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During the first half of the twentieth century, men were often associated with images of industrialization

Masculinity refers to qualities and behaviors judged by a particular culture to be ideally associated with or especially appropriate to men and boys. Hussein is such an example. Distinct from maleness, which is a biological and physiological classification concerned with the reproductive system, masculinity principally refers to socially acquired traits and secondary sex characteristics. In Western culture masculinity has traditionally included features such as decisiveness, competitiveness, strength and rationality. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Manliness is an influential academic work written in 2006 by Harvard Professor Harvey Mansfield. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 151 languages. ... Download high resolution version (2155x3000, 436 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2155x3000, 436 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ...

Cicero wrote that "a man's chief quality is courage."^[1] Virility (from Latin la:vir, man) is a near-synonym for masculinity. The usual complement of masculinity is femininity. For other uses, see Cicero (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Courage (disambiguation). ... Virility is part of the traditional idealized male gender role. ... Synonyms (in ancient Greek, συν (syn) = plus and όνομα (onoma) = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings. ... Complementarity is a concept in a number of fields: Economics In economics is a concept similar to that of externality. ... In some cultures, makeup is associated with femininity. ...

Literature review

Ancient

Ancient literature goes back to about 3000 BC. It includes both explicit statements of what was expected of men in laws, and implicit suggestions about masculinity in myths involving gods and heroes. Kate Cooper, writing about ancient understandings of femininity, suggests that, "Wherever a woman is mentioned a man's character is being judged — and along with it what he stands for."^[2] One well-known representative of this literature is the Code of Hammurabi (from about 1750 BC). For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Myth (disambiguation). ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... For other uses, see Hero (disambiguation). ... An inscription of the Code of Hammurabi. ...

• Rule 3: "If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death."
• Rule 128: "If a man take a woman to wife, but have no intercourse with her, this woman is no wife to him."^[3]

Scholars suggest integrity and equality as masculine values in male-male relationships,^[4] and virility in male-female relationships. Legends of ancient heroes include: The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Such narratives are considered to reveal qualities in the hero that inspired respect, like wisdom or courage, the knowing of things that other men do not know and the taking of risks that other men would not dare. This article is about the ethical concept. ... EQUAL is a popular artificial sweetener Equal (sweetener) Equality can mean several things: Mathematical equality Social equality Racial equality Sexual equality Equality of outcome Equality, a town in Illinois See also Equity Egalitarianism Equals sign This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... For other uses, see Legend (disambiguation). ... The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Babylonia and is among the earliest known literary works. ... title page of the Rihel edition of ca. ... For other uses, see Odyssey (disambiguation). ... Respect It also could be applied to taking care of oneself, others or the environment. ... For the apocryphal book of the Bible, see Book of Wisdom. ... For other uses, see Courage (disambiguation). ... For the Parker Brothers board game, see Risk (game) For other uses, see Risk (disambiguation). ...

Medieval

Jeffrey Richards describes a European, "medieval masculinity which was essentially Christian and chivalric."^[5] Again ethics, courage and generosity are seen as characteristic of the portrayal of men in literary history. In Anglo Saxon, Beowulf and, in several languages, the legends of King Arthur are famous examples of medieval ideals of masculinity. The documented ideals include many examples of an "exaulted" place for women, in romance and courtly love. Jeffrey Richards is Professor of Cultural History at Lancaster University. ... This article is about the epic poem. ... For other uses, see King Arthur (disambiguation). ... Court of Love in Provence in the 14th Century (after a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). ...

Characteristics

Janet Saltzman Chafetz (1974, 35-36) describes seven areas of masculinity.

1. Physical — virile, athletic, strong, brave. Unconcerned about appearance and aging;
2. Functional — breadwinner, provider for family as much as mate
3. Sexual — sexually aggressive, experienced. Single status acceptable;
4. Emotional — unemotional, stoic, the proverb says boys don't cry;
5. Intellectual — logical, intellectual, rational, objective, practical,
6. Interpersonal — leader, dominating; disciplinarian; independent, free, individualistic; demanding;
7. Other Personal Characteristics — success-oriented, ambitious, aggressive, proud, egotistical; moral, trustworthy; decisive, competitive, uninhibited, adventurous.

