Television is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance. The term has come to refer to all the aspects of television programming and transmission as well. BlackBerry 7100t Telecommunication refers to communication over long distances. ... Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients (listeners or viewers) that belong to a large group. ... A television program is the content of television broadcasting. ...

Braun HF 1, Germany, 1958

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Television

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History

The development of television technology can be partitioned along two lines: those developments that depended upon both mechanical and electronic principles, and those which are purely electronic. From the latter descended all modern televisions, but these would not have been possible without discoveries and insights from the mechanical systems.

The word television is a hybrid word, created from both Greek and Latin. Tele- is Greek for "far", while -vision is from the Latin visio, meaning "vision" or "sight". It is often abbreviated as TV or the telly. A word that has one part derived from one language and another part derived from a different language is etymologically called hybrid. ... Latin is an Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Vision can refer to: Visual perception is one of the senses. ... Visual perception is one of the senses, consisting of the ability to detect light and interpret (see) it as the perception known as sight or naked eye vision. ... Look up abbreviation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Abbreviation (from Latin brevis short) is strictly a shortening, but more particularly, an abbreviation is a letter or group of letters, taken from a word or words, and employed to represent them for the sake of brevity. ...

Electromechanical television

Main article: Electromechanical television This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes in a Nipkow disk. ...

The German student Paul Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the first electromechanical television system in 1885. Nipkow's spinning disk design is credited with being the first television image rasterizer. However, it wasn't until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology made the design practical. Meanwhile, Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900. Perskeyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (August 22, 1860 - August 24, 1940) was a German engineer, who devised a mechanical apparatus, a spinning disk to scan images that was used in early television paul nipkow was the first person to telecast the 1036 olympics. ... In engineering, electromechanics combines electromagnetism and mechanics. ... 1885 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Constantin Perskyi was a Russian scientist who is credited with coining the word television in a paper read (in French) to the 1900 Paris World Exhibitions 1st International Congress of Electricity. ... The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a worlds fair held in Paris, France, to celebrate the achivements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. ... The Eiffel Tower has become a symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. ...

A modern 82" (208 cm) LCD television.

In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Kosma Zworykin achieved a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykin's words, "very crude images" over wires to the electronic Braun tube (cathode ray tube) in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, "the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy." Zworykin later went to work for RCA to build a purely electronic television, the design of which was eventually found to violate patents by Philo Taylor Farnsworth. Image File history File links An 82 LCD Television on display. ... Image File history File links An 82 LCD Television on display. ... LCD redirects here. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Boris Lvovich Rosing (Russian: ) (1869 – 1933) was a Russian scientist and inventor in the field of television. ... Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (July 30, 1889 - July 29, 1982) was a pioneer of television technology. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cathode ray tube employing electromagnetic focus and deflection Cutaway rendering of a color CRT The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... General Name, Symbol, Number selenium, Se, 34 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 4, p Appearance gray, metallic luster Atomic mass 78. ... RCA, formerly an initialism for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark used by two companies for products descended from that common ancestor: Thomson SA, which manufactures consumer electronics like RCA-branded televisions, DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, audio equipment, telephones, and related... This article needs cleanup. ...

On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird gave a demonstration of televised silhouette images at Selfridge's Department Store in London. But if television is defined as the transmission of live, moving, half-tone (grayscale) images, and not silhouette or still images, Baird achieved this privately on October 2, 1925, and gave the world's first public demonstration of a working television system to members of the Royal Institution and a newspaper reporter on January 26, 1926 at his laboratory in London. Unlike later electronic systems with several hundred lines of resolution, Baird's vertically scanned image, using a scanning disc embedded with a double spiral of lenses, had only 30 lines, just enough to reproduce a recognizable human face. March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin: No one provokes me with impunity) (Scots: Wha daur meddle wi me) Scotlands location within the UK Languages with Official Status1 English Gaelic Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... John Logie Baird (August 14, 1888 – June 14, 1946) was a Scottish engineer, who is best known for being the first person to demonstrate a working television. ... Selfridges is a chain of department stores in the United Kingdom. ... The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... The musical interval of a half step, semitone, or minor second is the relationship between the leading tone and the first note (the root or tonic) in a major scale. ... October 2 is the 275th day (276th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 90 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Royal Institution of Great Britain was set up in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, including Henry Cavendish and its first president George Finch, the 9th Earl of Winchilsea, for diffusing the knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction, of useful mechanical inventions and improvements; and for... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The image resolution is a term that says something about how much image detail an image can hold. ...

In 1928 Baird's company (Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal, between London and New York, and the first shore to ship transmission. He also demonstrated an electromechanical colour, infrared (dubbed "Noctovision"), and stereoscopic television, using additional lenses, disks and filters. In parallel he developed a video disk recording system dubbed "Phonovision"; a number of the Phonovision[1] recordings, dating back to 1927, still exist. In 1929 he became involved in the first experimental electromechanical television service in Germany. In 1931 he made the first live transmission, of the Epsom Derby. In 1932 he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Baird's electromechanical system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936, before being discontinued in favor of a 405 line all-electronic system. 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than microwave radiation. ... Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional) imaging is a technique to create the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image, by presenting a slightly different image to each eye. ... 1927 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1929 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Epsom Derby, Théodore Géricault, 1821. ... 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. ...

In the U.S., Charles Francis Jenkins was able to demonstrate on June 13, 1925, the transmission of the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion from a naval radio station to his laboratory in Washington, using a lensed disc scanner with 48 lines per picture, 16 pictures per second. AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories transmitted half-tone images of transparencies in May 1925. But Bell Labs gave the most dramatic demonstration of television yet on April 7, 1927, when it field tested reflected-light television systems using small-scale (2 by 2.5 inches) and large-scale (24 by 30 inches) viewing screens over a wire link from Washington to New York City, and over-the-air broadcast from Whippany, New Jersey. The subjects, which included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, were illuminated by a flying spot beam and scanned by a 50-aperture disc at 16 pictures per second. For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). ... Charles Francis Jenkins (August 22, 1867 _ June 5, 1934) was a pioneer of early cinema and one of the inventors of television, though he used mechanical rather than electronic technologies. ... Jump to: navigation, search June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1925 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... ... AT&T (formerly an abbreviation for American Telephone and Telegraph) Corporation NYSE: T is an American telecommunications company. ... Bell Telephone Laboratories or Bell Labs was originally the research and development arm of the United States Bell System, and was the premier corporate facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies from telephone switches to specialized coverings for telephone cables, to the transistor. ... The musical interval of a half step, semitone, or minor second is the relationship between the leading tone and the first note (the root or tonic) in a major scale. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... 1927 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... ... New York City, officially named the City of New York, is the most populous city in the United States, the most densely populated major city in North America, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... Jump to: navigation, search State nickname: The Garden State Other U.S. States Capital Trenton Largest city Newark Governor Richard Codey (D) Acting Senators Jon Corzine (D) Frank Lautenberg (D) Official languages None defined Area 22,608 km² (47th)  - Land 19,231 km²  - Water 3,378 km² (14. ... The office of the U.S. Secretary of Commerce in the mid-20th century. ... Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) is best known as being the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933). ...

Electronic television

An American family watching television in the 1950s.

Although the discoveries of Nipkow, Rosing, Baird and others were extraordinary, little of their technology is used in modern television. By 1934, all electromechanical television systems were outmoded, although electromechanical broadcasts continued on some stations until 1939. Download high resolution version (688x640, 52 KB)Source: http://geekphilosopher. ... Download high resolution version (688x640, 52 KB)Source: http://geekphilosopher. ...

A.A. Campbell-Swinton wrote a letter to Nature on the 18 June 1908 describing his concept of electronic television using the cathode ray tube, which had been invented in 1897 by the German physicist and Nobel prize winner Karl Ferdinand Braun. He proposed using an electron beam in both the camera and the receiver, which could be steered electronically to produce moving pictures. He lectured on the subject in 1911 and displayed circuit diagrams, but no one, including Swinton, knew how to realize the design. Although his system was never built, the cathode ray tube did come to be used to display images in almost all television sets and computer monitors until the invention of the LCD panel. Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton (1863 - 1930) was a consulting electrical engineer born in Edinburgh. ... Nature is one of the oldest and most reputable general-purpose scientific journals, first published on November 4, 1869. ... June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining. ... 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Cathode ray tube employing electromagnetic focus and deflection Cutaway rendering of a color CRT The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1897 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Sir Edward Appletons medal Photographs of Nobel Prize Medals. ... Karl Ferdinand Braun (June 6, 1850 - April 20, 1918) was a German physicist, born in Fulda. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1911 was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... LCD redirects here. ...

