Maximum life span is a measure of the maximum number of years a member of a group has been observed to survive. Maximum life span literally corresponds to the age at which the oldest known member of a species or experimental group has died, or the current age of the oldest living member, if higher. Maximum life span is contrasted to mean life span (average lifespan or life expectancy). Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by "rate of aging". Epistemologically maximum life span also depends upon initial sample size.^[1] In animal studies, maximum life span is typically taken to be the mean life span of the most long-lived 10% of a given cohort. This may be taken to be "definition 2" of 'maximum life span.' In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... World map of life expectancy, 2005 Life expectancy is a statistical measure defined as the expected (mean) survival of human beings based upon a number of criteria such as gender and geographic location. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... A railing accidentally collapses at a college football game, spilling fans onto the sidelines An accident is something going wrong unexpectedly. ... Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the willful act of killing oneself. ... For other uses, see Murder (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that Meta-epistemology be merged into this article or section. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Cohort (statistics). ...

Overview

The oldest recognized person on record is Jeanne Calment, a Frenchwoman who lived for 122 years and 164 days. Maximum life span for humans has remained about 115−120 calendar years throughout recorded history, despite steady improvements in life expectancy. The longest unambiguously documented lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875-1997), who was aged 122 years and 164 days at the time of her death. ... Jeanne Louise Calment (February 21, 1875 - August 4, 1997) reached the longest confirmed lifespan in history at 122 years and 164 days. ... // The French people (French: les Français), etymologically derives from the word Franks (which means free[]), a Germanic tribe which overran Gaul at the end times of the Roman Empire. ... World map of life expectancy, 2005 Life expectancy is a statistical measure defined as the expected (mean) survival of human beings based upon a number of criteria such as gender and geographic location. ...

Reduction of infant mortality has accounted for most of this increased average longevity, but since the 1960s mortality rates among those over 80 years has decreased by about 1.5% per year. Longevity is defined as long life or the length of a persons life (life expectancy). ... Mortality rate (the word mortality comes from mortal, which originates from Latin mors, death) is the number of deaths (from a disease or in general) per 1000 people and typically reported on an annual basis. ...

Advances in medicine, calorie restriction with adequate nutrition, or other interventions are said to have slowed the aging process, but have not been proven to extend the maximum human life span (see below). Calorie restriction or Caloric restriction (CR) is the practice of limiting dietary energy intake in the hope that it will improve health and retard aging. ... It has been suggested that Longevity genes be merged into this article or section. ...

The maximum life span of each species is different. These differences demonstrate the role of genetics in determining maximum life span ("rate of aging"). The records are: This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

• for mice 4
• for dogs 29;
• for cats 34;
• for goldfish 49
• for horses, 62;
• for elephants, 78;
• for humans, 122.5

The longest-lived vertebrates have been variously described as Feral mouse A mouse (plural mice) is a rodent that belongs to one of numerous species of small mammals. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris The dog Canis lupus is a type of canine, a mammal in the order Carnivora. ... Trinomial name Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758 The cat (or domestic cat, house cat) is a small carnivorous mammal. ... Trinomial name Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) For the baked snack crackers, please see Goldfish (snack). ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas antiquus † Elephas beyeri † Elephas celebensis † Elephas cypriotes † Elephas ekorensis † Elephas falconeri † Elephas iolensis † Elephas planifrons † Elephas platycephalus † Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of pachyderm, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...

• tortoises (Galápagos tortoise) (193 years)
• whales (Bowhead Whale) (about 210 years)

Non-vertebrate species that continue to grow (i.e. clams, coral) can live hundreds of years, such as: This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Binomial name Geochelone nigra (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Synonyms Geochelone elephantopus (Harlan, 1827) The Galápagos tortoise (or Galápagos giant tortoise), is the largest living tortoise, endemic to nine islands of the Galápagos archepelago. ... A Fin whale The term whale is ambiguous: it can refer to all cetaceans, to just the larger ones, or only to members of particular families within the order Cetacea. ... Binomial name Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758 Bowhead Whale range The Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), also known as Greenland Right Whale or Arctic Whale, is a marine mammal of the order Cetacea. ...

