This article refers to the building structure component; for the fraternal organization, see Freemasonry.
 A mason laying mortar on top of a finished course of blocks, prior to placing the next course. Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar (though the word "masonry" sometimes means the stones, rather than the act or art of building, particularly in the expression "falling masonry" used in reports of fires and earthquakes). The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern the units are put in can strongly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction. “Freemasons†redirects here. ...
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Mortar holding weathered bricks. ...
For other uses, see Fire (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ...
For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ...
“Rock†redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Marble (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see granite (disambiguation). ...
Travertine Travertine terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park A carving in travertine Travertine is a sedimentary rock. ...
For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the construction material. ...
This article is about the material. ...
Mission, or barrel, roof tiles A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass. ...
Applications
Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. Brick is the most common type of masonry and may be either weight-bearing or a veneer. Concrete block masonry is rapidly gaining in popularity as a comparable material. Blocks - most of which have hollow cores - offer various possibilities in masonry construction, generally providing great compressive strength, and they're generally best suited to structures with light transverse loading when the cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the cores with concrete or concrete with steel reinforcement (typically "rebar") offers much greater tensile and lateral strength to structures. Flemish Bond (Bricklaying). ...
Flemish Bond (Bricklaying). ...
Flemish bond. ...
Buildings are combinatorial structures on which groups act; the theory of buildings was introduced by Jacques Tits and expounded in Kenneth S. Browns excellent monograph Buildings. ...
For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ...
A tied rebar beam cage. ...
Advantages - The use of materials such as brick and stone can increase the thermal mass of a building, giving increased comfort in the heat of summer and the cold of winter and can be ideal for passive solar applications.
- Brick typically will not require painting and so can provide a structure with reduced life-cycle costs, although sealing appropriately will reduce potential spalling due to frost damage. Concrete block of the non-decorative variety generally is painted or stuccoed if exposed.
- The appearance, especially when well crafted, can impart an impression of solidity and permanence.
- Is very heat resistant and thus will provide good fire protection
Thermal mass, in the most general sense, is any mass that absorbs and holds heat. ...
Solar panels are used in passive and active solar hot water systems Passive solar technologies convert sunlight into usable heat, cause air-movement for ventilation or cooling, or store heat for future use, without the assistance of other energy sources. ...
Frost on black pipes Frost is a solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air. ...
Stucco is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water which is applied wet, and hardens when it dries. ...
Disadvantages - Extreme weather may cause degradation of the surface due to frost damage. This type of damage is common with certain types of brick, though relatively rare with concrete block. If non-concrete (clay-based) brick is to be used, care should be taken to select bricks suitable for the climate in question.
- Masonry must be built upon a firm foundation (usually reinforced concrete) to avoid potential settling and cracking. If expansive soils (such as adobe clay) are present, this foundation may need to be quite elaborate and the services of a qualified structural engineer may be required.
- The high weight increases structural requirements, especially in earthquake prone areas.
Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926–1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ...
For the software company, see Adobe Systems. ...
This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ...
Structural limitations Masonry boasts an impressive compressive strength (vertical loads) but is much lower in tensile strength (twisting or stretching) unless reinforced. The tensile strength of masonry walls can be strengthened by thickening the wall, or by building masonry "piers" (vertical columns or ribs) at intervals. Where practical, steel reinforcement also can be introduced vertically and/or horizontally to greatly increase tensile strength, though this is most commonly done with poured walls. (See Prestressed concrete.) Traditional reinforced concrete is based on the use of steel reinforcement bars, rebar, inside poured concrete. ...
Veneer masonry Brick veneer construction has strength imparted by a framework of wood or a rough masonry wall of other material over which is placed a layer of bricks for weatherproofing and providing a finished appearance. The brick veneer wall is connected to the structural walls by "brick ties", metal strips that are attached to the structural wall as well as the mortar joints of the brick veneer wall. There is typically an air gap between the brick veneer wall and the structural wall. As clay brick is not completely waterproof, the structural wall has a water-resistant surface (usually tar paper) and weep holes are left at the base of the brick veneer wall to ventilate the air gap. Tar paper is a heavy-duty paper used in construction. ...
Most insulated buildings that utilize concrete block, brick, veneers or some combination thereof feature interior insulation in the form of fiberglass batts between wooden wall studs or rigid insulation boards covered with plaster or drywall. In most climates this insulation is much more effective on the exterior of the wall, allowing the building interior to take advantage of the aforementioned thermal mass of the masonry. This technique does, however, require some sort of weather-resistant exterior surface over the insulation and, consequently, is generally more expensive. Thermal insulation on the Huygens probe The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer. ...
Bundle of fiberglass Fiberglass (also called fibreglass and glass fibre) is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. ...
