the victim.^[9] Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (10 November 1566 â€“ 25 February 1601), favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England, is the best-known of the many holders of the title Earl of Essex. ...

There are several (possibly apocryphal) stories told about the execution. One already mentioned and thought to be true is that, when the executioner picked up the severed head to show it to those present, it was discovered that Mary was wearing a wig. The headsman was left holding the wig, while the late queen's head rolled on the floor ^[8]. It was thought that she had tried to disguise the greying of her hair by wearing an auburn wig, the natural colour of her hair before her years of imprisonment began. She was 24 when first imprisoned by Protestants in Scotland, and she was only 44 years of age at the time of her execution. Another well-known execution story related in Robert Wynkfield's first-hand account concerns a small dog owned by the queen, which is said to have been hiding among her skirts, unseen by the spectators. Because her dress and layers of clothing were so immensely regal, it would have been easy for the tiny pet to have hidden there as she slowly made her way to the scaffold. Following the beheading, the dog refused to be parted from its owner and was covered in blood. It was finally taken away by her ladies-in-waiting and washed.^[8] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (888x730, 145 KB) Summary The London Dungeon. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (888x730, 145 KB) Summary The London Dungeon. ... Front entrance of the London Dungeon. ...

Not long after Mary's death, the Spanish Armada sailed to England to depose Elizabeth, but it sailed into a North Sea storm, was dispersed and then lost a considerable number of ships in the Battle of Gravelines and retreated without ever touching English soil. (The traditional view that Mary's execution was the trigger for Spain sending the Armada is now disputed.) Belligerents England Dutch Republic Spain Portugal Commanders Elizabeth I of England Charles Howard Francis Drake Philip II of Spain Duke of Medina Sidonia Strength 34 warships 163 armed merchant vessels 30 Dutch flyboats 22 galleons 108 armed merchant vessels Casualties and losses 50â€“100 dead[1] ~400 wounded 6,000... Belligerents England Dutch Republic Spain Portugal Commanders Elizabeth I of England Charles Howard Francis Drake Philip II of Spain Duke of Medina Sidonia Strength 34 warships 163 armed merchant vessels 30 Dutch flyboats 22 galleons 108 armed merchant vessels Casualties and losses 50â€“100 dead[1] ~400 wounded 6,000...

Mary's body was embalmed and left unburied at her place of execution for a year after her death. Her remains were placed in a secure lead coffin (thought to be further signs of fear of relic hunting). She was initially buried at Peterborough Cathedral in 1588, but her body was exhumed in 1612 when her son, King James I of England, ordered she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey. It remains there, along with at least 40 other descendants, in a chapel on the other side of the Abbey from the grave of her father's cousin Elizabeth I. In the 1800s her tomb and that of Elizabeth were opened to try to ascertain where James I was buried; he was ultimately found buried with Henry VII. Embalming, in most modern cultures, is a process used to temporarily preserve a human cadaver to forestall decomposition and make it suitable for display at a funeral. ... Peterborough Cathedral Plan Peterborough Cathedral is dedicated to Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Saint Andrew, and is very unusual amongst mediÃ¦val cathedrals in Britain because of its triple front (dominated by the statues of the three saints) and overall asymmetrical appearance. ... James VI and I (19 June 1566 â€“ 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary... The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral (and indeed often mistaken for one), in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. ... Elizabeth I redirects here. ... The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 â€“ April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 â€“ April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ...

In February 2008, a copy of the warrant for the execution of Mary Queen of Scots was purchased for £72,485 by the Archbishop of Canterbury's library at Lambeth Palace, therefore preserving it for the nation.^[10] The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader and senior clergyman of the Church of England, recognized by convention as the head of the worldwide Anglican Communion. ... Lambeth Palaces gatehouse. ...

Historical legacy

Although the Casket Letters were accepted by the inquiry as genuine after a study of the handwriting, and of the information contained therein, and were generally held to be certain proof of guilt if authentic, the inquiry reached the conclusion that nothing was proven. From the start, this could have been predicted as the only conclusion that would satisfy Elizabeth. James MacKay comments that one of the stranger 'trials' in legal history ended with no finding of guilt with the result that the accusers went home to Scotland and the accused remained detained in 'protective custody'. Penmanship is the art of writing clearly and quickly. ...