• bivalve mollusks (Icelandic Cyprine) (374 years)

Plants tend to come in annuals, biennials, and perennials. The longer-lived perennials, woody-stemmed plants such as trees and bushes, often live for hundreds and even thousands of years (one may question whether or not they may die of old age). A giant sequoia, General Sherman is alive and well in its second millenary. A Great Basin Bristlecone Pine is almost 5000 years (4844 years), as old as human civilization, and Prometheus was even older, more than 5000 years. Orders Subclass Protobranchia Solemyoida Nuculoida Subclass Pteriomorphia - oysters Arcoida Mytiloida Pterioida Subclass Paleoheterodonta - mussels Trigoinoida Unionoida Subclass Heterodonta - clams, zebra mussels Veneroida Myoida Subclass Anomalosdesmata Pholadomyoida Animals of the Class Bivalvia are known as bivalves because they typically have two-part shells, with both parts being more or less symmetrical. ... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora Monoplacophora Bivalvia Scaphopoda Gastropoda Cephalopoda † Rostroconchia The mollusks or molluscs are the large and diverse phylum Mollusca, which includes a variety of familiar creatures well-known for their decorative shells or as seafood. ... Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) †Rhyniophyta - rhyniophytes †Zosterophyllophyta - zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses †Trimerophytophyta - trimerophytes Pteridophyta - ferns and horsetails Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants... Peas are an annual plant. ... Look up Biennial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Biennial is a term referring to a period of two years, much in the same way centennial refers to 100 years. ... A Red Valerian, a perennial plant. ... Binomial name Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl. ... General Sherman tree from Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks General Sherman Tree General Sherman is the name of a Giant Sequoia. ... Binomial name Pinus longaeva D.K.Bailey The Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva) is one of the bristlecone pines, a group of three species of pine found in the higher mountains of the southwest United States. ... Prometheus (aka WPN-114) is the nickname given to the oldest tree, and oldest non-clonal organism, ever known; a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva) about 5000 years old from a treeline site in eastern Nevada, United States. ...

Although considered fiction for a time, recent research has indicated that bowhead whales recently killed still had harpoons in their bodies from the 1790's, which, along with analysis of amino acids, has indicated a maximum life span so far of 211 years [1]. Birds and squirrels rarely live to their maximum life span, usually dying of accidents and disease. Grazing animals show wear-and-tear to their teeth to the point where they can no longer eat, and they die of starvation. Binomial name Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758 Bowhead Whale range The Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), also known as Greenland Right Whale or Arctic Whale, is a marine mammal of the order Cetacea. ... For other uses, see Harpoon (disambiguation) Harpoon gun redirects here. ... In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A railing accidentally collapses at a college football game, spilling fans onto the sidelines An accident is something going wrong unexpectedly. ... It has been suggested that Refractory disease be merged into this article or section. ... A female child during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. ...

The maximum life span of most species has not been accurately determined because the data collection has been minimal and the number of species studied in captivity (or by monitoring in the wild) has been small. Maximum life span is usually longer for species that are larger, can fly and have larger brains. Of the approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome, it is estimated that only 2% of these are different from those of a chimpanzee, which has half the estimated maximum life span of a human. The difference in longevity could be due to as few as a hundred genes or less, however there may be other factors which influence the life span of chimpanzees. In biology the genome of an organism is the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). ... Longevity is defined as long life or the length of a persons life (life expectancy). ... For other meanings of this term, see gene (disambiguation). ...

Identical twins tend to die within 3 years of each other, whereas fraternal twins tend to die within 6 years. Aging theories associated with DNA include programmed aging (or programmed aging-resistance) and theories that link aging with DNA damage/mutation or DNA repair capability. Fraternal twin boys bathing Twins in animal biology is a form of multiple birth in which the mother gives birth to two offspring from the same pregnancy, some of the same gender, others of opposite. ... It has been suggested that Longevity genes be merged into this article or section. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. ... DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. ...

