 FIG. 967– Transverse section through the upper margin of the second thoracic vertebra The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax (chest), surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Image File history File links Gray967. ...
Image File history File links Gray967. ...
Diagram of a tsetse fly, showing the head, thorax and abdomen The thorax is a division of an animals body that lies between the head and the abdomen. ...
Loose connective tissue is the most common type of connective tissue in vertebrates. ...
The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the human body (and other animal bodies) that is enclosed by the ribcage and the diaphragm. ...
Anatomy
The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleuræ in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts: The anatomical planes The anatomical position is a schematic convention for describing the relative morphology of the human body. ...
The heart and lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ...
- an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum;
- and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz.:
- that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum;
- that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum;
- and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum.
It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm. The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk. ...
In the anatomy of mammals, the diaphragm is a shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. ...
Structures inside the mediastinum include (note that clinical radiologists and anatomists categorize the mediastinum in slightly different ways):
Superior mediastinum
FIG. 968– A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural and pericardial cavities are exaggerated since normally there is no space between parietal and visceral pleura and between pericardium and heart. The Superior Mediastinum (Fig. 967) is that portion of the interpleural space which lies between the manubrium sterni in front, and the upper thoracic vertebræ behind. It is bounded below by a slightly oblique plane passing backward from the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum to the lower part of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, and laterally by the pleuræ. It contains the origins of the Sternohyoidei and Sternothyreoidei and the lower ends of the Longi colli; the aortic arch; the innominate artery and the thoracic portions of the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries; the innominate veins and the upper half of the superior vena cava; the left highest intercostal vein; the vagus, cardiac, phrenic, and left recurrent nerves; the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct; the remains of the thymus, and some lymph glands. Image File history File links Gray968. ...
Image File history File links Gray968. ...
The manubrium (or manubrium sterni) is the broad, upper part of the sternum. ...
The Sternohyoideus (Sternohyoid muscle) is a thin, narrow muscle, which arises from the posterior border of the medial end of the clavicle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the upper and posterior part of the manubrium sterni. ...
The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated. ...
The brachiocephalic artery (or trunk) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head. ...
The vagus nerve is tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (somewhere in the medulla oblongata) and extends all the way down past the head, right down to the abdomen. ...
This page is about the muscular organ, the Heart. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve) that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). ...
Trachea (IPA: ) is a common biological term for an airway through which respiratory gas transport takes place in organisms. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus), or gullet is the muscular tube in vertebrates through which ingested food passes from the mouth area to the stomach. ...
In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is an important part of the lymphatic system — it is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. ...
In human anatomy, the thymus is a ductless gland located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity. ...
Structure of the lymph node. ...
Inferior mediastinum
Anterior
FIG. 969– The middle and posterior mediastina. Left side. The Anterior Mediastinum (Fig. 968) exists only on the left side where the left pleura diverges from the mid-sternal line. It is bounded in front by the sternum, laterally by the pleuræ, and behind by the pericardium. It is narrow, above, but widens out a little below. Its anterior wall is formed by the left Transversus thoracis and the fifth, sixth, and seventh left costal cartilages. It contains a quantity of loose areolar tissue, some lymphatic vessels which ascend from the convex surface of the liver, two or three anterior mediastinal lymph glands, and the small mediastinal branches of the internal mammary artery. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (621x900, 346 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 20 Mediastinum List of images in Grays Anatomy: XI...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (621x900, 346 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Wikipedia:Grays Anatomy images with missing articles 20 Mediastinum List of images in Grays Anatomy: XI...
The tranversus thoracis lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. ...
In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ...
The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body. ...
In human anatomy, the internal thoracic artery (ITA) (previously known as the internal mammary artery) is a vessel that supplies the chest wall and mamma, a term used for breast in anatomy. ...
Middle The Middle Mediastinum (Fig. 968) is the broadest part of the interpleural space. It contains the heart enclosed in the pericardium, the ascending aorta, the lower half of the superior vena cava with the azygos vein opening into it, the bifurcation of the trachea and the two bronchi, the pulmonary artery dividing into its two branches, the right and left pulmonary veins, the phrenic nerves, and some bronchial lymphatic glands. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels. ...