It is impossible now to prove the case either way. Without the Casket Letters, there would have been no case against Mary, and with hindsight it is difficult to say that any of the major parties involved considered the truth to be a priority. However, it is notable that Lady Antonia Fraser, James MacKay, and John Guy who have written well-respected biographies of Mary come to the same conclusion that they were forged. Guy has actually examined the Elizabethan transcripts of the letters rather than relying upon later printed copies.^[11] He points out that the letters are disjointed. He also draws attention to the fact that the French version of one of the letters is bad in its use of language and grammar. Mary was an educated woman who could read, write, and speak French fluently; the construction of one of the letters in French has mistakes that a woman with her understanding would not make.

Another point made by these commentators is that the Casket Letters did not appear until the Conference of York. Mary had been forced to abdicate in 1567 and held captive for the best part of a year in Scotland. No reference can be found to the letters being used as evidence against Mary during this period. There was every reason for these letters to be made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. The originals disappeared after the Conference of York, thus adding to the sense that the letters were probably forged.

Though Mary Stuart has not been canonised by the Catholic Church, many consider her a martyr, and there are relics of her. Her prayer book was long shown in France. Her apologist published, in an English journal, a sonnet which Mary was said to have composed, written with her own hand in this book. A celebrated German actress, Frau Hendel-Schutz, who excited admiration by her attitudes, and performed Friedrich Schiller's "Maria" with great applause in several German cities, affirmed that a cross which she wore on her neck was the very same that once belonged to the unfortunate queen. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1000 KB) Summary Photo showing a replica of Mary Queen of Scots tombstone in Westminster abbey at the Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 1000 KB) Summary Photo showing a replica of Mary Queen of Scots tombstone in Westminster abbey at the Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify... The Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, is a museum dedicated to the history, people and culture of Scotland. ... Friedrich Schiller â€œSchillerâ€ redirects here. ...

Relics of this description have never yet been subjected to the proof of their authenticity. If there is anything which may be reasonably believed to have once been the property of the queen, it is the veil with which she covered her head on the scaffold, after the executioner had wounded the unfortunate victim in the shoulder by a false blow (whether from awkwardness or confusion is uncertain). This veil came into the possession of Sir J.C. Hippisley, who claimed to be descended from the House of Stuart on his mother's side. In 1818, he had an engraving made from it by Matteo Diottavi in Rome and gave copies to his friends. However, the eagerness with which the executioners burned her clothing and the executioners' block may mean that it will never be possible to be certain. The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ...

The veil is embroidered with gold spangles by (as is said) the queen's own hand, in regular rows crossing each other, so as to form small squares, and edged with a gold border, to which another border has been subsequently joined, in which the following words are embroidered in letters of gold:

On the plate there is an inscription, with a double certificate of its authenticity, which states, that this veil, a family treasure of the expelled house of Stuart, was finally in possession of the last branch of that family, Henry Benedict Stuart, the Cardinal of York, who preserved it for many years in his private chapel, among the most precious relics, and at his death bequeathed it to Sir John Hippisley, together with a valuable Plutarch, a Codex with painted (illuminated) letters, and a gold coin struck in Scotland during Mary's reign. Image File history File links Stuartbreviary. ... Image File history File links Stuartbreviary. ... Breviary of Cologne, 12th or 13th century (Helsinki University Library) A breviary (from Latin brevis, short or concise) is a liturgical book containing the public or canonical prayers, hymns, the Psalms, readings, and notations for everyday use, especially for priests, in the Divine Office (i. ... Visit of Alexander I to the library in 1812. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... Henry Benedict Cardinal Stuart (March 11, 1725 â€“ July 13, 1807) was the fourth and last Jacobite to publicly claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Î Î»Î¿ÏÏ„Î±ÏÏ‡Î¿Ï‚; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...

The plate was specially consecrated by Pope Pius VII in his palace on the Quirinal, April 29, 1818. Hippisley, during a former residence at Rome, had been very intimate with the cardinal of York, and was instrumental in obtaining for him, when he with the other cardinals emigrated to Venice in 1798, a pension of £4,000 a year from King George IV of the United Kingdom, then Prince of Wales. But for the pension, the fugitive cardinal, whose revenues were all seized by the forces of the French Revolution, would have been exposed to the greatest distress. Pope Pius VII, OSB (August 14, 1740â€”August 20, 1823), born Barnaba NiccolÃ² Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Bishop of Rome and Pope of the Catholic Church from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823. ... An etching of the Hill, crowned by the mass of the Palazzo del Quirinale, from a series I Sette Colli di Roma antica e moderna published in 1827 by Luigi Rossini (1790 - 1857): his view, from the roof of the palazzo near the Trevi Fountain that now houes the Accademia... is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... George IV redirects here. ... This article is about the title Prince of Wales. ... The French Revolution (1789â€“1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...