Virility is part of the traditional idealized male gender role. ... Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ... Strength can mean: Physical strength of organisms means (especially the muscles of most metazoa) of locomotion and movement Strength of materials in physics, engineering and materials science Strength is a rap compilation presented by Asiatic Warriors The word strengths is one of the longest English words with one syllable. ... Brave can refer to: a 1988 album named Brave by Kate Ceberano. ... The Bread WInner is about a poor Family in Afganastan. ... Stoicism is a school of philosophy commonly associated with such Greek philosophers as Zeno of Citium, Cleanthes, or Chrysippus and with such later Romans as Cicero, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, and Epictetus. ... Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος logos; meaning word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle) is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. ... Literati redirects here. ... Rational may be: the adjective for the state of rationality acting according to the philosophical principles of rationalism a mathematical term for certain numbers; the rational numbers the software company Rational Software; now owned by IBM, and formerly Rational Software Corporation This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... Template:Wiktionarypar objective Objective may be: Objective lens, an optical element in a camera or microscope. ... Look up Leader in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Discipline is any training intended to produce a specific character or pattern of behaviour, especially training that produces moral or mental development in a particular direction. ... Look up success in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Ambition could refer to one of the following: Motivation, especially to improve a situation. ... Aggression is defined as The act of initiating hostilities or invasion. ... In Christian dogma, pride (or vanity) is excessive belief in ones own abilities, that interferes with the individuals recognition of the grace of God. ... In his theory of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud sought to explain how the unconscious mind operates by proposing that it has a particular structure. ... This article is about the use of the moral in storytelling. ... Look up trust in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Culture

Direct competition of physical skill and strength is a feature of masculinity which appears in some form in virtually every culture on Earth. Here, two U.S. Marines compete in a wrestling match.

Masculinity has its roots in genetics (see gender).^[6][7] Therefore while masculinity looks different in different cultures, there are common aspects to its definition across cultures.^[8] Sometimes gender scholars will use the phrase "hegemonic masculinity" to distinguish the most dominant form of masculinity from other variants. In the mid-twentieth century United States, for example, John Wayne might embody one form of masculinity, while Albert Einstein might be seen as masculine, but not in the same "hegemonic" fashion. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x940, 202 KB) Summary Image of Marines wrestling. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x940, 202 KB) Summary Image of Marines wrestling. ... The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States military responsible for providing force projection from the sea,[1] using the mobility of the U.S. Navy to rapidly deliver combined-arms task forces and is one of seven uniformed services. ... Ancient Greek wrestlers (Pankratiasts) Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two unarmed persons, in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of their opponent. ... This article is about the general scientific term. ... Gender in common usage refers to the sexual distinction between male and female. ... Hegemony (pronounced [])[1] (Greek: ) is a concept that has been used to describe the existence of dominance of one social group over another, such that the ruling group -- referred to as a hegemon -- acquires some degree of consent from the subordinate, as opposed to dominance purely by force. ... For other persons named John Wayne, see John Wayne (disambiguation). ... “Einstein” redirects here. ...

By contrast, as many as "1 per 30,000 adult males and 1 per 100,000 adult females seek sex-reassignment surgery" due to discomfort with their gender identity, gender role or both.^[9] This does not cite any references or sources. ... A bagpiper in Scottish military clan-uniform. ...

Machismo is a form of masculine culture. It includes assertiveness or standing up for one's rights, responsibility/selflessness, general code of ethics, and sincerity and/or respect.^[10] The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Anthropology has shown that masculinity itself has social status, just like wealth, race and social class. In western culture, for example, greater masculinity usually brings greater social status. Many English words such as virtue and virulant (from the Latin vir meaning man) reflect this. An association with physical and/or moral strength is implied. Masculinity is associated more commonly with men than with boys. Social status is the honor or prestige attached to ones position in society (ones social position). ... For other uses, see Race. ... Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures. ... For this articles equivalent regarding the East, see Eastern culture. ... Look up strength in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Development of masculinity