Increasing maximum life span

Currently, the only (non-transgenic) method of increasing maximum life span that is recognized by biogerontologists is calorie restriction with adequate nutrition. However, this is true only if we use definition 2 of maximum life span, as caloric restriction has not yet been shown to break mammalian world records for longevity. Rats, mice and hamsters experience maximum life span extension from a diet which contains 40−60% of the calories (but all of the required nutrients) which the animals consume when they can eat as much as they want. Mean life span is increased 65% and maximum life span is increased 50%, when calorie restriction is begun just before puberty. (For a recent review of maximum life span extension by calorie restriction in rodent studies, see [GENES & DEVELOPMENT; Koubova,J; 17(3):313-321 (2003)] ^[2]). For fruit flies the life extending benefits of calorie restriction are gained immediately at any age upon beginning calorie restriction and ended immediately at any age upon resuming full feeding [ SCIENCE; Mair,W; 301:1731-1733 (2003) ^[3] ]. A genetically modified organism is an organism whose genetic material has been deliberately altered. ... Gerontology is the study of the elderly, and of the aging process itself. ... Calorie restriction or Caloric restriction (CR) is the practice of limiting dietary energy intake in the hope that it will improve health and retard aging. ... Species 50 species; see text *Several subfamilies of Muroids include animals called rats. ... Feral mouse A mouse (plural mice) is a rodent that belongs to one of numerous species of small mammals. ... Genera Mesocricetus Phodopus Cricetus Cricetulus Allocricetulus Cansumys Tscherskia A hamster is a rodent belonging to the subfamily Cricetinae. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... Puberty refers to the process of physical changes by which a childs body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction. ... Species Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila subobscura Drosophila is a genus of small flies whose members are often called fruit flies or more appropriately vinegar flies, wine flies, pomace flies, grape flies, and picked fruit-flies. ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ...

Mammals fed anti-oxidants show up to a 30% increase in mean life span, but no increase in maximum life span. Antioxidants are most valuable for animals that are cancer-prone, or subjected to radiation or chemical toxins. There are evidently homeostatic mechanisms in cells that govern the amount of allowable antioxidant activity. Many life-extensionists have dismissed the value of antioxidants simply because they have not been shown to increase maximum life span, but such a view neglects the significance of an extended mean life span. An antioxidant is a chemical that prevents the oxidation of other chemicals. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... An antioxidant is a chemical that prevents the oxidation of other chemicals. ... Radiation in physics is the process of emitting energy in the form of waves or particles. ... A chemical substance is any material substance used in or obtained by a process in chemistry: A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more chemical elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions. ... Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ...

Many transgenic species of mice have been created which have maximum life span greater than that of wild-type or laboratory mice, including Ames dwarf mice, Snell dwarf mice, mice with increased mitochondrial catalase, and others. A genetically modified organism is an organism whose genetic material has been deliberately altered. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Catalase (human erythrocyte catalase: PDB 1DGF, EC 1. ...

Some biomedical gerontologists (gerontologists who search for ways to extend maximum life span) believe that biomedical molecular engineering can someday extend maximum lifespan and even bring about rejuvenation. Gerontology is the study of the elderly, and of the aging process itself. ... Health science is the discipline of applied science which deals with human and animal health. ... In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... Rejuvenation is the procedure of reversing the aging process, thus regaining youth. ...

One such researcher is Aubrey de Grey, who calls his project to reverse the damage we call aging SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence). Dr. de Grey has established the The Methuselah Mouse Prize to award money to researchers who can extend the maximum life span of mice. Aubrey de Grey Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey, Ph. ... Aubrey de Grey is Editor-in-Chief of the Rejuvenation Research journal, which deals with topics related to engineered negligible senescence. ... Aubrey de Grey is Editor-in-Chief of the Rejuvenation Research journal, which deals with topics related to engineered negligible senescence. ... The Methuselah Mouse Prize is a contest started in Sept. ...

