Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman (February 7, 1897 – February 22, 1984) was a British mathematician and codebreaker. is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Leonhard Euler, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of mathematics. ... Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, hidden, and analýein, to loosen or to untie) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. ...

Pre-World War II

Max Newman was born Maxwell Neumann in Chelsea, London, England, on 7 February 1897.^[1] His father was Herman Alexander Neumann, originally from the German city of Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz, Poland) who had emigrated with his family to London at the age of 15.^[2] Herman worked as a secretary in a company, and married Sarah Ann Pike, an English schoolteacher, in 1896. The family moved to Dulwich in 1903, and Max attended Goodrich Road school, then City of London School from 1908.^[3] He won a scholarship to study mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge in 1915, and in 1916 gained a first in part I of the Mathematical Tripos.^[1] Statue of Thomas More on Cheyne Walk. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Bydgoszcz (in Polish pronounce: [:bidgɔʃʧ], Latin: Bydgostia) is a city in northern Poland, on Brda and Vistula rivers, with a population of 369,151 (2004). ... , Dulwich (pronounced or ) is a settlement mostly in the London Borough of Southwark with parts in the London Borough of Lambeth. ... The red-brick City of London School beside the River Thames. ... College name The College of Saint John the Evangelist of the University of Cambridge Motto Souvent me Souvient (Latin: I often remember) Named after The Hospital of Saint John the Evangelist Established 1511 Location St. ... The Cambridge Mathematical Tripos was a distinctive written examination of undergraduate students of the University of Cambridge. ...

His studies were postponed by World War I. His father was interned as an enemy alien after the start of the war in 1914, and upon his release he returned to Germany. In 1916, Max and Sarah changed their name by deed poll to the anglicised "Newman". For national service, Max taught at Archbishop Holgate's Grammar School in York, worked in the Royal Army Pay Corps, and taught at Chigwell School.^[2] He was called up for military service in February 1918, but claimed conscientious objection due to his beliefs and his father's country of origin, and thereby avoided any direct role in the fighting.^[4] “The Great War ” redirects here. ... This article is about the usage and history of the terms concentration camp, internment camp and internment. ... A deed poll is a legal document binding only to a single person or several person acted jointly to express an active intention. ... National service is a common name for compulsory or voluntary military service programs. ... Archbishop Holgates School is a voluntary aided Church of England, coeducational secondary school in York. ... York shown within England Coordinates: , Sovereign state Constituent country Region Yorkshire and the Humber Ceremonial county North Yorkshire Admin HQ York City Centre Founded 71 City Status 71 Government  - Type Unitary Authority, City  - Governing body City of York Council  - Leadership: Leader & Executive  - Executive: Liberal Democrat  - MPs: Hugh Bayley (L) John... The Adjutant Generals Corps is one of the largest Corps in the British Army and deals with its most vital resource - its personnel. ... Chigwell School is an English co-educational public school in Chigwell, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. ... A conscientious objector is an individual whose personal beliefs are incompatible with military service, or sometimes with any role in the armed forces. ...

He resumed his interrupted studies in October 1919, and graduated in 1921 as a wrangler (equivalent to a first) in Part II of the Mathematical Tripos, and gained distinction in Schedule B (the equivalent of Part III).^[2][1] For other uses, see Wrangler. ... A First Class Honours degree is an academic degree awarded to students at undergraduate and post-graduate level either by examination, course work or thesis. ...

On 5 November 1923 he was elected a Fellow of St John's.^[3] He worked on the foundations of combinatorial topology, and proposed that a notion of equivalence be defined using only three elementary "moves".^[1] Newman's definition avoided difficulties that had arisen from previous definitions of the concept.^[1] He also published papers on mathematical logic, and solved a special case of Hilbert's fifth problem.^[3] is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... In mathematics, combinatorial topology was an older name for algebraic topology, dating from the time when topological invariants of spaces (for example the Betti numbers) were regarded as derived from combinatorial decompositions such as simplicial complexes. ... Mathematical logic is a major area of mathematics, which grew out of symbolic logic. ... In mathematics, a Lie group (IPA ) is an analytic real or complex manifold that is also a group such that the group operations multiplication and inversion are analytic maps. ...

He was appointed a lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge in 1927,^[1] where his 1935 lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics inspired Alan Turing to embark on his pioneering work on computing machines. In December 1934 he married Lyn Lloyd Irvine, a writer.^[3] They had two sons, Edward (born 1935) and William (born 1939).^[5] 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar). ... Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS (23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, logician, and cryptographer. ... This article is about the machine. ... Lyn Lloyd Newman (née Irvine) (May 3, 1901 – May 19, 1973) was a journalist and writer. ...