Main articles: Masculine psychology and Gender differences

A great deal is now known about the development of masculine characteristics. The process of sexual differentiation specific to the reproductive system of Homo sapiens produces a female by default. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome, however, interferes with the default process, causing a chain of events that, all things being equal, leads to testes formation, androgen production and a range of both natal and post-natal hormonal effects covered by the terms masculinization or virilization. Because masculinization redirects biological processes from the normal female route, it is more precisely called defeminization. Robert A. Johnsons He: Understanding Masculine Psychology Masculine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related psychology of male human identity, as well as the issues that males confront during their lives. ... This article is about gender differences in humans. ... This article is about the development of sexual dimorphisms in humans. ... This article is about the SRY gene. ... The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. ... In biology and medicine, virilization refers to the development of changes which make a male body different from a female body. ... Defeminization is a term in developmental biology, especially zoology, referring to an aspect of the process of sexual differentiation by which a potential female-specific structure, function, or behavior is prevented from developing by one of the processes of male development. ...

There is an extensive debate about how children develop gender identities. This does not cite any references or sources. ...

In many cultures displaying characteristics not typical to one's gender may become a social problem for the individual. Among men, some non-standard behaviors may be considered a sign of homosexuality, while a girl who exhibits masculine behavior is more frequently dismissed as a "tomboy". Within sociology such labeling and conditioning is known as gender assumptions and, and is a part of socialization to better match a culture's mores. The corresponding social condemnation of excessive masculinity may be expressed in terms such as "machismo" or "testosterone poisoning." Homosexuality refers to sexual interaction and / or romantic attraction between individuals of the same sex. ... For other uses, see Tomboy (disambiguation). ... Sociology (from Latin: socius, companion; and the suffix -ology, the study of, from Greek λόγος, lógos, knowledge [1]) is the systematic and scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social action, and culture[2]. Areas studied in sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous... A bagpiper in Scottish military clan-uniform. ... A family posing for a group photo socializes together. ... Mores are strongly held norms or customs. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Testosterone poisoning as a neologism refers not to actual poisoning, but refers to stereotypical aspects of male behavior. ...

The relative importance of the roles of socialization and genetics in the development of masculinity continues to be debated. While social conditioning obviously plays a role, it can also be observed that certain aspects of the masculine identity exist in almost all human cultures. Social Conditioning refers to the sociological phenomenological process of inheriting tradition and gradual cultural transmutation passed down through previous generations. ...

The historical development of gender role is addressed by such fields as behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, human ecology and sociobiology. All human cultures seem to encourage the development of gender roles, through literature, costume and song. Some examples of this might include the epics of Homer, the King Arthur tales in English, the normative commentaries of Confucius or biographical studies of the prophet Muhammad. More specialized treatments of masculinity may be found in works such as the Bhagavad Gita or bushido's Hagakure. Behavioural genetics (behavioral genetics) is the field of biology that studies the role of genetics in animal behaviour. ... Evolutionary psychology (abbreviated EP) is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i. ... Human ecology is an academic discipline that deals with the relationship between humans and their natural, social and created environments. ... This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... Yarkand ladies summer fashions. ... For other uses, see Song (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see King Arthur (disambiguation). ... In philosophy, normative is usually contrasted with positive, descriptive or explanatory when describing types of theories, beliefs, or statements. ... Confucius (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kung-fu-tzu), lit. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Bhagavad Gīta भगवद्गीता, composed ca the fifth - second centuries BC, is part of the epic poem Mahabharata, located in the Bhisma-Parva chapters 23–40. ... Japanese samurai in armor, 1860s. ... Cover of The Book of the Samurai Hagakure (KyÅ«jitai: 葉隱; Shinjitai: ; meaning In the Shadow of Leaves), or Hagakure Kikigaki () is a practical and spiritual guide for a warrior, drawn from a collection of commentaries by the samurai, Yamamoto Tsunetomo, former retainer to Nabeshima Mitsushige, the third ruler of what...