Research data concerning maximum life span

• A comparison of the heart mitochondria in rats (4-year maximum life span) and pigeons (35-year maximum life span) showed that pigeon mitochondria leak fewer free-radicals than rat mitochondria, despite the fact that both animals have similar metabolic rate and cardiac output ^[4]

• For mammals there is a direct relationship between mitochondrial membrane saturation and maximum life span ^[5]

• Studies of the liver lipids of mammals and a bird (pigeon) show an inverse relationship between maximum life span and number of double bonds ^[6]

• Selected species of birds and mammals show an inverse relationship between telomere rate of change (shortening) and maximum life span ^[7]

• Maximum life span correlates negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels and correlates positively with lower rate of free-radicals production and higher rate of DNA repair ^[8]

• Females express both more Mn−SOD and more glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes than males, and this has been suggested to be the reason females live longer than males in mammalian species ^[9]

• The maximum life span of transgenic mice has been extended about 20% by overexpression of human catalase targeted to mitochondria ^[10]

• A comparison of 7 non-primate mammals (mouse, hamster, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, pig and cow) showed that the rate of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in heart and kidney were inversely correlated with maximum life span ^[11]

• A study of 8 non-primate mammals showed a direct correlation between maximum life span and oxidative damage to mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) in heart & brain ^[12]

• A study of several species of mammals and a bird (pigeon) indicated a linear relationship between oxidative damage to protein and maximum life span ^[13]

• There is a direct correlation between DNA repair and maximum life span for mammalian species ^[14]

• Drosophila (fruit-flies) bred for 15 generations by only using eggs that were laid toward the end of reproductive life achieved maximum life spans 30% greater than that of controls ^[15]

• Overexpression of the enzyme which synthesizes glutathione in long-lived transgenic Drosophila (fruit-flies) extended maximum lifespan by nearly 50% ^[16]

• A mutation in the age−1 gene of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans increased mean life span 65% and maximum life span 110% ^[17]

• Fat-specific Insulin Receptor KnockOut (FIRKO) mice have reduced fat mass, normal calorie intake and an increased maximum life span of 18% ^[18]

• The capacity of mammalian species to detoxify the carcinogenic chemical benzo(a)pyrene to a water-soluble form also correlates well with maximum life span ^[19]

The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Pigeon redirects here. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... In chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. ... Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος(metavallo), the Greek word for change), in the most general sense, is the ingestion and breakdown of complex compounds, coupled... This page is about the muscular organ, the Heart. ... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Illustration of a cell membrane The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma, is a semipermeable lipid layer surrounding the cytoplasm of all living cells. ... The liver is an organ in some animals, including vertebrates (and therefore humans). ... Lipids are a class of hydrocarbon-containing organic compounds. ... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... “Aves” redirects here. ... Pigeon redirects here. ... Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms, in order to produce a mutual attraction, which holds the resultant molecule together. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... A telomere is a region of highly repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome that functions as a disposable buffer. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... In chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. ... DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Catalase (human erythrocyte catalase: PDB 1DGF, EC 1. ... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Families 15, See classification A primate (L. prima, first) is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... ... The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... It has been suggested that Renal anomalies and Renal plasma threshold be merged into this article or section. ... Families 15, See classification A primate (L. prima, first) is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. ... Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary... In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of living organisms. ... DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. ... Subclasses Allotheria* Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Prototheria Order Monotremata Theria Infraclass Marsupialia Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of young, from mammary glands present on most species... Type Species Musca funebris Fabricius, 1787 Drosophila is a genus of small flies whose members are often called small fruit flies, or more appropriately vinegar flies, wine flies, pomace flies, grape flies, and picked fruit-flies. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Skeletal formula of glutathione 3D model of glutathione Glutathione (GSH), whose IUPAC name is 2-amino-5-{[2-[(carboxymethyl)amino]- 1-(mercaptomethyl)-2-oxoethyl]amino}-5-oxopentanoic acid, is γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine, a tripeptide. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Type Species Musca funebris Fabricius, 1787 Drosophila is a genus of small flies whose members are often called small fruit flies, or more appropriately vinegar flies, wine flies, pomace flies, grape flies, and picked fruit-flies. ... Classes Adenophorea    Subclass Enoplia    Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea    Subclass Rhabditia    Subclass Spiruria    Subclass Diplogasteria The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek νῆμα (nema): thread + ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... Earthworm A worm is an elongated soft-bodied invertebrate animal. ... Binomial name Caenorhabditis elegans Maupas, 1900 Caenorhabditis elegans (IPA: ) is a free-living nematode (roundworm), about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. ... Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. ... For other uses, see Fat (disambiguation). ... Insulin (from Latin insula, island, as it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. ... In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm that binds to a specific factor (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand. ... A gene knockout is a genetically engineered organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that has been made inoperative. ... In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. ... Benzopyrene, C20H12, is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is mutagenic and highly carcinogenic. ...