The arch of the aorta, and its branches. ...
Superior vena cava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
The azygos vein is so named because it is unpaired, having no matching vein on the left side of the body. ...
The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs. ...
The pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. ...
The phrenic nerve arises from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5). ...
Posterior The Posterior Mediastinum (Figs. 968, 969) is an irregular triangular space running parallel with the vertebral column; it is bounded in front by the pericardium above, and by the posterior surface of the diaphragm below, behind by the vertebral column from the lower border of the fourth to the twelfth thoracic vertebra, and on either side by the mediastinal pleura. It contains the thoracic part of the descending aorta, the azygos and the two hemiazygos veins, the vagus and splanchnic nerves, the esophagus, the thoracic duct, and some lymph glands. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels. ...
In the anatomy of mammals, the diaphragm is a shelf of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. ...
A typical thoracic vertebra The thoracic vertebrae (vertebrae thoracales) compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. ...
Different portions of the parietal pleura have received special names which indicate their position: thus, that portion which lines the inner surfaces of the ribs and Intercostales is the costal pleura; that clothing the convex surface of the diaphragm is the diaphragmatic pleura; that which rises into the neck, over...
The largest artery in the human body, the aorta originates from the left ventricle of the heart and brings oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ...
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, azygos vein and their tributaries. ...
The Hemiazygos Vein (vena azygos minor inferior) begins in the left ascending lumbar or renal vein. ...
The vagus nerve is tenth of twelve paired cranial nerves and is the only nerve that starts in the brainstem (somewhere in the medulla oblongata) and extends all the way down past the head, right down to the abdomen. ...
The splanchnic nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system. ...
The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/Å“sophagus), or gullet is the muscular tube in vertebrates through which ingested food passes from the mouth area to the stomach. ...
In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is an important part of the lymphatic system — it is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. ...
Structure of the lymph node. ...
Role in disease The mediastinum is frequently the site of involvement of various cancers. Masses in the anterior portion of the mediastinum can include thymoma, lymphoma, and teratoma. Lung cancer typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the mediastinum. In medicine (oncology), thymoma is a neoplasm of the thymus. ...
Lymphoma is a variety of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. ...
A teratoma is a type of tumor that derives from pluripotent germ cells. ...
Lung cancer is a cancer of the lungs characterized by the presence of malignant tumours. ...
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Main article: approach to mediastinal mass Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress very quickly, this is a serious condition. Anterior mediastinal compartment, also known as anterosuperior compartment, is anterior to the pericardium. ...
Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. ...
Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ...
Subgroups Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum, which can lead to pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumopericardium if left untreated in some cases, though that does not always happen and sometimes those conditions actually are the cause, not the result, of pneumomediastinum. Pneumomediastinum (Source: http://www. ...
In medicine (pulmonology), a pneumothorax or collapsed lung is a medical emergency caused by the collapse of the lung within the chest cavity. ...
Pneumoperitoneum is air or gas in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, usually seen on x-ray. ...
These two conditions frequently accompany Boerhaave's syndrome, or spontaneous esophageal rupture. Boerhaaves syndrome (also called Boerhaave syndrome) is rupture of the esophagus. ...
The esophagus, oe/œsophagus*, or gullet is the muscular tube in vertebrates through which ingested food passes from the mouth area to the stomach. ...
See also Widened mediastinum is a mediastinum with a measured width greater than 8 cm on chest X-ray. ...
External links Gray's s239 This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated. Please edit the article if this is the case, and feel free to remove this notice when it is no longer relevant. GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs. ...
An illustration from the 1918 edition Henry Grays Anatomy of the Human Body, commonly known as Grays Anatomy, is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. ...
The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
An illustration from the 1918 edition Henry Grays Anatomy of the Human Body, commonly known as Grays Anatomy, is an anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on human anatomy. ...
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