A fully electronic system was first achieved by Philo Taylor Farnsworth on September 7, 1927, although the low-resolution, light-insensitive camera tube limited the image to a plate of glass painted black, with a straight line etched across it, rotated in front of a bright carbon arc lamp. Seven years later, on August 25, 1934, at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Farnsworth gave the world's first public demonstration of a working, all-electronic television system, with 220 lines per picture, 30 pictures per second. Over a three week period, vaudeville acts, athletic and sports demonstrations, politicians, and hundreds of ordinary citizens were captured on Farnsworth's cameras in the open air and simultaneously shown on his receiving sets. This article needs cleanup. ... September 7 is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years). ... 1927 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Franklin Institute is the national memorial to Benjamin Franklin, that serves to perpetuate his legacy; the museum contains many of Franklins personal effects. ... Jump to: navigation, search Independence Hall Philadelphia (sometimes referred to as Philly or the City of Brotherly Love) is the fifth most populous city in the United States and the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, both in area and population. ...

Farnsworth, a Mormon farm boy from Rigby, Idaho, first envisioned his system at age 14. He discussed the idea with his high school chemistry teacher, who could think of no reason why it would not work (Farnsworth would later credit this teacher, Justin Tolman, as providing key insights into his invention). He continued to pursue the idea at Brigham Young Academy (now Brigham Young University). At age 21, he demonstrated a working system at his own laboratory in San Francisco. His breakthrough freed television from reliance on spinning discs and other mechanical parts. All modern picture tube televisions descend directly from his design. The term Mormon is a colloquial name referring to Latter Day Saints, derived in the 1830s from the Book of Mormon, one of their books of scripture, whose compiler was called the prophet Mormon. ... Rigby is a city located in Jefferson County, Idaho. ... Name Brigham Young University Location (main campus) Provo, UT 84602 Established October 16, 1875 Community Urban Type Private coeducational Classification Parochial Religion Owned by the LDS Church Enrollment 32,400 Faculty 2,100 President Cecil O. Samuelson Nickname Cougars Mascot Cosmo the Cougar School Colors Dark blue and white Motto...

Vladimir Kosma Zworykin is also sometimes cited as the father of electronic television because of his invention of the iconoscope in 1923 and his invention of the kinescope in 1929. His design was one of the first to demonstrate a television system with all the features of modern picture tubes. His previous work with Rosing on electromechanical television gave him key insights into how to produce such a system, but his (and RCA's) claim to being its original inventor was largely invalidated by three facts: a) Zworykin's 1923 patent presented an incomplete design, incapable of working in its given form (it was not until 1933 that Zworykin achieved a working implementation), b) the 1923 patent application was not granted until 1938, and not until it had been seriously revised, and c) courts eventually found that RCA was in violation of the television design patented by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, whose lab Zworykin had visited while working on his designs for RCA. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (July 30, 1889 - July 29, 1982) was a pioneer of television technology. ... The term kinescope originally referred to a type of early television picture tube. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

The controversy over whether it was first Farnsworth or Zworykin who invented modern television is still hotly debated today. Some of this debate stems from the fact that while Farnsworth appears to have gotten there first as an inventor, RCA brought television sets to market before Farnsworth, and it was RCA employees who first wrote the history of television. Even though Farnsworth eventually won the legal battle over this issue, he was never able to fully capitalize financially on his invention.

Color television

Most television researchers appreciated the value of color image transmission, with an early patent application in Russia in 1889 for a mechanically-scanned color system showing how early the importance of color was realized. John Logie Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission on July 3, 1928, using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination. John Logie Baird (August 14, 1888 – June 14, 1946) was a Scottish engineer, who is best known for being the first person to demonstrate a working television. ... July 3 is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 181 days remaining. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... For an electrical switch that periodically reverses the current see commutator (electric) In mathematics, the commutator gives an indication of how badly a certain binary operation fails to be commutative. ...

Color television in the United States had a protracted history due to conflicting technical systems vying for approval by the Federal Communications Commission for commercial use. Mechanically scanned color television was demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells, amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full color image. The FCCs official seal. ... Bell Telephone Laboratories or Bell Labs was originally the research and development arm of the United States Bell System, and was the premier corporate facility of its type, developing a range of revolutionary technologies from telephone switches to specialized coverings for telephone cables, to the transistor. ... A solar cell, a form of photovoltaic cell, is a device that uses the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from light, thus generating solar power (energy). ...

In the electronically scanned era, the first color television demonstration was on February 5, 1940, when RCA privately showed to members of the FCC at the RCA plant in Camden, New Jersey, a television receiver producing images in color by electronic and optical means without moving mechanism. CBS began non-broadcast color experiments using film as early as August 28, 1940, and live cameras by November 12. The CBS "field sequential" color system was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. The RCA "dot sequential" color system had no moving parts, using a series of dichroic mirrors to separate and direct red, green, and blue light from the subject through three separate lenses into three scanning tubes, and electronic switching that allowed the tubes to send their signals in rotation, dot by dot. These signals were sorted by a second switching device in the receiver set and sent to red, green, and blue picture tubes, and combined by a second set of dichroic mirrors into a full color image. RCA, formerly an initialism for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark used by two companies for products descended from that common ancestor: Thomson SA, which manufactures consumer electronics like RCA-branded televisions, DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, audio equipment, telephones, and related... CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) is a major television network and radio broadcaster in the United States. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 49 days remaining. ... In optics, the term dichroic has two related but distinct meanings. ...

The first field test (i.e., broadcast) of color television was by NBC (owned by RCA) on February 20, 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on June 1, 1941. These color systems were not compatible with existing black and white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to the public at this time, viewership of the color field tests was limited to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from April 1, 1942 to October 1, 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public. The National Broadcasting Company or NBC is an American television broadcasting company based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The War Production Board (WPB) was established in 1942 by executive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... April 1 is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 274 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The post-war development of color television was dominated by three systems competing for approval by the FCC as the U.S. color broadcasting standard: CBS's field sequential system, which was incompatible with existing black and white sets without an adaptor; RCA's dot sequential system, which in 1949 became compatible with existing black and white sets; and CTI's system (also incompatible with existing black and white sets), which used three camera lenses, behind which were color filters that produced red, green, and blue images side by side on a single scanning tube, and a receiver set that used lenses in front of the picture tube (which had sectors treated with different phosphorescent compounds to glow in red, green, or blue) to project these three side by side images into one combined picture on the viewing screen. Color Television, Inc. ...

After a series of hearings beginning in September 1949, the FCC found the RCA and CTI systems fraught with technical problems, inaccurate color reproduction, and expensive equipment, and so formally approved the CBS system as the U.S. color broadcasting standard on October 11, 1950. An unsuccessful lawsuit by RCA delayed the world's first network color broadcast until June 25, 1951, when a musical variety special titled simply Premiere was shown over a network of five east coast CBS affiliates. Viewership was again extremely limited: the program could not be seen on black and white sets, and Variety estimated that only thirty prototype color receivers were available in the New York area. Regular color broadcasts began that same week with the daytime series The World Is Yours and Modern Homemakers. October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in Leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1950 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Variety is a daily magazine for the entertainment industry. ...

While the CBS color broadcasting schedule gradually expanded to twelve hours per week (but never into prime time), and the color network expanded to eleven affiliates as far west as Chicago, its commercial success was doomed by the lack of color receivers necessary to watch the programs, the refusal of television manufacturers to create adaptor mechanisms for their existing black and white sets, and the unwillingness of advertisers to sponsor broadcasts seen by almost no one. In desperation, CBS bought a television manufacturer, and on September 20, 1951, production began on the first and only CBS color television model. But it was too little, too late. Only 200 sets had been shipped, and only 100 sold, when CBS pulled the plug on its color television system on October 20, 1951, and bought back all the CBS color sets it could to prevent law suits by disappointed customers. Prime time is the block of programming on television during the middle of the evening. ... Chicago, colloquially known as the Second City and the Windy City, is the third-largest city in population in the United States and the largest inland city in the country. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ...