Publications discussing the concept of maximum life span

• Gavrilov, L.A., Gavrilova, N.S. Common sense and the limits to life. Int. J. Geriatric Psychiatry, 1993, 8(8): 695-695.
• Gavrilov L.A. Does a limit of the life span really exist? Biophysics [Biofizika], 1984, 29(5): 908-911. PMID 6509106

References

Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ... Science is the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). ...

See also

• Ageing
• American Aging Association
• Aubrey de Grey
• Biogerontology
• Biological immortality
• Calorie restriction
• Engineered negligible senescence
• Indefinite lifespan
• Life expectancy
• Life extension
• List of long-living organisms
• Longevity
• Methuselah Mouse Prize
• Oldest people
• Senescence

The effects of ageing on a human face Elderly woman Ageing or aging is the process of becoming older. ... The American Aging Association (AGE) is a non-profit, tax-exempt biogerontology organization of scientists and laypeople dedicated to biomedical aging studies intended to slow the aging process. ... Aubrey de Grey Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey, Ph. ... Gerontology is the study of the elderly, and of the aging process itself. ... Biological immortality can be defined as the absence of a sustained increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age. ... Calorie restriction or Caloric restriction (CR) is the practice of limiting dietary energy intake in the hope that it will improve health and retard aging. ... Aubrey de Grey is Editor-in-Chief of the Rejuvenation Research journal, which deals with topics related to engineered negligible senescence. ... Indefinite lifespan is a term used in the life extension movement to refer to the longevity of humans (and other lifeforms) under conditions in which aging can be effectively and completely prevented and treated. ... World map of life expectancy, 2005 Life expectancy is a statistical measure defined as the expected (mean) survival of human beings based upon a number of criteria such as gender and geographic location. ... Life extension refers to an increase in maximum or average lifespan, especially in humans, by slowing down or reversing the processes of aging. ... This is a list of long-living organisms. ... Longevity is defined as long life or the length of a persons life (life expectancy). ... The Methuselah Mouse Prize or Mprize is a growing $3. ... The longest unambiguously documented lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875-1997), who was aged 122 years and 164 days at the time of her death. ... It has been suggested that Longevity genes be merged into this article or section. ...

External links

• 100-Year Lifespans the Norm by 2029
• Calorie Restriction Society
• How Much Can Human Life Span Be Extended?
• Informational website on the biology of aging.
• Is there a maximum biological limit to the human life span?
• Life Span: You're In Control
• Living Longer, Living Stronger
• Mechanisms of Aging
• Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS)
• The animals with the longest and shortest life spans
• The Longevity Meme (Longevity Activism)
• The Secrets of Long Life (National Geographic magazine)