Medical terminology is a process of accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a science based manner. This systematic approach to word building and term comprehension is based on the concept of: (1) Word roots, (2) Prefixes, and (3) Suffixes. The word root is a term derived from a source language such as Greek or Latin and usually describes a body part. The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Prefix has meanings in linguistics, mathematics and computer science, and telecommunications. ... Suffix has meanings in linguistics and nomenclature. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

In the process of creating medical terminology, certain rules of language apply. These rules are part of language mechanics called linguistics. So, when a term is developed, some logical process is applied. The word root is developed to include a vowel sound following the term to add a smoothing action to the sound of the word when applying a suffix. The result is the formation of a new term with a vowel attached (word root + vowel) called a combining form. In English, the most common vowel used in the formation of the combining form is the letter O, added to the word root. (See: linguistics) Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, and someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. ...

Prefixes do not require further modification to be added to a word root because the prefix normally ends in a vowel or vowel sound.

Suffixes are categorized as either (1) needing the combining form, or (2) not needing the combining form since they start with a vowel.

Decoding the medical term is an important process, (See: Morphology listed below under External Links). Once experience is gained in the process of forming and decoding medical terminology, the process begins to make sense and becomes easier. One approach involves breaking down the word by evaluating the meaning of the suffix first, then perfix, and finally the word root. This will generally produce a good result for the experienced health care professional. When in doubt, the result should be verified by a medical terminology dictionary. The process of learning a new language, such as medical terminology, is a challenging, yet attainable goal as the basic rules, once learned make the process easier. (See Applied Linguistics in External Links, below.)

One quick reference online is the use of a dictionary search engine. The search engine allows for a medical term to be input into a dialogue box and a search initiated. There are also numerous online medical dictionaries to select from. Once a term is located, the response will be subdivided into several basic formats including: General usage, Medicine, Law, Business, and others.

The use of a medical dictionary or Internet search engine is most helpful in learning the exact meaning of a medical term. However, if the basic concepts of word building are understood, many words are understandable to the student of medical terminology.

Reference:

• Basic Greek and Latin for understanding science and medicine

Discussion

In forming or understanding a word root, a basic comprehension of the term and the source language is needed. The study of the origin of words is called etymology. For example, if a word was to be formed to indicate a condition of kidneys, there are two primary words one from Greek (Nephr/o) and one from Latin (Ren/o). Renal failure would be a condition of kidneys, and nephritis is also a condition, or inflammation, of the kidneys. The suffix "itis" means inflammation, and the entire word conveys the meaning inflammation of the kidney. To contine using these terms, other combinations will be presented for the purpose of examples. The term 'suprarenal is a combination of the prefix, supra = above, and the word root for kidney, and the entire word means situated above the kidneys. A nephrologist combines kidney to the suffix "ologist" means one who studies the kidneys. Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ... Renal failure is the condition where the kidneys fail to function properly. ... Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removed The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates. ... A nephrologist is a physician who has been trained in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease, kidney transplantation, therapy of high blood pressure, and dialysis. ...

In medical terminology, the word root is not usually capable of being used alone as a complete word in a sentence. This is different than a word root from standard English. The medical word root is taken from a different source language, so it will not be able to be used logically as a stand alone term. A suffix or prefix must be added to make a usable medical term. For example the term for heart is cardiacus, shortened to cardi in Latin. If a person is suffering from a heart related illness, the statement, "The patient suffered a cardi event," would not make sense. However, with the addition of a prefix "ac", the statement would be modified to read, "The patient suffered a cardiac event" is now an acceptable use of medical terminology. The process is different in standard English because the word roots are capable of standing alone in a sentence. For example, the word eye is a word root in English that can be used without modification in a sentence.

An additional challenge to the student of medical terminology is the formation of the plural of a word must be done using the rules of forming the proper plural form as used in the source language. This is more difficult than in English, were adding "s" or "es" is the rule. Greek and Latin each have differing rules to be applied when forming the plural form of the word root. The use of a medical terminology dictionary (listed in External links below)

There is also another rule of medical terminology to be recognised by the student. When more than one body part is used in the formation of a medical term, the individual word roots are joined together by using the combining form using the letter "O" to indicate the joining together of various body parts. For example if there is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, this would be written as 'gastro and enter plus itis, gastroenteritis. In this example, the "O" signifies the joining together of two body parts. Gastroenteritis involves diarrhea or vomiting, with noninflammatory infection of the upper small bowel, or inflammatory infection of the colon, both part of the gastrointestinal tract. ...

See also

• • Etymology
  • Morphology (linguistics)
  • Root (linguistics)
  • Lists of etymologies
  • Applied linguistics

Etymology is the study of the origins of words. ... Morphology is a subdiscipline of linguistics that studies word structure. ... The root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. ... This is a list of etymological lists. ... Applied linguistics is concerned with using linguistic theory to address real-world problems. ...

External links

For a comprehensive discussion and reference table of medical terms, visit:

• Basic Greek and Latin for understanding science and medicine

• Onelook Dictionary Search, Medical Terminology Search Engine
• Stedman's Online Medical Dictionary, 27th Edition
• University of Maryland Glossary of Medical Terms, includes translator feature for Spanish
• MedTerms.com Medical Dictionary
• Medical Etymology Anatomy
• Medical Terminology Web, resource guide for Chinese medicine terms and free online Med Term quizzes under Self assesment