Starting before CBS color even got on the air, the U.S. television industry, represented by the National Television System Committee, worked in 1950-1953 to develop a color system that was compatible with existing black and white sets and would pass FCC quality standards, with RCA developing the hardware elements. When CBS testified before Congress in March 1953 that it had no further plans for its own color system, the path was open for the NTSC to submit its petition for FCC approval in July 1953, which was granted in December. The first publicly announced experimental TV broadcast of a program using the NTSC-RCA "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on August 30, 1953. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Kukla, Fran and Ollie, was an early television show using puppets, originally created for children but soon watched by more adults than children. ... August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1953 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

NBC made the first coast-to-coast color broadcast when it covered the Tournament of Roses Parade on January 1, 1954, with public demonstrations given across the United States on prototype color receivers. A few days later Admiral brought out the first commercially made color television set using the RCA standards, followed in March by RCA's own model. Television's first prime time network color series was The Marriage, a situation comedy broadcast live by NBC in the summer of 1954. NBC's anthology series Ford Theatre became the first color filmed series that October. Perhaps one of the United States of Americas most important annual festivities, The Tournament of Roses Parade is the 116-year-old traditional parade generally held on New Years Day in Pasadena, California. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1954 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Marriage was the first prime-time network television series to be broadcast in color. ... Anthology may also mean a Alien Ant Farm album ANThology, see Anthology (AAF Album) An anthology is a collection of literary works, originally of poems, but in recent years its usage has broadened to be applied to collections of short stories and comic strips. ...

NBC was naturally at the forefront of color programming because its parent company RCA manufactured the most successful line of color sets in the 1950s. CBS and ABC, which were not affiliated with set manufacturers, and were not eager to promote their competitor's product, dragged their feet into color, with ABC delaying its first color series (The Flintstones and The Jetsons) until 1962. The Du Mont network, although it did have a television-manufacturing parent company, was in financial decline by 1954 and was dissolved two years later. Thus the relatively small amount of network color programming, combined with the high cost of color television sets, meant that as late as 1964 only 3.1 percent of television households in the U.S. had a color set. NBC provided the catalyst for rapid color expansion by announcing that its prime time schedule for fall 1965 would be almost entirely in color (the exception being I Dream of Jeannie). All three broadcast networks were airing full color prime time schedules by the 1966–67 broadcast season. But the number of color television sets sold in the U.S. did not exceed black and white sales until 1972, which was also the first year that more than fifty percent of television households in the U.S. had a color set. The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is a television and radio network in the United States. ... The Flintstones, a Hanna-Barbera animated series, is one of the most successful animated television series of all time, originally running in American prime time for six seasons, from 1960 to 1966, on the ABC network. ... The Jetsons was an animated prime-time television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1962 to 1963. ... DuMont may be used to refer to one of several things: Allen B. DuMont was a U.S. inventor, industrialist, and pioneer in the early years of television. ... I Dream of Jeannie, created by Sidney Sheldon. ... This was the television schedule on all three networks for the fall season beginning in September 1966. ...

In Mexico, Guillermo González Camarena (1917–1965), invented the early color television transmission system. He received patents for color television systems in 1940 (U.S. Patent 1942 (2296019), 1960 and 1962. The 1942 patent was for a mechanically scanned color filter adapter for an existing monochrome electronic transmission system.

In August 31, 1946 he sent his first color transmission from his lab in the offices of The Mexican League of Radio Experiments in Lucerna St. #1, in Mexico City. The video signal was transmitted at a frequency of 115 MHz. and the audio in the 40 metre band. Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México) is the name of a megacity located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus (altiplano) at the center of Mexico, about 2,240 metres (7,349 feet) above sea-level, surrounded on most sides...

European color television was developed somewhat later and was hindered by a continuing division on technical standards. Having decided to adopt a higher-definition 625-line system for monochrome transmissions, with a lower frame rate but with a higher overall bandwidth, Europeans could not directly adopt the U.S. color standard, which was widely perceived as wanting anyway, because of its tint control problems. There was also less urgency, since there were fewer commercial motivations, European television broadcasters being predominantly state-owned at the time. The refresh rate (or vertical refresh rate, vertical scan rate) is the maximum number of frames that can be displayed on a monitor (or television) in a second, expressed in hertz. ... Because the NTSC color television standard is susceptible to color errors, there is a tint control on NTSC television sets, which allows the image hue to be corrected. ...

As a consequence, although work on various color encoding systems started already in the 1950s, with the first SECAM patent being registered in 1956, many years had passed till the first broadcasts actually started in 1967. Unsatisfied with the performance of NTSC and of initial SECAM implementations, the Germans unveiled PAL (phase alternating line) in 1963, staying closer to NTSC but borrowing some ideas from SECAM. The French continued with SECAM, notably involving Russians in the development. Jump to: navigation, search 1950 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur à mémoire, French for sequential colour with memory) is an analog color television system first used in France. ... 1956 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other meanings of PAL see PAL (disambiguation). ... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The first regular colour broadcasts in Europe were by BBC2 beginning on July 1, 1967, using PAL. Germans did their first broadcast in September (PAL), while the French in October (SECAM). PAL was eventually adopted by West Germany, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, much of Africa, Asia and South America, and most Western European countries except France. BBC Two (or BBC2 as it was formerly styled) was the second UK television station to be aired by the BBC. // History The channel was scheduled to begin at 7:20 pm on April 20, 1964 and show an evening of light entertainment, starting with the comedy show The Alberts... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Etymology World map showing Africa (geographically) The name Africa came into Western use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra — land of the Afri (plural, or Afer singular) — for the northern part of the continent, as the province of Africa with its capital Carthage, corresponding to modern-day... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of Eurasia, defined by subtracting Europe from Eurasia. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Western Europe is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of history and culture rather than by geography. ...

In addition to France and Luxembourg, SECAM was adopted by Soviet Union, much of Eastern Europe, much of Africa and of the Middle East. Both systems broadcast on UHF frequencies, the VHF being used for legacy black and white, 405 lines in UK or 819 lines in France, till the beginning of the eighties. Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange) and other former communist regimes (light orange). ... // Etymology World map showing Africa (geographically) The name Africa came into Western use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra — land of the Afri (plural, or Afer singular) — for the northern part of the continent, as the province of Africa with its capital Carthage, corresponding to modern-day... This article is about the radio frequency. ... Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz (wavelength 10 m) to 300 MHz (wavelength 1 m). ...

It should be noted that some British television programmes, particularly those made by or for ITC Entertainment, were made in colour before the introduction of colour television to the UK, for the purpose of sales to US networks. The first British show to be made in colour was the drama series The Adventures of Sir Lancelot (1956-57), which was initially made in black and white but later shot in colour for sale to the NBC network in the United States.-1... The Adventures of Sir Lancelot was a British television series of the 1950s, produced by Sapphire Films for ITC Entertainment and screened on the ITV network. ... The National Broadcasting Company or NBC is an American television broadcasting company based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ...

In Japan, NHK introduced color television in the year 1960. NHK headquarters in Tokyo NHK (日本放送協会, Nihon Hōsō Kyōkai), or the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japans public broadcaster. ...

Broadcast television

Television antenna on a rooftop

The first regularly scheduled television service in the United States began on July 2, 1928. The Federal Radio Commission authorized C.F. Jenkins to broadcast from experimental station W3XK in a suburb of Washington, D.C. But for at least the first eighteen months, only silhouette images from motion picture film were broadcast due to the narrow 10kHz bandwidth allotted by the FRC. Download high resolution version (512x768, 29 KB)Television antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... Download high resolution version (512x768, 29 KB)Television antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... Jump to: navigation, search July 2 is the 183rd day of the year (184th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 182 days remaining. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was a government body that regulated radio broadcasts in the United States from its creation in 1927 until its replacement by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1935. ... Charles Francis Jenkins (August 22, 1867 _ June 5, 1934) was a pioneer of early cinema and one of the inventors of television, though he used mechanical rather than electronic technologies. ... ... // Analog systems For analog signals, which can be mathematically viewed as a function of time, bandwidth is the width, measured in hertz, of a frequency range in which the signals Fourier transform is nonzero. ...