The cardinal desired to requite this service by the bequest of what he considered so valuable. According to a note on the plate, the veil is eighty-nine English inches long and forty-three broad, so that it seems to have been rather a kind of shawl or scarf than a veil. Melville in his Memoirs, which Schiller had read, speaks of a handkerchief belonging to the queen, which she gave away before her death, and Schiller founds upon this anecdote the well-known words of the farewell scene, addressed to Hannah Kennedy.

Privy Council of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1561

(appointed September 6, 1561 following Mary's return to Scotland from France) is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots. ...

James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. ... The title Earl of Moray (pronounced Murry) has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland. ... William Maitland (1525 â€“ June 9, 1573) was a Scottish politician and reformer, and the eldest son of the poet Richard Maitland. ... The Secretary of State was a senior post in the pre-Union government of Scotland. ... The Duke of Orkney James Hepburn, Duke of Orkney, Marquess of Fife, 4th Earl of Bothwell, usually just referred to as Bothwell (~1535 - April 14, 1578) was the third husband of Mary I of Scotland. ... The Lord High Admiral of Scotland was one of the Great Offices of State in Scotland before the Union with England in 1707. ... George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (1514 - 1562), was a Scottish nobleman. ... The Lord Chancellor of Scotland was a senior pre-Union officer in Scotland. ... James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (c. ... List of heirs of Scotland details those people who have been either heir apparent or heir presumptive to the Kingdom of Scotland, according to the rules of cognatic primogeniture, except from 1371 to 1542 when the succession was limited to agnatic primogeniture by Act of Parliament. ... Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll (1532/1537 - 1573) was a leading figure in the politics of Scotland during the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots and the early part of that of James VI. Succeeding his father in the earldom in 1558, Argyll immediately became the most powerful magnate... The Lord President of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland and presiding judge of the College of Justice and Court of Session. ... James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (c. ... John Stewart, 4th Earl of Atholl, in the Stewart line (d. ... John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar (died 29 October 1572), regent of Scotland, was a son of John, 5th Lord Erskine (d. ... The Earldom of Mar is one of the ancient peerage titles of in the Peerage of Scotland. ... The Treasurer was was a senior post in the pre-Union government of Scotland. ... The Lord Clerk Register is the oldest surviving Great Office of State in Scotland, with origins in the 13th century. ... The Lord Justice Clerk is the second most senior Judge in Scotland. ...