This article is about the building material. ...
For the musical group Drywall, see Drywall (musical project) Example of drywall with joint compound, the common interior building material. ...
Dry set masonry
 Dry set masonry supports a rustic log bridge, where it provides a well-drained support for the log (this will increase its service life). The strength of a masonry wall is not entirely dependent on the bond between the building material and the mortar; the friction between the interlocking blocks of masonry is often strong enough to provide a great deal of strength on its own. The blocks sometimes have grooves or other surface features added to enhance this interlocking, and some dry set masonry structures forego mortar all together. Image File history File links own photo File links The following pages link to this file: Masonry ...
Image File history File links own photo File links The following pages link to this file: Masonry ...
This footbridge was made of trees from the surrounding forest. ...
For other uses, see Friction (disambiguation). ...
- See also: Dry-stone wall
It has been suggested that Rock fence be merged into this article or section. ...
Solid masonry Solid masonry, without steel reinforcement, tends to have very limited applications in modern wall construction. While such walls can be quite economical and suitable in some applications, susceptibility to earthquakes and collapse is a major issue. Solid unreinforced masonry walls tend to be low and thick as a consequence. This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ...
Brick Solid brick masonry is made of two or more layers of bricks with the units running horizontally (called "stretcher" bricks) bound together with bricks running transverse to the wall (called "header" bricks). Each row of bricks is known as a course. The pattern of headers and stretchers employed gives rise to different bonds such as the common bond (with every sixth course composed of headers), the English bond, and the Flemish bond (with alternating stretcher and header bricks present on every course). There are no significant utilitarian differences between most bonds, but the appearance of the finished wall is affected. Vertically staggered bonds tend to be somewhat stronger and less prone to major cracking than a non-staggered bond. Flemish bond. ...
The term transverse means side-to-side, as opposed to longitudinal, which means front-to-back. In automotive engineering, the term transverse refers to an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle. ...
Uniformity and rusticity The selection of the brick used, especially for color, will affect the appearance of the final surface. In buildings built during the 1970s, a high degree of uniformity of brick and accuracy in masonry was typical. In later periods this style was thought to be too sterile, so attempts were made to emulate older, rougher work. Some brick surfaces are made to look particularly rustic by including "burnt" bricks, which have a darker color or an irregular shape. Others may use antique salvage bricks, or new bricks may be artificially aged by applying various surface treatments. The attempts at rusticity of the late 20th century have been carried forward by masons specializing in a free, artistic style, where the courses are intentionally not straight, instead weaving to form more organic impressions.
Serpentine masonry A crinkle-crankle wall is a brick wall that follows a serpentine path, rather than a straight line. This type of wall is more resistant to toppling than a straight wall; so much so that it may be made of a single thickness of unreinforced brick and so despite its longer length may be more economical than a straight wall.
Concrete block Blocks of cinder concrete ("cinder blocks" or "breezeblocks"), ordinary concrete ("concrete blocks"), or hollow tile are generically known as Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)s. They usually are much larger than ordinary bricks and so are much faster to lay for a wall of a given size. Furthermore, cinder and concrete blocks have much lower water absorption rates than brick. They often are used as the structural core for veneered brick masonry, or are used alone for the walls of factories, garages and other "industrial" buildings where such appearance is acceptable or desirable. Such blocks often receive a stucco surface for decoration. Surface-bonding cement, which contains synthetic fibers for reinforcement, is sometimes used in this application and can impart extra strength to a block wall. Surface-bonding cement is often pre-colored and can be stained or painted thus resulting in a finished stucco-like surface. A stack of rectangular cinder blocks A cinder block (also mistakenly called a concrete block), breeze block, or Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU), is a rectangular block or brick used in construction. ...
A stack of rectangular cinder blocks A cinder block (also mistakenly called a concrete block), breeze block, or Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU), is a rectangular block or brick used in construction. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
Stucco is a material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water which is applied wet, and hardens when it dries. ...
For other uses, see Cement (disambiguation). ...
The primary structural advantage of concrete blocks in comparison to smaller clay-based bricks is that a CMU wall can be reinforced by filling the block voids with concrete with or without steel rebar. Generally, certain voids are designated for filling and reinforcement, particularly at corners, wall-ends, and openings while other voids are left empty. This increases wall strength and stability more economically than filling and reinforcing all voids. Another type of steel reinforcement, referred to as ladder-reinforcement, can also be embedded in horizontal mortar joints of concrete block walls. The introduction of steel reinforcement generally results in a CMU wall having much greater lateral and tensile strength than unreinforced walls. This article is about the construction material. ...
A tied rebar beam cage. ...