General Electric's experimental station in Schenectady, New York, on the air sporadically since January 13, 1928, was able to broadcast reflected-light, 48-line images via shortwave as far as Los Angeles, and by September was making four television broadcasts weekly. The General Electric Company, or GE, NYSE: GE is a multinational technology and services company. ... Schenectady is a city located in Schenectady County, New York, United States, of which it is the county seat. ... January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... A Grundig Shortwave receiver Shortwave radio operates between the frequencies of 3,000 kHz and 30 MHz (30,000 kHz) and came to be referred to as such in the early days of radio because the wavelengths associated with this frequency range were shorter than those commonly in use at... The City of Los Angeles (from Spanish Los Ángeles , meaning the angels), also known as L.A., is the second-largest city in the United States in terms of population, as well as one of the worlds most important economic, cultural, and entertainment centers. ...

CBS's New York City station W2XAB began broadcasting the first regular seven days a week television schedule in the United States on July 21, 1931, with a 60-line electromechanical system. The first broadcast included Mayor James J. Walker, the Boswell Sisters, Kate Smith, and George Gershwin. The service ended in February 1933. CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) is a major television network and radio broadcaster in the United States. ... New York City, officially named the City of New York, is the most populous city in the United States, the most densely populated major city in North America, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... Jump to: navigation, search July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... James J. Walker is more than one person: Jimmy Walker, mayor of NYC James J. Walker (boxer) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Boswell Sisters on the cover of the reissue album collection Thats How Rhythm Was Born The Boswell Sisters were a singing group that attained national prominence in the USA in the 1930s. ... Kate Smith on the cover of a posthumous 1991 collection 16 Most Requested Songs Kate Smith (Kathryn Elizabeth Smith) (May 1, 1907–June 17, 1986) was an American singer best known for her rendition of Irving Berlins God Bless America. She greeted audiences with Hello, everybody! and signed off... George Gershwin photograph by Edward Steichen in 1927. ...

By 1935, electromechanical television broadcasting had ceased in the United States except for a handful of stations run by public universities that continued to 1939. The Federal Communications Commission saw television in the continual flux of development with no consistent technical standards, hence all such stations in the U.S. were granted only experimental and not commercial licenses, hampering television's economic development. Just as importantly, Philo Farnsworth's 1934 demonstration of an all-electronic system pointed the direction of television's future. The FCCs official seal. ...

On June 15, 1936, Don Lee Broadcasting began a month-long demonstration of all-electronic television in Los Angeles on W6XAO (later KTSL) with a 300-line image from motion picture film. NBC conducted its first field test of 343-line electronic television in New York City on June 29, and gave a public demonstration of a live television program on November 6, 1936. By April 1939, regularly scheduled 441-line electronic television broadcasts were available in New York City and Los Angeles, and by November on General Electric's station in Schenectady. With the adoption of NTSC television engineering standards in 1941, the FCC saw television ready for commercial licensing, with the first such licenses issued to NBC and CBS owned stations in New York on July 1, 1941, followed by Philco's station in Philadelphia. Jump to: navigation, search June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... KCBS-TV, CBS2 Los Angeles is CBS owned and operated television station in the Los Angeles area. ... The National Broadcasting Company or NBC is an American television broadcasting company based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Philco, the Philadelphia Electric Company (formerly known as the Spencer Company), was a pioneer in early radio and television and former employer of Philo Farnsworth, inventor of cathode ray tube television. ... Jump to: navigation, search Independence Hall Philadelphia (sometimes referred to as Philly or the City of Brotherly Love) is the fifth most populous city in the United States and the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, both in area and population. ...

Electromechanical broadcasts began in Germany in 1929, but were without sound until 1934. Network electronic service started on March 22, 1935, on 180 lines using only telecine transmission of film or an intermediate film system. Live transmissions began on January 15, 1936. The Berlin Summer Olympic Games were televised, using both direct television and intermediate film cameras, to 28 public television rooms in Berlin and Hamburg in August 1936. The Germans had a 441-line system on the air in February 1937, and during World War II brought it to France, where they broadcast off the Eiffel Tower. March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in Leap years). ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Telecine is the process of transferring motion picture film to a video format, such as television, or a machine used to complete this process. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Berlin ( ♫), IPA: , is the capital of Germany and its largest city; down from 4. ... The Summer Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event held every four years, organised by the International Olympic Committee. ... Hamburg is Germanys second largest city (after Berlin) and, with the Hamburg Harbour, its principal port. ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that... Jump to: navigation, search The Tower at sunrise The Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel) is a puddled iron tower built on the Champ de Mars, beside the River Seine, in Paris, France. ...

The first British television broadcast was made by Baird Television's electromechanical system over the BBC radio transmitter in September 1929. Baird provided a limited amount of programming five days a week by 1930. On August 22, 1932, BBC launched its own regular service using Baird's 30-line electromechanical system, continuing until September 11, 1935. On November 2, 1936 the BBC began broadcasting a dual-system service, alternating on a weekly basis between Marconi-EMI's 405-line standard and Baird's improved 240-line standard, from Alexandra Palace in London, making the BBC the world's first regular high-definition television service. The corporation decided that Marconi-EMI's electronic picture gave the superior picture, and the Baird system was dropped in February 1937. The outbreak of the Second World War caused the BBC service to be suspended on September 1, 1939, resuming from Alexandra Palace on June 7, 1946. Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. ... Jump to: navigation, search August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ... 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. ... Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. ... BBC One (or BBC1 as it was formerly styled) is the oldest television station in the world. ... Alexandra Palace from the east Alexandra Palace was built on a hill in Muswell Hill in North London in 1873 as a public entertainment centre. ... The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which contains Big Ben London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and of England. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... June 7 is the 158th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (159th in leap years), with 207 days remaining. ... 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

The Soviet Union began offering 30-line electromechanical test broadcasts in Moscow on October 31, 1931, and a commercially manufactured television set in 1932. The first experimental transmissions of electronic television took place in Moscow on March 9, 1937, using equipment manufactured and installed by RCA. Regular broadcasting began on December 31, 1938. October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining, as the final day of October. ... 1931 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA:   listen?) is the capital of Russia, located on the river Moskva. ... March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). ... 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... RCA, formerly an initialism for the Radio Corporation of America, is now a trademark used by two companies for products descended from that common ancestor: Thomson SA, which manufactures consumer electronics like RCA-branded televisions, DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, audio equipment, telephones, and related... Jump to: navigation, search December 31 is the 365th day of the year (366th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1938 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

The first regular television transmissions in Canada began in 1952 when the CBC put two stations on the air, one in Montreal, Quebec on September 6, and another in Toronto, Ontario two days later. 1952 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly known by the abbreviation CBC, is Canadas government-owned radio and television broadcaster. ... This article needs cleanup. ... September 6 is the 249th day of the year (250th in leap years). ... Motto: Diversity Our Strength Map of Ontario Counties, Toronto being red Area: 641 sq. ... September 8 is the 251st day of the year (252nd in leap years). ...

Early portable television set

The first live transcontinental television broadcast took place in San Francisco, California from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference on September 4, 1951. In 1958, the CBC completed the longest television network in the world, from Sydney, Nova Scotia to Victoria, British Columbia. Reportedly, the first continuous live broadcast of a breaking news story in the world was conducted by the CBC during the Springhill Mining Disaster which began on October 23 of that year. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The downtown San Francisco skyline, looking east from the central part of the city. ... Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru of Japan, gave a speech on Reconciliation and rapport (和解と信頼) in 1951 at San Francisco Peace conference. ... September 4 is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1958 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Sydney, Nove Scotia, on Cape Breton Island Sydney is a former city in Nova Scotia, Canada located on its namesake harbour. ... The arms of Victoria. ... The Springhill Mining Disaster is the term often used to refer to three separate Canadian mining disasters which occurred in 1891, 1956, and 1958 in different mines within the Springhill coal field, in close proximity to the town of Springhill in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 69 days remaining. ...