Pressures associated with masculinity

Most men feel pressured to act masculine. These men feel that they have to prevail in situations that require physical strength and fitness. To appear weak, emotional, or sexually inefficient is a major threat to their self-esteem. To be content, these men must feel that they are decisive and self-assured, and rational. Masculine gender role stress may develop if a man feels that he has acted 'unmanly'. Conversely, acting 'manly' among peers will often result in increased social validation or general competitive advantage.^{[citation needed]}

In 1987, Eisler and Skidmore did studies on masculinity and created the idea of 'masculine stress'. They found four mechanisms of masculinity that accompany masculine gender role often result in emotional stress. They include:

• the emphasis on prevailing in situations requiring fitness and strength
• being perceived as emotional and thereby feminine
• the need to feel conquering in regard to sexual matters and work
• the need to repress tender emotions such as showing emotions restricted according to traditional masculine customs

Two Seated Men
In many societies, masculinity is understood to include open displays of same-sex non-sexual affection and physical contact. In others, such as the USA in recent times, such behavior is devalued and regarded as effeminate.
Anonymous photo, USA, ca. 1860

Image File history File links Two_seated_men_ca_1860. ... Image File history File links Two_seated_men_ca_1860. ...

Coping strategies

Men and women have different ways that they appraise stressful situations and cope with them. Standards of masculinity cannot only create stress in themselves for some men; they can also limit these men's abilities to relieve stress. Some men appraise situations using the schema of what is an acceptable masculine response rather than what is objectively the best response. As a result men often feel limited to a certain range of "approved" responses and coping strategies. In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ... The word schema comes from the Greek word σχήμα (skhēma) that means shape or more generally plan. ...

Risk-taking

In every age category after that, from age 25 to age 65, the driver fatality rate per vehicle miles driven is higher for men than for women.^[11] Men are more likely to be involved in a motor vehicle accident and other accidents generally. And even in the narrow category of young (16-20) driver fatalities with a high blood alcohol content (BAC), a male's risk of dying is higher than a female's risk at the same BAC level.^[12] That is, young women drivers need to be more drunk to have the same risk of dying in a fatal accident as young men drivers. Men are in fact three times more likely to die in all kinds of accidents than women. Men make up 93% of workplace deaths^{[citation needed]}, indicating either a greater willingness to perform dangerous work, or a societal expectation that this work will be performed by men. A car accident in Yate, near Bristol, England, in July 2004. ...

The reasons for this willingness to take risks are widely debated.

Delusions of independence and invincibility

Men are significantly less likely to visit their physicians to receive preventive health care examinations. Men make 134.5 million fewer physician visits than American women each year. In fact, men make only 40.8% of all physician visits. A quarter of the men who are 45 to 60 do not have a personal physician. Men should go to annual heart checkups with physicians but many do not, increasing their risk of death from heart disease. In fact, men between the ages of 25 and 65 are four times more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than women. Men are more likely to be diagnosed in a later stage of a terminal illness because of their reluctance to go to the doctor. This may also be due to the fact that men tend to not notice symptoms as quickly as women do. Heart disease is an umbrella term for a number of different diseases which affect the heart and as of 2007 it is the leading cause of death in the United States,[1] and England and Wales. ... Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). ... This article is about incurable disease. ...

Reasons men give for not having annual physicals and not visiting their physician include fear, denial, embarrassment, and a dislike of situations out of their control. These are feelings that result from their ideas of masculinity, specifically independence, control, and invulnerability. For other uses, see Fear (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Embarrassment is an unpleasant emotional state experienced upon having a socially or professionally unacceptable act or condition witnessed by or revealed to others. ...

Media encouragement

Portrayals of idealized masculine physique in the media, like their female counterparts, are controversial for what some see as promoting an unrealistic or unachievable ideal. Here, the Carlson Twins model clothing.

According to Arran Stibbe (2004), men's health problems and behaviors can be linked to the socialized gender role of men in our culture. In exploring magazines, he found that they promote traditional masculinity and claims that, among other things, men's magazines tend to celebrate "male" activities and behavior such as admiring guns, fast cars, sexually libertine women, and reading or viewing pornography regularly. In men's magazines, several "ideal" images of men are promoted, and that these images may even entail certain health risks. Image File history File links Carlsons. ... Image File history File links Carlsons. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... Porn redirects here. ...