Ancestry

James II of Scotland (October 16, 1430 â€“ August 3, 1460) was king of Scotland from 1437 to 1460. ... James III of Scotland (1451/ 1452 â€“ June 11, 1488), son of James II and Mary of Gueldres, created Duke of Rothesay at birth, king of Scotland from 1460 to 1488. ... Mary of Guelders, queen of Scotland Queen Consort of Scotland Mary of Gueldres (c. ... James IV (March 17, 1473-September 9, 1513) was King of Scots from 1488 to his death. ... Christian I of Denmark (1426 â€“ 1481), Danish monarch and union king of Denmark (1448 â€“ 1481), Norway (1450 â€“ 1481) and Sweden (1457 â€“ 1464), under the Kalmar Union. ... Margaret of Denmark (June 23, 1456 - before July 14, 1486) was the daughter of King Christian I of Denmark (1448-81), Norway (1450-81), and Sweden (1457-64), and his wife Dorothea of Brandenburg. ... Dorothea of Brandenburg (1431 to 1495) was the daughter of Johan of Brandenburg and Barbara of Sachsen-Wittenberg. ... James V (April 10, 1512 â€“ December 14, 1542) was king of Scotland (September 9, 1513 â€“ December 14, 1542). ... Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (~1430-November 1, 1456) was the father of King Henry VII of England. ... The Tudor Rose: a combination of the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York Henry VII (January 28, 1457 â€“ April 21, 1509), King of England, Lord of Ireland (August 22, 1485 â€“ April 21, 1509), born Henry Tudor, was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty. ... Margaret Beaufort, Mother of Henry VII, at prayer, by an anonymous artist, about 1500 Margaret Beaufort (May 31, 1443 â€“ June 29, 1509) was the daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, granddaughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt and his mistress... Margaret Tudor Margaret Tudor (29 November 1489 â€“ October 1541) was the eldest of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the elder sister of Henry VIII. In 1503 she married James IV, king of Scotland, thus becoming the mother of James V and... Edward IV (April 28, 1442 â€“ April 9, 1483) was King of England from March 4, 1461 to April 9, 1483, with a break of a few months in the period 1470â€“1471. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Elizabeth Woodville or Wydville (c. ... RenÃ© II (Angers, May 2, 1451 â€“ December 10, 1508, Fains) was Count of VaudÃ©mont from 1470, Duke of Lorraine from 1473, and Duke of Bar from 1483 to 1508. ... Claude, Duke of Guise Coat of arms of the Duke of Guise Claude of Lorraine (October 20, 1496, ChÃ¢teau de CondÃ©-sur-Moselle, â€“ April 12, 1550, ChÃ¢teau de Joinville) was the first Duke of Guise, from 1528 to his death. ... Marie de Guise Marie de Guise (in English, Mary of Guise) (November 22, 1515 â€“ June 11, 1560) was the Queen Consort of James V of Scotland and the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. ... Jean VIII, Count of VendÃ´me (died January 6, 1477) was a French nobleman, son of Louis I, Count of VendÃ´me. ... FranÃ§ois, Count of VendÃ´me (1470 â€“ October 30, 1495) was a French nobleman. ... Antoinette de Bourbon (25 December 1493 - 22 January 1583. ... Marie de Luxembourg (1305 â€“ April 1, 1546) was a French noblewoman. ...

In culture

Fiction

Madame de La Fayette (baptized March 18, 1634 - May 25, 1693) was a French writer, the alleged author of La Princesse de Clèves, Frances first historical novel and often taken to be one of the earliest European novels of its day. ... La Princesse de ClÃ¨ves is a French novel, regarded by many as one of the first European novels and a classic of its era. ... Raeburns portrait of Sir Walter Scott in 1822. ... Margaret George (born in 1943) is an American historian and historical novelist, writing historical biographies. ... Jean Plaidy was a pen name of British author Eleanor Hibbert, also known as Philippa Carr and Victoria Holt. ... Reay Tannahill is a Scottish historian and novelist, best known perhaps for two non-fiction bestsellers: Food in History and Sex in History. ... Francis Crawford of Lymond is a fictional character created by the novelist Dorothy Dunnett. ... Dorothy Dunnett (August 25, 1923 â€“ November 9, 2001) was a Scottish historical novelist. ... Susanna [Mary] Clarke (born November 1, 1959) is a British author best known for her debut novel Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell (2004), a Hugo Award-winning alternate history fantasy. ... The Ladies of Grace Adieu and Other Stories (ISBN 0-74-758703-5) is a collection of 10 short stories, some of which are set in the same world as Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell. ... Jane Yolens Wizards Hall Jane Yolen (born February 11, 1939 in New York City) is an American author and editor of almost 300 books. ... Terry Deary (born 3 January 1946, Sunderland) is a childrens author now living in Burnhope, County Durham, England. ... The Royal Diaries is a series of twenty books published by Scholastic Press from 1999 to 2005. ... Scholastic is the official student publication of the University of Notre Dame. ... Kathryn Lasky is the American author of many critically acclaimed books, including several Dear America books, several Royal Diaries books, 1984 Newbery Honor winning Sugaring Time, The Night Journey, and the Guardians of Gahoole series. ...

Theatre

Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... 1959 English-language edition, titled Mary Stuart. ... 1959 English-language edition, titled Mary Stuart. ... Friedrich Schiller â€œSchillerâ€ redirects here. ... West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre in London, England, or sometimes more specifically for shows staged in the large theatres of Londons Theatreland. Along with New Yorks Broadway theatre, West End theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre... Janet McTeer (8 May 1961-) is a British actor. ... For other uses of Broadway, see Broadway. ... James Maxwell Anderson (15 December 1888 â€“ 28 February 1959), better known as Maxwell Anderson was a Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, author, poet, reporter and lyricist, and a founding member of The Playwrights Company (which included, at various times, Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Elmer Rice, Robert E. Sherwood, Sidney Howard... Sarah Miles (b. ... Vivat! Vivat Regina! is a Tony nominated play written by Robert Bolt. ... Robert Oxton Bolt (August 15, 1924 â€“ February 12, 1995) was an English playwright and a two-time Oscar winning screenwriter. ... For the supercentenarian, see Martha Graham (supercentenarian). ... ... This article is about the state. ... Liz Lochhead (born December 26, 1947) is a Scottish poet and dramatist, originally from Motherwell. ... Glyn Maxwell (born in 1962) is a British poet. ...