Programming is broadcast on television stations (sometimes called channels). At first, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be distributed. Because bandwidth was limited, government regulation was normal. In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission allowed stations to broadcast advertisements, but insisted on public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license. By contrast, the United Kingdom chose a different route, imposing a television licence fee on owners of television reception equipment, to fund the BBC, which had public service as part of its Royal Charter. Development of cable and satellite means of distribution in the 1970s pushed businessmen to target channels towards a certain audience, and enabled the rise of subscription-based television channels, such as HBO and Sky. Practically every country in the world now has developed at least one television channel. Television has grown up all over the world, enabling every country to share aspects of their culture and society with others. A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ... The FCCs official seal. ... A television licence is an official licence required in some countries for all owners of a television receiver. ... Corporate logo of the British Broadcasting Corporation The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom. ... In the United Kingdom and Canada a Royal Charter is a charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy Council, which creates or gives special status to an incorporated body. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... HBO (Home Box Office) is a premium cable television network. ... British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB - formerly two companies, Sky Television plc and British Satellite Broadcasting) is a company that operates Sky Digital, the most popular subscription television service in the UK and Ireland. ...

By the late 1980s, 98% of all homes in the U.S. had at least one TV set. On average, Americans watch four hours of television per day. An estimated two-thirds of Americans got most of their news about the world from TV, and nearly half got all of their news from TV. These figures are now estimated to be significantly higher. // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ...

Technology

Broadcasting

See broadcast television systems. There are several broadcast television systems in use in the world today. ...

Look up television on Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

There are many means of distributing television broadcasts, including both analogue and digital versions of: Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Logo en:Wiktionary Wiktionary (full URL) is a sister project to Wikipedia intended to be a free wiki dictionary (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ...

• Terrestrial television
• Stratovision (From aircraft flying in a loop)
• Satellite television
• Cable television
• MMDS (Wireless cable)

Terrestrial television (also known as over-the-air or OTA) is the traditional method of television broadcast signal delivery, by radio waves transmitted through open space. ... Stratovision is an airborne television transmission relay system from aircraft flying at high altitudes. ... Satellite television is television delivered by way of orbiting communications satellites located 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the earth’s equator. ... Coaxial cable is often used to transmit cable television into the house Cable television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) (often shortened to cable) is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted directly to people’s televisions through fixed optical... Multichannel multipoint distribution service, also known as MMDS or wireless cable, is a wireless telecommunications technology, used for general-purpose broadband networking or, more commonly, as an alternative method of cable television programming reception. ...

Receiving

TV sets

In television's electromechanical era, commercially made television sets were sold from 1928 to 1934 in the U.K., U.S., and Russia. The earliest commerically made sets sold by Baird in the U.K. and the U.S. in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk (the Nipkow disk) with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The "televisor" was also available without the radio. The Baird televisor sold in 1930-1933 is considered the first mass-produced set, selling about a thousand units. General Name, Symbol, Number neon, Ne, 10 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 20. ... A Nipkow disk is a mechanical, geometrically operating image scanning device (by itself, it performs neither image acquisition or reproduction), invented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, which was primarily used as a fundamental component in mechanical television. ...

The first commercially made electronic television sets with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934, followed by other makers in Britain (1936) and America (1938). The cheapest of the pre-War World II factory-made American sets, a 1938 image-only model with a 3-inch (8 cm) screen, cost US$125, the equivalent of US$1,732 in 2005. The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $445 ($6,256). Jump to: navigation, search Cathode ray tube employing electromagnetic focus and deflection Cutaway rendering of a color CRT The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... Telefunken is a German radio- and television company, founded in 1903. ... The United States dollar, or American dollar, is the official currency of the United States. ... The United States dollar, or American dollar, is the official currency of the United States. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2005 (Roman: MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

An estimated 19,000 electronic television sets were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7,000-8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S. before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, which resumed in October 1945. The War Production Board (WPB) was established in 1942 by executive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ...

Television usage skyrocketed after World War II with war-related technological advances and additional disposable income. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television set in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962. In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968. Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that...

For many years different countries used different technical standards. France initially adopted the German 441-line standard but later upgraded to 819 lines, which gave the highest picture definition of any analogue TV system, approximately four times the resolution of the British 405-line system. Eventually the whole of Europe switched to the 625-line PAL standard, once more following Germany's example. Meanwhile in North America the original NTSC 525-line standard from 1941 was retained. For other meanings of PAL see PAL (disambiguation). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

A television with a VHF "rabbit ears" antenna and a loop UHF antenna.

Television in its original form involves sending images and sound over radio waves in the VHF and UHF bands, which are received by a television set. Over-the-air broadcast television requires an antenna (aerial). This can be an outdoor Yagi antenna. In strong signal areas the antenna can be indoors, attached to or near the receiver, such as an adjustable dipole antenna called "rabbit ears" for the VHF band and a small loop antenna for the UHF band. tv with vhf and uhf antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... tv with vhf and uhf antenna File links The following pages link to this file: Television Categories: GFDL images ... Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz (wavelength 10 m) to 300 MHz (wavelength 1 m). ... This article is about the radio frequency. ... A yagi antenna Most simply, an antenna is an electronic component designed to send or receive radio waves. ... Look up Aerial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Aerial may refer to— a dance move. ... Dr. Hidetsugu Yagi, electrical engineer and professor at Tokyo Imperial University in Japan. ... A half-wave dipole Antenna A dipole antenna is an antenna with two driven elements. ... Aerial redirects here. ...

Modern displays

Starting in the 1990s, modern television sets diverged into three different trends: Jump to: navigation, search // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ...

• standalone TV sets;
• integrated systems with DVD players and/or VHS VCR capabilities built into the TV set itself (mostly for small size TVs with up to 21" screen, the main idea is to have a complete portable system);
• component systems with separate big-screen video monitor, tuner, audio system which the owner connects the pieces together as a high-end home theater system. This approach appeals to videophiles who prefer components that can be upgraded separately.

There are many kinds of video monitors used in modern TV sets. The most common are direct view CRTs for up to 40 inch or 100 cm (in 4:3) and 46 inch or 115 cm (in 16:9) diagonally; most big screen TVs (up to over 100 inch (254 cm)) use projection technology. Three types of projection systems are used in projection TVs: CRT-based, LCD-based, and DLP(reflective micromirror chip)-based. DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... Top view VHS cassette with US Quarter for scale Bottom view of VHS cassette with magnetic tape exposed The Video Home System, first released in 1976, better known by its acronym VHS, is a recording and playing standard for video cassette recorders (VCRs), developed by JVC (with some of its... The video cassette recorder (or VCR, less popularly video tape recorder) is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ... Nineteen inch (48 cm) CRT computer monitor A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphics card. ... A tuner is a device to adjust the resonant frequency of an antenna or transmission line to work most efficiently at one frequency or band of frequencies. ... Audio can mean: Sound that can be heard. ... Home cinema, also called Home theater, seeks to reproduce cinema quality video and audio in the home. ... A Videophile (literally, one who loves sight) is one who is concerned with achieving high-quality results in the recording and playback of movies, TV programs,etc. ... Jump to: navigation, search Cathode ray tube employing electromagnetic focus and deflection Cutaway rendering of a color CRT The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... In mathematics, diagonal has a geometric meaning, and a derived meaning as used in square tables and matrix terminology. ... The word projection can mean more than one thing. ... Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display. ... Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a technology used in projectors and projection televisions. ...

Modern advances have brought flat panels to TV that use active matrix LCD or plasma display technology. Flat panel LCDs and plasma displays are as little as 4 inch or 10 cm thick and can be hung on a wall like a picture or put over a pedestal. They are multifunctional, because they are used like computer monitors too (VGA and DVI or HDMI connections). Flat panel displays encompass a growing number of technologies enabling video displays that are lighter and much thinner than traditional television and video displays using cathode ray tubes, usually less than 10 cm (4 inches) thick. ... An AMLCD (also known as active-matrix liquid crystal display) is a type of flat panel display, currently the overwhelming choice of notebook computer manufacturers, due to light weight, very good image quality, wide color gamut, and response time. ... Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display. ... A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... For the WWII naval operation, see Operation Pedestal Pedestal (from French piedestal, Italian piedestallo, foot of a stall) is a term generally applied to a support, square, octagonal or circular on plan, provided to carry a statue or a vase. ... Jump to: navigation, search A computer is a device or machine for downloading porn information from data according to a program — a compiled list of instructions. ... Video Graphics Array (VGA) is a computer display standard first marketed in 1987 by IBM. VGA belongs to a family of earlier IBM video standards and largely remains backward compatible with them. ... For other meanings of DVI, please see DVI (disambiguation). ... The High-Definition Multi-media Interface (HDMI) is an industry-supported, uncompressed, all-digital audio/video interface. ...