Some concrete blocks are colored, and some employ a split face, a technique that results in two blocks being manufactured as one unit and later split into two. This gives the blocks a rough face replicating the appearance of natural, quarried stone, such as brownstone. Examples of splitface block - as well as other types of CMUs and brick - can be seen here. For applications such as roadway sound control walls, the face patterns may be complex and even artistic. This article is about the building material and the dwelling. ...
A-Jacks A-jacks (used in erosion walls and sea walls)are high stable, concrete 6-pronged armor units designed to interlock into a flexible, highly permeable matrix. They can be installed either randomly or in a uniform pattern. They look like giant 3-foot versions of the metal jacks that children play with There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...
In the uniform placement pattern, each unit is in contact with the six adjacent units, providing high stability. They are patterned after the buckyball model[1] Buckminsterfullerene (C60) Fullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon, taking the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. ...
Stonework -
Stone blocks used in masonry can be "dressed" or "rough." Stone masonry utilizing dressed stones is known as ashlar masonry, whereas masonry using irregularly shaped stones is known as rubble masonry. Both rubble and ashlar masonry can be laid in courses (rows of even height) through the careful selection or cutting of stones, but a great deal of stone masonry is uncoursed. The craft of the stonemason has existed since the dawn of civilization - creating buildings, structures and sculpture using stone from the earth. ...
Natural stone veneers over CMU, cast-in-place, or tilt-up concrete walls are widely used to give the appearance of stone masonry.
Sometimes "river rock" (oval shaped smooth stones) is used as a veneer. This type of material is not favored for solid masonry as it requires a great amount of mortar and can lack intrinsic structural strength.
Manufactured-stone veneers are maturing in their popularity as an alternative to natural stones. Attractive natural stone has become more expensive in many areas and in some areas is practically unavailable. Manufactured-stone veneers are typically made from concrete. Natural stones from quarries around the world are sampled and recreated using moulds, aggregate, and colorfast pigments. To the casual observer there may be no visual difference between veneers of natural and manufactured stone.
Rustic use of sandstone of varying color and size | | | | | | | | | | | | Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1970x1480, 1080 KB)Sandstone block veneer masonry at the Sedona, Arizona Public Libary. ...
Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth due to erosion by flash flooding over millions of years Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ...
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The defensive wall of Braşov, Romania. ...
Wormser Dom Worms (pronounced ) is a city in the southwest of Germany. ...
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Wormser Dom Worms (pronounced ) is a city in the southwest of Germany. ...
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Valence is a commune in south-eastern France, the capital of the département of Drôme, situated on the left bank of the Rhône, 65 miles south of Lyon on the railway to Marseille. ...
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For other uses, see Castle (disambiguation). ...
Image File history File links Masonry_close. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (600x800, 120 KB) Summary Mike Chapman Licensing I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ...
The castle in the early 19th century The Heidelberg Castle (German: Heidelberger Schloss) is a famous ruin in Germany and is the symbol of the city of Heidelberg. ...
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Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1536 pixel, file size: 1. ...
For other uses, see Parthenon (disambiguation). ...
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For other uses, see Delphi (disambiguation). ...
Gabions Gabions are rectangular wire baskets, usually of zinc protected steel that are filled with fractured stone of medium size. These will act as a single unit and are stacked with set-backs to form a revetment or retaining wall. They have the advantage of being both well drained and flexible, and so resistant to flood, water flow from above, frost damage, and soil flow. Their expected useful life is only as long as the wire they are composed of and if used in severe climates (such as shore-side in a salt water environment) must be made of appropriate corrosion-resistant wire. Historically, Gabions were round cages with open tops and bottoms, made from wicker and filled with earth for use as fortifications. ...
General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ...
For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...
Structure in the foreground is called a mud box, a type of retaining wall built to hold flood waters in check. ...
Bagged concrete A low grade concrete may be placed in woven plastic sacks similar to that used for sandbags and then emplaced. The sacks are then watered and the emplacement then becomes a series of artificial stones that conform to one another and to adjacent soil and structures. This conformation makes them resistant to displacement. The sack becomes non-functional and eventually disintegrates. This type of masonry is frequently used to protect the entrances and exits of water conduits where a road passes over a stream or dry wash. It is also used to protect stream banks from erosion, especially where a road passes close by. Building a sandbag dike along the Skagit River in anticipation of a flood, October 2003. ...
Masonry Training Stonemasonry is one of the oldest professions in the history of construction. As such it is regarded as a traditional skill, and is one which is in heavy demand. A profession is a specialized work function within society, generally performed by a professional. ...
Man has constructed buildings and other structures since prehistory. ...
Prospective stonemasons will learn the profession through apprenticeships or a traineeship that will last 3 to 4 years. There are City & Guilds stonemasonry courses available that combine college based theory training with practical learning. The City and Guilds of London Institute was founded by the London Livery Companies for the purpose of training craftsmen and engineers in 1878. ...