Poetry

The 1596 edition of Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene includes an allegorical representation of the trial of Mary Stuart (Book 5, Canto ix, stanzas 36-50). Mary Stuart is represented by Duessa and Elizabeth is figured by Mercilla. The allegory dwells on Elizabeth's reluctance to condemn Mary. Elizabeth's delay of three months before agreeing to have Mary executed is represented by a gap of three stanzas at the end of Canto ix.^[12] Mercilla's judgment and Duessa's execution do not actually occur until the beginning of the next Canto (x.1-4) This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Una and the Lion by Briton Rivière The Faerie Queene is a poem by Edmund Spenser, first published in 1590 (the first half) with the more or less complete version being published in 1596. ...

In Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky's 20 sonnets to Mary Stuart (in Russian) the poet addresses her as an interlocutor. The Nobel Prize (Swedish: ) was established in Alfred Nobels will in 1895, and it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. ... Bookcover of Works and Days in Russian Joseph Brodsky (May 24, 1940 â€“ January 28, 1996), born Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (Russian: ) was a Russian-born poet and essayist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature (1987) and was chosen Poet Laureate of the United States (1991-1992). ...

Music

For other persons named Robert Schumann, see Robert Schumann (disambiguation). ... Gaetano Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 â€“ 8 April 1848) was a famous Italian opera composer. ... Maria Stuarda is an opera by Gaetano Donizetti, first performed on December 30, 1835, at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan. ... Thea Musgrave (b. ... Mary, Queen of Scots is the name of: Mary I of Scotland, the former queen of France and Scotland executed by her cousin Elizabeth I of England Mary, Queen of Scots (movie), a 1971 film about that queen starring Vanessa Redgrave Mary, Queen of Scots (1969 book), a 1969 book... For other uses, see Edinburgh (disambiguation). ... Dream Theater is an American progressive metal band formed in 1985 under the name Majesty by John Myung, John Petrucci and Mike Portnoy while they attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, before they dropped out to support the band. ... Dream Theater is an American progressive metal band formed in 1985 under the name Majesty by John Myung, John Petrucci and Mike Portnoy while they attended Berklee College of Music in Boston, before they dropped out to support the band. ... John Barry, OBE (born John Barry Prendergast on 3 November 1933 in York, England) is a renowned Golden Globe and five-time Academy Award-winning English film score composer. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Matt Monro (1 December 1930, Shoreditch, London â€“ 7 February 1985, Ealing) was an English ballad singer of the 1960s and one of the international post-World War II entertainers. ... Scott Walker can refer to more than one person: Scott Walker (singer) (born 1943), singer Scott Walker (politician) (born 1967), county executive of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin Scott Walker (boxer) (1969-2004), boxer Scott Walker (hockey player) (born 1973), professional hockey player Scott Walker (the ultimate beast) (born 1983), professional degen... John Royce Mathis (b. ... Sad Song may refer to: Sad Song, a song by Lou Reed from his 1973 album Berlin Sad Song, a song by Screaming Jets from their 1994 album The Screaming Jets Sad Song, a song by David Byrne from his 1994 album David Byrne Sad Song, a song by Oasis... Lou Reed (born March 2, 1942) is an influential American rock singer-songwriter and guitarist. ... Berlin is a 1973 album by Lou Reed, his third solo album and the follow-up to the widely accessible and upbeat glam rock classic Transformer. ... To France is a single by musician Mike Oldfield, released in 1984. ... Michael Gordon Oldfield (born May 15, 1953 in Reading, England) is a multi-instrumentalist musician and composer, working a style that blends progressive rock, folk, ethnic or world music, classical music, electronic music and more recently dance. ... Discovery is a record album written and mostly performed by Mike Oldfield. ... Cover of Heyday: BBC Radio Sessions 1968-1969. ... Album cover What We Did On Our Holidays is the title of the second album release by the band Fairport Convention. ... Grave Digger is a German power metal/speed metal band formed in the mid 1980s. ...