World War II

Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. The part-Jewish ancestry of the Newman family was of particular concern in the face of Nazi Germany, and Lyn, Edward and William were evacuated to America in July 1940. Newman remained at Cambridge, and at first continued research and lecturing.^[6] By spring 1942, he was considering involvement in war work. He made enquiries, and was approached to work for the Government Code & Cypher School at Bletchley Park. He was cautious, concerned to ensure that the work would be sufficiently interesting and useful, and there was also the possibility that his father's German nationality would rule out any involvement in top-secret work.^[7] The potential issues were resolved by the summer, and he agreed to arrive at Bletchley Park on 31 August 1942.^[8] is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A model of GCHQ headquarters in Cheltenham, commonly nicknamed the doughnut [1] The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is a British intelligence agency responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance to the UK government and armed forces as required, under the guidance of the Joint Intelligence Committee. ... During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. ... During World War II, codebreakers at Bletchley Park decrypted and interpreted messages from a large number of Axis code and cipher systems, including the German Enigma machine. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

He was assigned to the Research Section and set to work on a German teleprinter cipher known as "Tunny". He joined the "Testery" in October^[9]. He disliked the work and found that it was not suited to his talents.^[1] He persuaded his superiors that codebreaking process could be mechanised, and he was assigned to develop a suitable machine in December 1942.^[10] Construction started in January 1943, and the first prototype was delivered in June 1943.^[11] It was operated in Newman's new section, termed the "Newmanry", was housed initially in Hut 11 and initially staffed by himself, Donald Michie, two engineers, and 16 Wrens.^[12] The Wrens nicknamed the machine the "Heath Robinson", after the cartoonist of the same name who drew humorous drawings of absurd mechanical devices.^[12] For the fish, see Tuna. ... The Testery was a section at Bletchley Park, the British codebreaking station during World War II, headed by Major Ralph Tester. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Newmanry was a section at Bletchley Park, the British codebreaking station during World War II. Its job was to develop and employ machine methods to help break a German teleprinter cipher machine known as Tunny on the British side, or as the Lorenz SZ 40/42 on the German... Donald Michie was born on 11 November 1923, and was educated at Rugby School and Balliol College, Oxford. ... Genera Donacobius Campylorhynchus Odontorchilus Salpinctes Catherpes Hylorchilus Cinnycerthia Thryomanes Ferminia Troglodytes Cistothorus Uropsila Thryorchilus Thryothorus Henicorhina Microcerculus Cyphorhinus Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) Stamp FR 345 of Postverk Føroya, Faroe Islands Issued: 22 February 1999 Artist: Astrid Andreasen The true wrens are members of a mainly New World passerine bird family... Heath Robinson was a machine used by British codebreakers at Bletchley Park during World War II to solve messages in a German teleprinter cipher, the Lorenz SZ40/42. ...

The section eventually housed several Colossus computers designed by Tommy Flowers. A Colossus Mark II computer. ... Thomas (Tommy) Harold Flowers, MBE (22 December 1905 – 28 October 1998) was a British engineer. ...

Post-World War II

Newman was appointed head of the Mathematics Department and to the Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics at the University of Manchester in 1945 and transformed it into a centre of international renown, retiring in 1964 to live in Comberton, near Cambridge. After Lyn's death in 1973 he married Margaret Penrose, widow of Lionel Penrose. The School of Mathematics at the University of Manchester is one of the largest mathematics departments in the UK, with around 80 academic staff and an annual undergraduate intake of around 350 a year (including students studying mathematics with another subject) and around 200 postgraduate student. ... The Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics is an endowed professorial position in the School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, England. ... Affiliations Russell Group, EUA, N8 Group, NWUA, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) Website http://www. ... Year 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar). ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... Comberton is a village in south Cambridgeshire, in East Anglia, England. ... This article is about the city in England. ... Lionel Sharples Penrose (1898-1972) was a British geneticist, psychiatrist, mathematician and chess theorist, who carried out pioneering work on inherited mental illnesses. ...

Newman wrote Elements of the topology of plane sets of points, a definitive work on general topology. He also made major contributions to combinatorial topology. He died in Cambridge. A Möbius strip, an object with only one surface and one edge; such shapes are an object of study in topology. ... In mathematics, combinatorial topology was an older name for algebraic topology, dating from the time when topological invariants of spaces (for example the Betti numbers) were regarded as derived from combinatorial decompositions such as simplicial complexes. ... This article is about the city in England. ...

Honours:

• Fellow of the Royal Society, Elected 1939
• Royal Society Sylvester Medal, Awarded 1958
• London Mathematical Society, President 1949 - 1951
• LMS De Morgan Medal, Awarded 1962

The Newman Building at Manchester was named in his honour. The building housed the pure mathematicians from the Victoria University of Manchester between moving out of the Mathematics Tower in 2004 and July 2007 when the School of Mathematics moved in to its new Alan Turing Building. The Fellowship of the Royal Society was founded in 1660. ... Year 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Sylvester Medal is a bronze medal awarded every three years by the Royal Society for the encouragement of mathematical research. ... Year 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The London Mathematical Society (LMS) is the leading mathematical society in England. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The De Morgan Medal is a prize for outstanding contribution to mathematics, awarded by the London Mathematical Society (LMS). ... Year 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Victoria University of Manchester (VUM) was a large university in Manchester in England. ... The Alan Turing Building named after the mathematician and founder of computer science Alan Turing, is a building housing the School of Mathematics, the Photon Sciences Institute and the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics (part of the School of Physics) at the University of Manchester. ...

See also

• Newman's lemma

In the theory of term rewriting systems, Newmans lemma states that a strongly normalizing (or terminating) term rewriting system, that is, one in which there are no infinite reduction sequences, is confluent if it is locally confluent. ...

References

The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1788. ... Shaun Wylie is a British mathematician and former World War II codebreaker. ... Irving John (Jack) Good (born 9 December 1916) is a British statistician who worked also as a cryptographer and developer of the Colossus computer at Bletchley Park. ... Frank Adams may also refer to Frank Dawson Adams a Canadian geologist. ...

External links

• O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Max Newman". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.  
• The Papers of Max Newman, St John's College Library