Some TVs integrates a pair of ports to connect computer cases and peripherals to it or to connect the set to an A/V home network (HAVI) (USB port for cord connection and BlueTooth/WiFi for wireless). A tower case featuring a modern design. ... A peripheral ***is ***a ***type ******of ***************computer ***hardware************ ***that ***is ***added ***to ***a ***host ******computer*** ******in ***order ************to ***expand ***its abilities***. ***More ***specifica************lly ***the term ***is ***used ***to describe ***those ***devices ***that ***are optional ***in ***nature***, as ***opposed ***t*********o ***hardware ***that ***is ***either ***demanded***, ***or ***always r*********equired... Video is the technology of processing electronic signals representing moving pictures. ... Home Audio Video Interoperability (HAVi) is a connection to control Audio and Video hardware using FireWire. ... Jump to: navigation, search Type A USB connector Dual images of the two Type B USB connectors, mini and full size, side and front view, compared with a U.S. 5¢ piece (nickel) in both images for scale. ... This article is about the Bluetooth wireless specification. ... Wi-Fi (or Wi-fi, WiFi, Wifi, wifi), short for Wireless Fidelity, is a set of standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) currently based on the IEEE 802. ...

See also: Liquid crystal display television Liquid crystal display television (LCD TV) is, as indicated by its name, a television using LCD technology (generally TFT), as opposed to cathode ray or plasma for its visual output. ...

Today, some LCD and Plama sets have SD Card slots, so users can view pictures from a digital camera. On the new Panasonic LCDs and Plasmas (Viera), users have the capability to record onto SD card and then play it back on a hand-held PC or digital camera (anything that allows MPEG4). With SD cards now available with 1G of memory (soon 2GB, and Panasonic is also working on one that contains over 30GB of memory), a user can record over 1,000 minutes at low quality, and around 80 minutes on the highest quality. The playback of the recording is not brilliant, but these are the first generation. They will get better with time.

Signal connections

The number of ways to connect a video device to a television has increased over the years:

• HDMI - a compact 19 to 29 pin connector that carries digital video and digital audio signals. Essentially an enhanced version of DVI that includes digital audio. This is the most advanced form of connection currently available.

• DVI - a 17 to 29 pin connector that carries digital video signals, designed to carry HDTV but also used in current DVD players and latest digital displays. Copy protection is available using HDCP.

• Component video - three separate RCA jacks (colored red, green and blue) carry three video signals, one brightness (luminance) and two colors (chromas), and is usually referred to as "Y, B-Y, R-Y", "Y Cr Cb" (interlaced) or "Y Pr Pb" (progressive), or YUV. Audio is not carried on this cable. This connection provides for picture quality superior to S-Video and is typically used in home theater for DVDs, satellite and analogue HDTV; less common in Europe but is starting to become more widely available.

• SCART - a large 21 pin connector that may carry: one video signal composite video; or two video signals S-Video; or for picture quality similar to component video, three signals of separate red, green and blue or RGB; or for best picture quality, four video signals of separate red, green, blue and sync or RGBS; plus right and left line-level audio channels; along with a number of control signals including an aspect-ratio flag (e.g. widescreen). This system has been standard in Europe since mid-1980s for all consumer electronics, which meant that RGBS was available on even the earliest PAL DVD players and satellite receivers. Japan uses a 21 pin RGB connector which is visually similar to SCART but with different pin configurations.

• S-Video - small round connector with two separate video signals, one carrying brightness (luminance), the other carrying color (chroma). Also referred to as Y/C video. Provides most of the benefit of component video, with slightly less color fidelity. Use started in the 1980s for S-VHS, Hi-8, and early NTSC DVD players to relay high quality video before component was available. Audio is not carried on this cable.

• Composite video - The most common form of connecting external devices, putting all the video information into one signal. Most televisions provide this option with a yellow RCA jack. Audio is not carried on this cable, though two separate cables with similar red and white RCA jacks for right and left line-level audio are commonly bonded to composite video cables.

• Coaxial RF - All audio channels and picture components are transmitted through one coaxial cable and modulated on a radio frequency. Most TVs manufactured during the past 15–20 years accept coaxial connection, and the video is typically "tuned" on channel 3 or 4. This is the type of cable usually used for cable television. Most modern DVD players and other video devices no longer modulate RF output, so very old TV sets made before composite video jacks became commonplace will need a modulator.

Download high resolution version (1244x590, 65 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The High-Definition Multi-media Interface (HDMI) is an industry-supported, uncompressed, all-digital audio/video interface. ... For other meanings of DVI, please see DVI (disambiguation). ... DVI Connector File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other meanings of DVI, please see DVI (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that High Definition Video be merged into this article or section. ... HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) is a specification developed by Intel Corporation to protect digital audio and video content as it travels across Digital Visual Interface (DVI) or High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) connections. ... Image File history File links ghhg File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... three RCA cables form the component video Component video is a type of analog video information that is transmitted or stored as two or more separate signals (as opposed to composite video, such as NTSC or PAL, which is a single signal). ... A panel of four RCA jacks, and three RCA (cinch; phono) plugs of various quality RCA jack in PlayStation 2 An RCA jack, also referred to as a phono connector or CINCH/AV connector, is a type of electrical connector which is commonly used in the audio/video market. ... Example of U-V color plane, Y value = 0. ... S-Video (also known as Y/C) is a baseband analog video format offering a higher quality signal than composite video, but a lower quality than RGB and component video. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2272x1704, 417 KB) Description: SCART connector, photo taken in Sweden Source: Photo taken by Jonas Bergsten using a Canon PowerShot G3. ... SCART plug Wikimedia Commons has more media related to: SCART SCART (from Syndicat des Constructeurs dAppareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) is a French-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio and video equipment to television sets. ... Composite video is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier. ... S-Video (also known as Y/C) is a baseband analog video format offering a higher quality signal than composite video, but a lower quality than RGB and component video. ... three RCA cables form the component video Component video is a type of analog video information that is transmitted or stored as two or more separate signals (as opposed to composite video, such as NTSC or PAL, which is a single signal). ... The RGB color model utilizes the additive model in which red, green, and blue light are combined in various ways to create other colors. ... Line level is the strength of an audio signal used to transmit analog sound information between audio components such as CD and DVD players, TVs, amplifiers, and mixing consoles. ... World map showing Europe (geographically) When considered a continent, Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, with an area of 10,600,000 km² (4,140,625 square miles), making it larger than Australia only. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... A 4-pin mini-DIN connector using a 75 ohm termination impedance. ... S-Video (also known as Y/C) is a baseband analog video format offering a higher quality signal than composite video, but a lower quality than RGB and component video. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... Introduced in Japan in 1987, S-VHS (Super VHS) was an improved, version of the VHS standard for consumer video cassette recorders. ... A 8mm Camcorder The 8mm Video Format (official name: Video8) is a type of video cassette recorder and video tape. ... This work is copyrighted. ... Composite video is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier. ... A panel of four RCA jacks, and three RCA (cinch; phono) plugs of various quality RCA jack in PlayStation 2 An RCA jack, also referred to as a phono connector or CINCH/AV connector, is a type of electrical connector which is commonly used in the audio/video market. ... Line level is the strength of an audio signal used to transmit analog sound information between audio components such as CD and DVD players, TVs, amplifiers, and mixing consoles. ... Coaxial cable is an electrical cable consisting of a round conducting wire, surrounded by an insulating spacer, surrounded by a cylindrical conducting sheath, and usually surrounded by a final insulating layer. ... For the musical use of modulation, see modulation (music). ... Radio Wave is also the name of a commercial radio station in Blackpool, North West England. ... Coaxial cable is often used to transmit cable television into the house Cable television or Community Antenna Television (CATV) (often shortened to cable) is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted directly to people’s televisions through fixed optical... For the musical use of modulation, see modulation (music). ...

Aspect ratios

All of these early TV systems shared the same aspect ratio of 4:3 which was chosen to match the Academy Ratio used in cinema films at the time. This ratio was also square enough to be conveniently viewed on round cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), which were all that could be produced given the manufacturing technology of the time. (Today's CRT technology allows the manufacture of much wider tubes, and the flat screen technologies which are becoming steadily more popular have no aspect ratio limitations at all.) The aspect ratio of an image is its displayed width divided by its height (usually expressed as x:y). For instance, the aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4:3, or 1. ... The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Flat panel displays encompass a growing number of technologies enabling video displays that are lighter and much thinner than traditional television and video displays using cathode ray tubes, usually less than 10 cm (4 inches) thick. ...