The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ...
Training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relates to specific useful skills. ...
Passive fire protection (PFP) Masonry walls are subject to stringent bounding, and, are considered both "old" systems, meaning their use has been standardised over many decades and their performance under fire conditions is known and listed in "old" catalogues, such as DIN4102, BS476 and the Canadian National Building Code and "new" systems. Masonry walls can also use "new" methods in terms of their PFP classification, based on recent certification listings as opposed to old, governmentally sanctioned ones. Apart from the old, standardised systems every architect knows, there are "new" systems consisting, for instance, of foamed concrete as well as concrete that contains lightweight aggregates such as shale or even vermiculite. In PFP, masonry walls have major advantages, such as the endothermic effect of its hydrates, as in chemically bound water, as well as unbound moisture from the original mix design both for a concrete block itself and the mortar itself, as well as the poured concrete, if the hollow cores inside the blocks are filled. Also, the sheer mass of masonry walls acts as a natural heatsink to absorb photons during real fires and the fire-testing upon which bounding is based. This makes for extremely reliably and solid, well documented passive fire protection, much less affected by onsite errors than drywall systems of equal fire-resistance ratings. When firestop mortars are used inside masonry wall service penetration firestops, heat is readily absorbed away from penetrants and into the surrounding structure, which keeps the unexposed side cool during a fire. Even though firestops may at times use purpose-made firestop mortars (which is quite different from the structural mortars used to lay up bricks and blocks), the trade jurisdiction for firestop mortars, as well as all other firestops on unionised construction sites lies with the Insulators, not the bricklayers, who are restricted to the mortar joints or "beds" between individual bricks or blocks, rather than service penetration firestops, which are not included in their apprenticeship programs. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
This article is about the construction material. ...
Vermiculite is a natural, non toxic mineral that expands with the application of heat. ...
In thermodynamics, the word endothermic describes a process or reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat. ...
Hydrate is a term which means different things in inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry. ...
Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...
For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ...
In modern physics the photon is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena. ...
For other uses, see Fire (disambiguation). ...
A Fire Test is a means of determining whether or not fire protection products meet minimum performance criteria as set out in a building code or other applicable legislation. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Fire-resistance rated wall assembly with fire door, cable tray penetration and intumescent [1] cable coating. ...
For the musical group Drywall, see Drywall (musical project) Example of drywall with joint compound, the common interior building material. ...
International time/temperature curves used to run commercial furnaces for testing the Fire-resistance rating of passive fire protection systems, such as firestops, fire doors, wall and floor assemblies, etc. ...
Firestop after fire exposure during fire test in Tulsa, Oklahoma. ...
Firestop mortar, starts as a powder, is mixed with water, forms cement stone, dries hard, is often leavened with lightweight aggregates, such as perlite or vermiculite and pigmented to distinguish it from generic materials in an effort to prevent unlawful substitution and to enable verification of bounding. ...
For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ...
A penetrant is the cause for a service penetration firestop. ...
A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of skilled crafts practitioners, which is still popular in some countries. ...
See also This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Cast stone is defined as “a refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications. ...
For other uses, see Castle (disambiguation). ...
CEN/TC 125 (CEN Technical Committee 125) is a workgroup within the European Union working on standardization in the field of Masonry, including natural stone, in the European Union. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Separation barrier. ...
It has been suggested that Rock fence be merged into this article or section. ...
Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fires. ...
The International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers (often known by the acronym BAC) is a labor union in the United States and Canada which represents bricklayers, stone and marble masons, cement masons, plasterers, tilesetters, terrazzo and mosaic workers, and pointers/cleaners/caulkers. ...
This is intended as a list of, or links to, stone currently or historically produced in various countries (not generic types of stone). ...
The Operative Plasterers and Cement Masons International Association of the United States and Canada is a labor union that represents plasterers and cement masons in the construction industry in North America. ...
A concrete finisher, also known as a cement mason, is a tradesman who works with concrete. ...
The NIST stone test wall was built in 1948 to test how building stone weathers. ...
Fire-resistance rated wall assembly with fire door, cable tray penetration and intumescent [1] cable coating. ...
Section of wall faced with cut stone and rubble masonry fill. ...
City wall in Worms, Germany City wall in Worms, Germany City wall in Valence, France 1. ...
The craft of the stonemason has existed since the dawn of civilization - creating buildings, structures and sculpture using stone from the earth. ...
Tuckpointing is when masonry is pointed with a flush mortar joint that approximates the color of the masonry units and a mortar of contrasting color that is shaped into a thin strip. ...
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Masonry Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
References - ^ http://www.gradingandexcavation.com/ecm_0511_stabilizing.html
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