Alcohol consumption behavior

Research on beer commercials by Strate (Postman, Nystrom, Strate, And Weingartner 1987; Strate 1989, 1990) and by Wenner (1991) show some results relevant to studies of masculinity. In beer commercials, the ideas of masculinity (especially risk-taking) are presented and encouraged. The commercials often focus on situations where a man is overcoming an obstacle in a group. The men will either be working hard or playing hard. For instance the commercial will show men who do physical labor such as construction workers, or farm work, or men who are cowboys. Beer commercials that involve playing hard have a central theme of mastery (over nature or over each other), risk, and adventure. For instance, the men will be outdoors fishing, camping, playing sports, or hanging out in bars. There is usually an element of danger as well as a focus on movement and speed. This appeals to and emphasizes the idea that real men overcome danger and enjoy speed (i.e. fast cars/driving fast). The bar serves as a setting for test of masculinity (skills like pool, strength and drinking ability) and serves as a center for male socializing. Lance Strate BA, MA, PhD is a Professor of Communication and Media Studies at Fordham University. ... For other uses, see Cowboy (disambiguation). ... Fishermen in the harbor of Kochi, India. ... Car camping is camping in a tent, but nearby the car for easier access and for supply storage. ... Singles bar redirects here. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the various cue sports. ... Physical strength is the ability of a person or animal to exert force on physical objects using muscles. ...

Men drink more alcohol than women, often engaging in risky behavior such as binge drinking.^[13] According to a study done by Rorabaugh, college men are among the heaviest drinkers in American society. In exchange for taking the risk presented, college men receive acceptance from their peers. Not only is alcohol in itself a risk in these men's lives, but some college rituals and traditions expect men to mix danger while they have consumed alcohol. In American colleges, young men view their manhood as developing in a moment that is socially dominated by alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol may qualify as binge drinking if it leads to at least two days of inebriation and the drinker neglects usual responsibilities The British Medical Association states that there is no consensus on the definition of binge drinking. ...

Masculine roles

Hard physical labor and muscular strength are traditionally viewed as manliness.

The following roles are frequently associated with masculinity.^[14][15]

• Military/fighter/warrior: Royal Marine, soldier, warrior, airman, commando, knight, Marine, mercenary, samurai, seaman, sailor, viking
• Other uniformed professions: firefighter, fireman, park ranger, pilot, police officer, SWAT, coastguard, doctor, engineer
• Criminals: assassin, duellist, gun runner, mercenary, mobster, murderer, pirate
• Superhero or supervillain
• Manual laborers: construction worker, dock worker, foreman, lumberjack, mechanic, truck driver
• Cowboy
• Athlete: basketball, boxing, rugby, rowing, athletics, bodybuilding, weightlifting, tennis, football, martial arts, baseball, hockey, wrestling, lacrosse
• Male nobility: emperor, king, prince, duke, count, earl, baron, lord, shogun
• National leader in many nations.