In the 1950s, movie studios moved towards widescreen aspect ratios such as Cinerama in an effort to distance their product from television. Although this was initially just a gimmick widescreen is still the format of choice today and square aspect ratio movies are rare. Some people argued that widescreen is actually a disadvantage when showing objects that are tall instead of panoramic, others would say that natural vision is more panoramic than tall, and therefore widescreen is easier on the eye. // Events and trends The 1950s in Western society was marked with a sharp rise in the economy for the first time in almost 30 years and return to the 1920s-type consumer society built on credit and boom-times, as well as the height of the baby-boom from returning... Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... Art studio Adriaen van Ostade. ... A 32inch CRT widescreen television A widescreen image is a film image with a greater aspect ratio than the ordinary 35 millimeter frame. ... The original Cinerama system is a widescreen process which works by simultaneously projecting images from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge, deeply-curved screen, subtending 146º of arc. ... A gimmick is a unique or quirky special feature that makes something stand out from its contemporaries. ... This article is about the artistic term Panorama. ...

The switch to digital television systems has been used as an opportunity to change the standard television picture format from the old ratio of 4:3 (approximately 1.33:1) to an aspect ratio of 16:9 (approximately 1.78:1). This enables TV to get closer to the aspect ratio of modern widescreen movies, which range from 1.78:1 through 1.85:1 to 2.35:1. There are two methods for transporting widescreen content, the better of which uses what is called anamorphic widescreen format. This format is very similar to the technique used to fit a widescreen movie frame inside a 1.33:1 35mm film frame. The image is squashed horizontally when recorded, then expanded again when played back. The anamorphic widescreen 16:9 format was first introduced via European PAL-Plus television broadcasts and then later on "widescreen" DVDs; the ATSC HDTV system uses straight widescreen format, no image squashing or expanding is used. Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets. ... Film refers to the celluloid media on which movies are printed Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. ... The process of creating a full screen anamorphic image, also known as a full height anamorphic image, involves taking a 16x9, or 1. ... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) is the group that helped to develop the new digital television standard for the United States, also adopted by Canada, Mexico, and South Korea and being considered by other countries. ... It has been suggested that High Definition Video be merged into this article or section. ...

Recently "widescreen" has spread from television to computing where both desktop and laptop computers are commonly equipped with widescreen displays, and it remains to be seen whether Work or movie enjoyment will take over. There are some complaints about distortions of movie picture ratio due to some DVD playback software not taking account of aspect ratios; but this will subside as the DVD playback software matures. Furthermore, computer and laptop widescreen displays are in the 16:10 aspect ratio both physically in size and in pixel counts, and not in 16:9 of consumer televisions, leading to further complexity. This was a result of widescreen computer display engineers' uninformed assumption that people viewing 16:9 content on their computer would prefer that an area of the screen be reserved for playback controls, as opposed to viewing content full-screen. A desktop is the horizontal surface of a desk. ... Laptop with touchpad. ... Work in project management is the amount of effort applied to produce a deliverable or to accomplish a task (a terminal element). ...

Aspect ratio incompatibility

The television industry changing aspect ratios is not without teething difficulties, and can present a considerable problem.

Displaying a widescreen aspect (rectangular) image on a conventional aspect (square) display can be shown:

• in "letterbox" format, with black stripes at the top and bottom
• with part of the image being cropped, usually the extreme left and right of the image being cut off (or in "pan and scan", parts selected by an operator)
• with the image horizontally compressed

A conventional aspect (square) image on a widescreen aspect (rectangular) display can be shown: Letterboxing is the practice of copying widescreen film to video formats while preserving the original aspect ratio. ... Pan and scan is a method of adjusting widescreen film images so that they can be shown within the proportions of an ordinary TV screen, by cropping off the sides of the original widescreen image. ...

• in "pillarbox" format, with black vertical bars to the left and right
• with upper and lower portions of the image cut off
• with the image horizontally distorted

A common compromise is to shoot or create material at an aspect ratio of 14:9, and to lose some image at each side for 4:3 presentation, and some image at top and bottom for 16:9 presentation. Modern double pillar box, Menai Bridge In the UK and the British Commonwealth, a pillar box is a free-standing box where post is deposited to be collected by the Royal Mail and forwarded to the adressee. ...

Horizontal expansion has advantages in situations in which several people are watching the same set, as it compensates for watching at an oblique angle.

Sound

See : NICAM. NICAM (known also as NICAM 728, after the 728 kbit/s bitstream it is sent over), Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex, is a format for digital sound over television. ...

New developments

• Broadcast Flag,The
• CableCARD™
• Digital Light Processing (DLP)
• Digital Rights Management (DRM)
• Digital television (DTV)
• Digital Video Recorders
• Direct Broadcast Satellite TV (DBS)
• DVD
• Flicker-free (100Hz)
• High Definition TV (HDTV)
• High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)
• IPTV
• Internet television
• LCD and Plasma display Flat Screen TV
• Pay Per View
• Picture-in-picture (PiP)
• Video on-demand (VOD)
• Ultra High Definition Video (UHDV)
• Web TV

A broadcast flag is a set of status bits (or flags) sent in the data stream of a digital television program that indicates whether or not it can be recorded, or if there are any restrictions on recorded content. ... CableCARD is the trademarked term for the Point of Deployment module (POD) defined by standards including SCTE 28, SCTE 41, CEA-679 and others. ... For political parties using this acronym, see Democratic Labour Party. ... Digital rights management (DRM)1 is an umbrella term referring to any of several technical methods used to control or restrict the use of digital media content on electronic devices with such technologies installed. ... Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets. ... The personal video recorder (PVR), also called digital video recorder (DVR), is a consumer electronics device that records television shows to a hard disk in digital format. ... Direct broadcast satellite, or DBS, is a relatively recent development in the world of television distribution. ... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. ... Flicker-free is a term given to televisions that operate at 100 Hertz (or 100Hz) to eliminate flicker, compared to standard CRT televisions that operate at 50 or 60 Hertz, depending on country. ... High-definition television (HDTV) means broadcast of television signals with a higher resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL) allow. ... HDMI-plug The High-Definition Multi-media Interface (HDMI) is an industry-supported, uncompressed, all-digital audio/video interface. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... // Origins Because of the increase in Internet connection speeds and the total number of people online, and the decrease in connection costs; it is increasingly common to find traditional television content, accessible freely and legally over the Internet. ... LCD redirects here. ... A plasma display is an emissive flat panel display where light is created by phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat panels of glass. ... Pay-per-view is the system in which television viewers can purchase events to be seen on TV and pay for the private telecast of that event to their homes later. ... Picture in Picture (PIP) allows you to watch more than one TV program(channel) at the same time on television sets or other devices. ... Video on demand systems are systems which allow users to select and watch video content over a network as part of an interactive television system. ... Ultra High Definition Video or UHDV is a digital video format, currently proposed by NHK of Japan. ... A web TV is a specially-adapted television set designed to allow internet connection, or more commonly, a set-top box (i. ...

Geographical usage

Main article: Geographical usage of television Geographical usage of television is a description of where and how television is to be found. ...

Content

Advertising

From the earliest days of the medium, television has been used as a vehicle for advertising. Since their inception in the USA in 1941, TV commercials have become one of the most effective, most pervasive, and most popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. U.S. advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen ratings. The exception to this is the publically-funded British Broadcasting Corporation. Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... // Background From the earliest days of the medium, television has been used as a vehicle for advertising in some countries. ... When TV viewers or entertainment professionals in the United States mention ratings they are generally referring to Nielsen Ratings, a system developed by the New York City-based firm Nielsen Media Research to determine which shows television viewers watch at what times. ... This article is an overview article about the Crown chartered British Broadcasting Corporation formed in 1927. ...

Programming

Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:

1. Original Run or First Run - a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the producers to do the same.
2. Syndication - this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may or may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases other companies, TV stations or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers.

In most countries, the first wave occurs primarily on FTA television, while the second wave happens on subscription TV and in other countries. In the U.S. however, the first wave occurs on the FTA networks and subscription services, and the second wave travels via all means of distribution. In the television industry (as in radio), syndication is the sale of the right to broadcast programs to multiple stations, without going through a broadcast network. ... A television station is a type of radio station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ...

