Alfalfa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Tribe: Trifolieae Genus: Medicago
Species
Medicago arabica Medicago heldreichii Medicago hybrida Medicago laciniata Medicago littoralis Medicago lupulina Medicago minima Medicago monantha Medicago monspeliaca Medicago orbicularis Medicago polymorpha Medicago praecox Medicago rigidula Medicago rugosa Medicago ruthenica Medicago sativa Medicago scutellata Medicago secundiflora Medicago truncatula Medicago turbinata
Ref: ITIS 183622 (http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183622) as of 2002-07-31

Alfalfa (family: Fabaceae, the pea family) is a genus of perennial flowering plant, Medicago, most commonly referring to M. sativa L., also called lucerne.

Alfalfa is a perennial plant, living from five to twelve years, depending on variety and climate. It is a cool season perennial legume, growing to a height of 1 metre. It resembles clover with clusters of small purple flowers. It also has a deep root system sometimes stretching to 4.5 meters. This makes it very resilient, especially to droughts.

Alfalfa is native to Europe being found worldwide and most likely originated in the middle east, probably in Iran. It is widely grown throughout the world as forage for cattle most often harvested as hay having the highest feeding value of all common hay crops, being used less frequently as pasture or haylage. Like other legumes, it has the ability to fix nitrogen, producing a high-protein feed regardless of available nitrogen in the soil.

Its wide cultivation beginning in the seventeenth century was an important advance in European agriculture. Its nitrogen-fixing ability and use as animal feed greatly improved agricultural efficiency. When grown on soils where it is well-adapted, alfalfa is the highest yielding forage plant.

Alfalfa is one of the few plants that exhibit autotoxicity. Alfalfa seed will not grow in existing stands of alfalfa because of this. Therefore, alfalfa fields must be plowed down or rotated before reseeding.

Alfalfa sprouts are used as salad ingredient in the United States and Australia. The leading Alfalfa growing states are Wisconsin and California, with most of the latter state's production occurring in the Mojave Desert by means of irrigation provided by the California Aqueduct. Alfalfa is believed to be a galactagogue.

A few other species of Medicago are called alfalfa; others are called medick, barrelclover, or burclover.

Culture

Alfalfa can be sown spring or fall, and does best on well-drained soils with a neutral pH (6.8-7.5). Alfalfa requires a great deal of potash; soils low in fertility should be fertilzed with manure or a chemical fertilizer. Usually a seeding rate of 13 - 17 kg/hectare (12 - 15 lb/acre) in climatic acceptable regions and a rate of 22 kg/hectare (20 lb/acre) in southern regions is used . A nurse crop is often used, particularly for spring plantings, to reduce weed problems. Herbicides are sometimes used instead.

In most climates, alfalfa is cut three or four times a year. Total yields are typically around 1 tonne/hectare (4 ton/acre) but vary regionally and with weather, and with stage of maturity when cut. Later cuttings improve yield but reduce nutritional content.

The alfalfa leafhopper can reduce yields dramatically, particularly with the second cutting when weather is warmest. Chemical controls are sometimes used to prevent this. Alfalfa is also susceptible to Texas Root Rot.

Alfalfa seed production requires cultured pollinators to be provided for the fields when in bloom. The pollinator of choice are the ground nesting alfalfa leafcutter bee, which is cultured in special beds near the seed fields, or honeybees which are trucked to the fields when needed.

Varieties

Considerable research and development has been done with this important plant. The "Vernal" variety was introduced c. 1970 and was the standard for years to come. Many better public and private varieties are available now, and are adapted to the needs of particular climates.

Most of the improvements in alfalfa over the last decades have been in disease resistance, improved ability to overwinter in cold climates, and multileaf traits. Disease resistance is important because it improves the usefulness of alfalfa on poorly drained soils, and during wet years.

Multileaf alfalfa has more than three leaflets per leaf. It has a higher nutitional content by weight because there is relatively more leafy matter for the same amount of stem.

External links

• Photos of moving honeybees to alfalfa (http://www.ellendick.com/wildbees/)
• Use of the Alfalfa Leafcutter Bee Growing in California (http://www.pollination.com/PublicationsResearch/IPSpub01.htm)

Alfalfa was also a fictional character played by Carl Switzer in the Our Gang (Little Rascals) short film series.