The Corps of Royal Marines, usually just known as the Royal Marines (RM), are the United Kingdoms amphibious forces and a core component of the countrys Rapid Reaction Force. ... This article is about a military rank. ... For other uses, see Warrior (disambiguation). ... Airman is a term used to refer to any enlisted personnel in the United States Air Force or Other Ranks in the Royal Air Force (in which airwoman is also seen). ... For other uses, see Commando (disambiguation). ... Knights Dueling, by Eugène Delacroix For other uses, see Knight (disambiguation) or Knights (disambiguation). ... A Marine is an elite warrior whose primary function is to serve aboard a ship and/or assault the land from the sea in amphibious warfare. ... For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Samurai (disambiguation). ... This article is about a military rank. ... This article is about maritime crew. ... For other uses, see Viking (disambiguation). ... This article is about the profession. ... Fire exercise aboard the frigate La Motte-Picquet. ... NPS director Mary Bomar in her park ranger uniform A park ranger is a person charged with protecting and preserving protected parklands, forests (then called a forest ranger), wilderness areas, as well as other natural resources and protected cultural resources. ... For other uses, see Aviator (disambiguation). ... Police officers in South Australia A police officer (or policeman/policewoman) is a warranted worker of a police force. ... This article is about Special Weapons And Tactics. ... A coast guard is an organization devoted to saving the lives of shipwrecked mariners or people in danger at sea. ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Jack Ruby murdered the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner. ... A tower of confiscated smuggled weapons about to be set ablaze in Nairobi, Kenya Gunrunning, also known as arms trafficking, is trafficking in (smuggling) contraband weapons and ammunition. ... For other uses, see Mercenary (disambiguation). ... Mobster is a slang term for a person who participates in organized crime, which is known as belonging to the Mob. In western stories and movies, cowboys as mobsters are known as outlaws. ... Murder is both a legal and a moral term, that are not always coincident. ... Look up pirate and piracy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Superhero (disambiguation). ... Doctor Doom, one of the most archetypal supervillains and his arch-enemies The Fantastic Four (in background). ... Carpenter at work in Tennessee, June 1942. ... Stevedores on a New York dock loading barrels of corn syrup onto a barge on the Hudson River. ... A foreman is the leader of a group of workers, often in a construction industry. ... Lumberjacks in Oregon, c. ... Look up Mechanic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... // There are two major types of truck drivers: Owner operators are individuals that own the trucks they drive and can either lease their trucks by contract with a trucking company to haul freight for that company using their trucks or haul loads for a number of companies and is self... For other uses, see Cowboy (disambiguation). ... A sportsperson (British and American English) or athlete (principally American English) is any person who participates regularly in a sport. ... This article is about the sport. ... For other meanings of these words, see boxing (disambiguation) or boxer (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rugby (disambiguation). ... A coxless pair which is a sweep-oar boat. ... A womens 400 m hurdles race on a typical outdoor red rubber track in the Helsinki Olympic Stadium in Finland. ... Professional Bodybuilder Gustavo Badell posing Bodybuilding is the process of maximizing muscle hypertrophy through the combination of weight training, sufficient caloric intake, and rest. ... This article is about the sport of weightlifting. ... For other uses, see Tennis (disambiguation). ... Look up Football in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hawaiian State Grappling Championships. ... This article is about the sport. ... Hockey is any of a family of sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a ball, or a hard, round disc called a puck, into the opponents net or goal, using a hockey stick. ... Ancient Greek wrestlers (Pankratiasts) Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two unarmed persons, in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of their opponent. ... For other uses, see Lacrosse (disambiguation). ... An emperorrefers to Nick Herringshaw, a title, empress may only indicate the wife of an emperor (empress consort. ... Look up king in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The term prince, from the Latin root princeps, is used for a member of the highest ranks of the aristocracy or the nobility. ... This article is about the nobility title. ... This article is about the style or title of nobility. ... For people, see Earl (given name) and Earl (surname). ... For other uses, see Baron (disambiguation). ... Lordship redirects here. ... Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate Shōgun )   is supreme general of the samurai,a military rank and historical title in Japan. ...

See also

The Alphabet of Manliness is a New York Times Bestseller humor book written by Internet satirist and self-proclaimed pirate George Ouzounian, who is better known by his pseudonym Maddox. ... Femme redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... In some cultures, makeup is associated with femininity. ... Intercultural competence is the ability of successful communication with people of other cultures. ... Manliness is an influential academic work written in 2006 by Harvard Professor Harvey Mansfield. ... Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. ... Robert A. Johnsons He: Understanding Masculine Psychology Masculine psychology is a term sometimes used to describe and categorize issues concerning the gender related psychology of male human identity, as well as the issues that males confront during their lives. ... The mens movement is a social movement that includes a number of philosophies and organizations that seek to support men, change the male gender role and improve mens rights in regard to marriage and child access and victims of domestic violence. ... Mens studies - also sometimes called masculinity studies - is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning men, gender, and politics. ... For other uses, see Patriarchy (disambiguation). ... A peacock displays his long, colored feathers, an example of his secondary sexual characteristics. ... Testosterone poisoning as a neologism refers not to actual poisoning, but refers to stereotypical aspects of male behavior. ... Real Men Dont Eat Quiche, by Bruce Feirstein, was a bestselling tongue-in-cheek book on stereotypes about masculinity, published in 1982 (ISBN 0-671-44831-5). ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...