First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the U.S., but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic FTA elsewhere. This practice is increasing however, generally on digital only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first run material appearing on FTA.

Unlike the U.S., repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur only on that network. Also, affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network programming that isn't intensely local.

Social aspects

Alleged dangers

Paralleling television's growing primacy in family life and society, an increasingly vocal chorus of legislators, scientists and parents are raising objections to the uncritical acceptance of the medium. For example, the Swedish government imposed a total ban on advertising to children under twelve in 1991 (see advertising). In the U.S., the National Institute on Media and the Family (not a government agency) points out that U.S. children watch an average of 25 hours of television per week and features studies showing it interferes with the educational and maturational process. This article is about the profession. ... Parenting comprises all the tasks involved in raising a child to an independent adult. ... A male Caucasian toddler child A child (plural: children) is a young human. ... Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ... The hour (symbol: h) is a unit of time. ...

A February 23, 2002 article in Scientific American suggested that compulsive television watching was no different from any other addiction, a finding backed up by reports of withdrawal symptoms among families forced by circumstance to cease watching. February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 2002(MMII) is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Addiction is a compulsion to repeat a behavior regardless of its consequences. ...

A longitudinal study in New Zealand involving 1000 people (from childhood to 26 years of age) demonstrated that "television viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with poor educational achievement by 26 years of age". In other words, the more the child watched television, the less likely he was to finish school and enroll in a university. A professor giving a lecture at the Helsinki University of Technology A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. ...

The 1957 film "A Face in the Crowd" critiques the television industry, in this tale of a TV reporter who turns a hobo into a TV star. Jump to: navigation, search 1957 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Face in the Crowd (1957) is an epic motion picture starring Andy Griffith, Patricia Neal, and Walter Matthau, directed by Elia Kazan. ... A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and presents information in certain types of mass media. ... A hobo is a member of a distinctive sub-culture (hoboism) of homeless, traveling workers in the United States. ...

Technology trends

In its infancy, television was an ephemeral medium. Fans of regular shows planned their schedules so that they could be available to watch their shows at their time of broadcast. The term appointment television was coined by marketers to describe this kind of attachment. TV listings are the lists of programmes that are going to appear on television over the next few days. ...

The viewership's dependence on schedule lessened with the invention of programmable video recorders, such as the Videocassette recorder and the Digital video recorder. Consumers could watch programs on their own schedule once they were broadcast and recorded. Television service providers also offer video on demand, a set of programs which could be watched at any time. The videocassette recorder (or VCR, more commonly known in the British Isles as the video recorder), is a type of video tape recorder that uses removable cassettes containing magnetic tape to record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be played back later. ... The personal video recorder (PVR), also called digital video recorder (DVR), is a consumer electronics device that records television shows to a hard disk in digital format. ...

Both mobile phone networks and the internet are capable of carrying video streams. There is already a fair amount of internet tv, while mobile phone tv is planned to become mainstream, if it can be effectively sold, early in 2006. 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Suitability for audience

Recently, television broadcasting companies have come under fire in the US, for the content of their shows. A flurry of fines by the FCC have fallen on various stations following the Janet Jackson affair at the Super Bowl XXXVIII Halftime Show. Even radio shows have been affected. Measures are being considered to have certain shows only air past certain times of night. Janet Jackson Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966 in Gary, Indiana) is a Grammy winning and Oscar nominated American pop, R&B and soul singer-songwriter and the youngest child of the hugely successful Jackson music family. ... Janet Jackson performs at the Super Bowl XXXVIII Halftime Show. ...

Further reading

• Erik Barnouw: Tube of Plenty: The Evolution of American Television, Oxford University Press 1992.
• Pierre Bourdieu: On Television, The New Press 2001
• Guy Debord: The Society of the Spectacle, Zone Books 1995
• Jacques Derrida, Bernard Stiegler, Echographies of Television, Polity Press 2002
• Jerry Mander, Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television, Perennial 1978

Erik Barnouw (*1908, in Den Haag; † 2001 in Fair Haven, Vermont, USA) was an american media historian. ... Pierre-Félix Bourdieu (August 1, 1930_January 23, 2002) was a French sociologist. ... Guy Debord (December 28, 1931-November 30, 1994) was a member of the Lettrist International, Socialisme ou Barbarie and the founder and chief theorist of the Situationist International (SI). ... Jacques Derrida Jacques Derrida (July 15, 1930 – October 8, 2004) was an Algerian-born French literary critic and philosopher of Jewish descent, most often referenced as the founder of deconstruction. His work had a significant impact on continental philosophy and on literary theory, particularly through his long-time association with... Jerry Mander is an American activist best known for his book Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television (1977), and for his contribution to a book on an unrelated topic, The Great International Paper Airplane Book (1971). ...

References

David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, Tube, the Invention of Television, Counterpoint, Washington D.C. USA, (1996) ISBN 1887178171

Related articles

• Composite monitor
• Electronic field production
• Electronic news gathering
• List of television topics
• List of 'years in television'
• Lists of television channels
• List of television programs
• List of television commercials
• List of television personalities
• List of television series
• List of Australian television series
• List of Canadian television series
• List of US television series
• List of UK television series
• S-video monitor
• Teletext
• TV/VCR combo
• Long distance television reception (TV DX)
• BARB
• TV listings

• filmutea

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Electronic field production (EFP) is a television industry term referring to television production which takes place outside of a formal studio, in a practical location or special venue. ... // Background information ENG is a broadcasting (usually television) industry acronym which stands for electronic news gathering. ... This is a list of topics related to television: Animation and Animated series Broadcasters Audience Research Board Charles Francis Jenkins DVB Federation Without Television Home appliances List of dramedies List of most-watched television episodes List of television comedies without laugh tracks List of TV shows that have switched... This page indexes the individual year in television pages. ... The lists of television channels are grouped by name, country or language: // Lists of television channels by continent List of television channels in Europe List of television channels in Africa List of East Asia television stations (excl. ... This is a listing of topics pertaining to television programs. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This is a list of television personalities. ... This is a listing of television programs. ... This is a list of Australian television series and television programs. ... This is a list of TV shows from the English-speaking provinces of Canada. ... Television shows made for audiences in the fifty states of the United States and the U.S. in general are listed in the Fifty States section. ... This is an incomplete list of TV series that are or were made and shown in the United Kingdom: it does not include foreign-made imports. ... This is an early example of a composite monitor with color graphics marketed for home use. ... A BBC Ceefax page from the 10th September 1999 Teletext is an information retrieval service provided by television broadcast companies. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... TV DX and FM DX are two terms, customarily grouped together, that mean distant reception of TV and FM radio stations, respectively. ... The word barb can have many meanings: A backward-facing point on a fishhook, arrowhead, or similar implement, rendering extraction from the victims flesh more difficult. ... TV listings are the lists of programmes that are going to appear on television over the next few days. ... filmutea is a movement created by independent artists and professionals, for the independent artists and professionals, which is transforming the way we make Film, TV, Theatre and Music. ...

External links

• The Encyclopedia of Television from the Museum of Broadcast Communications
• The Museum of Television & Radio
• Early Electronic TV, from the Early Television Museum in Hilliard, Ohio
• Flow, an online journal edited by graduate students within the Department of Radio-TV-Film at the University of Texas at Austin
• Early Electronic TV
• Zenith creates flat screen crt with 'flat tension mask'.
• Television History
• TV Synchronisation
• Early Television Foundation and Museum
• Television History site from France
• TV Dawn
• What They Don't Want You To Know About Television and Videos
• Episode Guides
• Old TV Shows
• UK Television Programmes
• VisualNet Directory of Film and TV Production Companies and Crew
• TelevisionAU Australian Television History
• Federation Without Television
• TV Turnoff Network
• Online Tv broadcasts
• Rear Projection Televisions How do Rear Projection Televisions Work? What are the Pros and Cons? (theprojectorpros.com)
• The Museum of Television & Radio
• Television Obscurities
• TVParty!
• The Encyclopedia of Television from The Museum of Broadcast Communications has over 1,000 original essays from over 250 contributors on specific programs, people, historic moments, trends, major policy disputes, histories of major television networks as well as broadcasting systems.
• Flow: A Critical Forum on Television and Media Culture