Film

Mary of Scotland is a 1936 RKO film starring Katharine Hepburn as the 16th century ruler, Mary I of Scotland. ... Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907 â€“ June 29, 2003) was an American actress of film, television and stage. ... Florence Eldridge (September 5, 1901 - August 1, 1988) was an American film actress. ... Fredric March (August 31, 1897 â€“ April 14, 1975) was a two-time Academy Award-winning American actor. ... Mary, Queen of Scrots is a 1971 biographical film which tells the story of the life of Queen Mary I of Scotland. ... Vanessa Redgrave, CBE (born 30 January 1937) is an Academy Award winning English actress and member of the Redgrave family, one of the enduring theatrical dynasties. ... Glenda Jackson Glenda May Jackson, CBE, (born 9 May 1936) is a two-time Academy Award-winning British actress and politician, currently Labour Member of Parliament for the constituency of Hampstead and Highgate in the London Borough of Camden. ... Nigel Davenport (born 23 May 1928) is an English actor. ... Dudley Nichols (April 6, 1895 â€“ January 4, 1960) was an American screenwriter who first came to prominence after winning and refusing the screenwriting Oscar for The Informer in 1936. ... James Maxwell Anderson (15 December 1888 â€“ 28 February 1959), better known as Maxwell Anderson was a Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, author, poet, reporter and lyricist, and a founding member of The Playwrights Company (which included, at various times, Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Elmer Rice, Robert E. Sherwood, Sidney Howard... For other uses of Broadway, see Broadway. ... John Parker Hale was a Democrat from the state of New Hampshire. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Catherine Ã‰lise Cate Blanchett (born May 14, 1969) is an Academy Award- and Golden Globe Award-winning Australian actress and stage director. ...

Television

Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I Elizabeth R is a BBC television drama serial that was broadcast in six, 85 minute parts on terrestrial channel BBC Two from February to March 1971. ... Image:Helen duke. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 â€“ 24 March 1603 ) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... Barbara Flynn (born 5 August 1948) is a British actress. ... This article is about the television series. ... The first incarnation of the Walt Disney anthology series, commonly called The Wonderful World of Disney, premiered on ABC on October 27, 1954 under the name Disneyland. ... For the company founded by Disney, see The Walt Disney Company. ... For other uses, see Mary Mary (disambiguation). ... â€œPrincess Auroraâ€ redirects here. ... There are other articles with similar names; see Lovejoy (disambiguation). ...

Other

Tori Amos (born Myra Ellen Amos on August 22, 1963) is an American pianist and singer-songwriter. ... Kevyn Aucoin (February 14, 1962 in Shreveport, Louisiana; died May 7, 2002) was a make-up artist and photographer who was well known for catering to the laywomans need to feel beautiful. ...

Historical biography and analysis

Stefan Zweig Stefan Zweig (November 28, 1881, Vienna, Austria â€“ February 23, 1942, PetrÃ³polis, Brazil) was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. ... Professor Retha M. Warnicke (b. ... Lady Antonia Fraser, nÃ©e Pakenham, (born August 27, 1932) is a British author of history and novels, best known for writing biographies. ... Jenny Wormald, M.A., Ph. ... Alison Weir (born 1951) is a British writer of history books for the general public, mostly in the form of biographies about British kings and queens. ...

Popular fiction and drama

James Maxwell Anderson (15 December 1888 â€“ 28 February 1959), better known as Maxwell Anderson was a Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, author, poet, reporter and lyricist, and a founding member of The Playwrights Company (which included, at various times, Maxwell Anderson, S. N. Behrman, Elmer Rice, Robert E. Sherwood, Sidney Howard... Jane Yolens Wizards Hall Jane Yolen (born February 11, 1939 in New York City) is an American author and editor of almost 300 books. ... Nigel Tranter is a Scottish author who wrote many novels based on actual historical events and characters. ... Nigel Tranter (November 23, 1909 â€“ January 9, 2000) was a Scottish historian and author. ... Margaret George (born in 1943) is an American historian and historical novelist, writing historical biographies. ... Reay Tannahill is a Scottish historian and novelist, best known perhaps for two non-fiction bestsellers: Food in History and Sex in History. ... Image:Helen duke. ... ClÃ©mence PoÃ©sy (IPA: ) born November 30, 1982 is a French actress famous for playing Fleur Delacour in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. ...

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