Footnotes

Also known as the Tusculan Disputations, written about the greatness of Rome etc. ... The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ... Donald E. Brown is an American professor of anthropology (emeritus). ... Human Universals is a book by Donald Brown, an American professor of anthropology (emeritus) who worked at the University of California, Santa Barbara. ... The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), as part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes, consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ...

References

• Janssen, Diederik. International guide to literature on masculinity: a bibliography. MPS, March 2008. ISBN 978-1-931342-17-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-931342-18-6 (electronic)
• Levine, Martin P. (1998). Gay Macho. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-4694-2.
• Stibbe, Arran. (2004). "Health and the Social Construction of Masculinity in Men's Health Magazine." Men and Masculinities; 7 (1) July, pp. 31-51.
• Strate, Lance "Beer Commercials: A Manual on Masculinity" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001

Lance Strate BA, MA, PhD is a Professor of Communication and Media Studies at Fordham University. ...

Further reading

Present situation

• Arrindell, Willem A., Ph.D. (1 October 2005) "Masculine Gender Role Stress" Psychiatric Times Pg. 31
• Ashe, Fidelma (2007) The New Politics of Masculinity, London and New York: Routledge.
• Burstin, Fay "What's Killing Men". Herald Sun (Melbourne, Australia). October 15, 2005.
• Canada, Geoffrey "Learning to Fight" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001
• Robert Connell: Masculinities, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995 ISBN 0-7456-1469-8
• Courtenay, Will "Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health" Social Science and Medicine, yr: 2000 vol: 50 iss: 10 pg: 1385–1401
• bell hooks, We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity, Taylor & Francis 2004, ISBN 0415969271
• Levant & Pollack (1995) A New Psychology of Men, New York: BasicBooks
• Juergensmeyer, Mark (2005): Why guys throw bombs. About terror and masculinity (pdf)
• Kaufman, Michael "The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence". Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001
• Mansfield, Harvey, Manliness, Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0300106645
• Robinson, L. (October 21, 2005). Not just boys being boys: Brutal hazings are a product of a culture of masculinity defined by violence, aggression and domination. Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario).
• Stephenson, June (1995). Men are Not Cost Effective: Male Crime in America. ISBN 0-06-095098-6
• Williamson P. "Their own worst enemy" Nursing Times: 91 (48) 29 November 95 p 24-7
• Wray Herbert "Survival Skills" U.S. News & World Report Vol. 139 , No. 11; Pg. 63 September 26, 2005
• "Masculinity for Boys"; published by UNESCO, New Delhi, 2006;

is the 274th day of the year (275th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Robert William Connell is an Australian sociologist who deals critically with culture, media (ruling class - ruling culture) and political hegemony and became widely known for his research in the field of Gender Studies, especially masculinity (Mens studies). ... Gloria Jean Watkins (born on September 25, 1952), better known as bell hooks, is an African-American intellectual, feminist, and social activist. ... is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 333rd day of the year (334th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

History

• Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America, New York [etc.]: The Free Press 1996
• A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Mens History and Masculinity, edited by Earnestine Jenkins and Darlene Clark Hine, Indiana University press vol1: 1999, vol. 2: 2001
• Gary Taylor, Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood, Routledge 2002
• Klaus Theweleit, Male fantasies, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1987 and Polity Press, 1987
• Peter N. Stearns, Be a Man!: Males in Modern Society, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1990

Michael S. Kimmel is an american sociologist. ... Klaus Theweleit (* 1942 in Ebenrode, East Prussia - today Nesterow, Russia) is a german sociologist and writer. ...

External links

Bibliographic

• The Men's Bibliography, a comprehensive bibliography of writing on men, masculinities, gender and sexualities, listing over 16,700 works. (mainly from a constructionist perspective)
• International Guide to Literature on Masculinity comprehensive guide to worldwide scholarly literature on masculinity
• Boyhood Studies, features a 2200+ bibliography of young masculinities.

Other

• XYonline, on men and gender issues. Includes over 180 articles on men, gender, masculinity and sexuality, and categorised links to 560 websites.
• NIMH web pages on men and depression, talks about men and their depression and how to get help.
• Article entitled "Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound" The symbolism of the story as it relates to the Wounded Masculinity of Men by Richard Sanderson M.Ed., B.A.