A mascara tube and a wand applicator

Mascara is a cosmetic used to darken, thicken and define eyelashes. Mascara comes in three forms: liquid, cake, and cream. It also comes in many formulas, tints, and colours. The general purpose of mascara is to emphasise, thicken, lengthen, and define lashes. Mascara is available with tube and wand applicators. Ingredients in mascara include water, wax thickeners, film-formers, and preservatives. Mascara brushes can be straight or curved, to curl eye lashes, with fine or thick bristles. Some mascara wands contain rayon or nylon fibers to lengthen eyelashes. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1844 × 2459 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 449 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1844 × 2459 pixel, file size: 1. ... Make-up redirects here. ... An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. ... Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber. ... For other uses of this word, see nylon (disambiguation). ...

History

The first mascara product was invented by Eugene Rimmel in the 19th century. The word "rimmel" still means "mascara" in several languages, including Portuguese (rímel), Turkish (rimel), Romanian (rimel), Dutch (rimel), etc. Eugene Rimmel was a British businessman reponsible for manufacturing and marketing some of the earliest commerically made cosmetics. ...

This woman's eye has had mascara applied to the lashes for a fuller effect

The word mascara derives from the Italian maschera, which means "mask"^[1]from Middle Latin masca or Arabic Maskhara or from Old Occitan masco ^[2]. Modern mascara was created in 1913 by a chemist named T. L. Williams for his sister, Mabel. This early mascara was made from coal dust mixed with Vaseline petroleum jelly. The product was a success with Mabel, and Williams began to sell his new product through the mail. His company Maybelline, a combination of his sister's name and Vaseline, eventually became a leading cosmetics company. Download high resolution version (2048x1532, 902 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2048x1532, 902 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ... Coal dust is a fine powdered form of coal. ... White Petrolatum Petroleum jelly, vaseline, petrolatum or soft paraffin [2] is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25),[3] originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. ... For the Chuck Berry song, see Maybellene. ...

Mascara is used to darken and thicken lashes, and was composed of colorants and carnauba wax. Users wet a brush and rubbed it over the cake, then applied it to the eyes. The modern tube and wand applicator did not appear until 1957, when it was introduced and founded by Helena Rubinstein. The modern tube and wand applicator was more appealing to the market than the old "cake" mascara. Carnauba is a wax derived from the leaves of a plant native to northeastern Brazil, the carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera). ... Helena Rubinstein was born in this house in Kazimierz in Krakau Helena Rubinstein (b. ...

Composition

Modern mascaras can be divided in two groups: water resistant mascaras (often labeled waterproof) and non-water resistant mascaras.

Water resistant mascaras have a composition based on a volatile solvent (isododecane - an isomer of dodecane), animal-derived waxes (beeswax), vegetal based waxes (carnauba wax, rice bran wax, candelila wax), mineral origin wax (ozokerite, paraffin), pigments (iron oxide, ultramarine) and filmifying polymers. These mascaras do not contain water-sensitive moieties, offering an excellent resistance to tears, sweat or rain. As a result, these mascaras can only be removed with a specific make-up remover, able to dilute the dried mascara film. In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of chemical bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently (analogous to a chemical anagram). ... Dodecane (also known as dihexyl, bihexyl, adakane 12 or duodecane) is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)10CH3, a thick, oily liquid of the paraffin series. ... For the rock song by Nirvana, see Beeswax (song). ... Carnauba is a wax derived from the leaves of a plant native to northeastern Brazil, the carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera). ... Ozokerite or ozocerite (Gr. ... For other uses, see Paraffin (disambiguation). ...

Non water-resistant mascaras are based on water, soft surfactants (like triethanolamine stearate), animal-derived waxes (beeswax), vegetal based waxes (carnauba wax, rice bran wax, candelilla wax), mineral origin waxes (ozokerite, paraffin), pigments (iron oxide, ultramarine), thickening polymers (arabic gum, hydrophobically modified cellulose) and on preservatives. These mascaras can run under the effect of tears, but are easily removed with some soap and water. Triethanolamine, often abbreviated as TEA, is an organic chemical compound which is both a tertiary amine and a tri-alcohol. ... For the rock song by Nirvana, see Beeswax (song). ... Carnauba is a wax derived from the leaves of a plant native to northeastern Brazil, the carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera). ... For other uses, see Paraffin (disambiguation). ...

Polymers in a water dispersed form (latexes) can bring some level of water resistance to the group of normally non-water resistant mascaras.

Waterproof mascaras are similar to oil-based or solvent-based paints. Non water-resistant mascaras behave like water based paints. For intermediate water sensitivity, mascaras and latex-based paints (acrylates) contain polymer dispersions.

Mercury is widely used in the manufacture of mascara. In 2008, Minnesota became the first state in the US to ban intentionally added mercury in cosmetics, giving it a tougher standard than the federal government.[6]

Use

Green mascara

Mascara may be used on all eyelashes, from inner to outer corners. The mascara wand is dipped into a clean tube of mascara, applied close to the base of the lashes and worked out to the tips. Mascara wands are made of plastic and should never be shared. Mascara can be applied to the top eyelashes for a 'heavy-lidded' look, or to the bottom lashes to widen the eyes. It is usually applied to curled lashes and may be preceded by a lash primer. The desired lengthening effect is achieved by reapplication of the mascara in 2-3 minutes. The moisture in some mascaras and primers can cause lashes to uncurl during application, which is easily solved by using a waterproof mascara with a drier formula. An eyelash curler is a hand-operated mechanical device for curling eyelashes for cosmetic purposes. ...

Mascara that contains nylon fibers can give lashes a fuller and longer appearance because it clings to the lashes like mini extensions. Provitamin B5 in mascara acts as a conditioner for lashes, giving them a softer and more natural feel. For safety and health issues, mascaras should be discarded 3 months after opened. A provitamin is a substance that can be converted into a vitamin by animal tissues. ... Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin required to sustain life (essential nutrient). ...

References

• Vincent J-R Kehoe, The Technique of the Professional Make-Up Artist, ISBN 0-240-80217-9
• Gustafson, John. "Handbag.com: Beauty"
• Calandra, Alice. "Eye Makeup Application Technique"
• "Mercury in your eye?", MSN, 2008-02-Retrieved on 2008-02-16.

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