The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page.

Medieval systems of weights and measures arose from earlier systems. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

From medieval guilds and trade associations to banks, and from church to state, everyone had vested interests in keeping weights and measures the same. Over time even nonessential changes, like the definition of the inch as three barleycorns, caused widespread confusion and concern. Every time they changed they changed to the advantage of one group and the detriment of another. The essential function of a bank is to provide services related to the storing of deposits and the extending of credit. ... An ecclesia is one of the four members of the most common sociological typology of religious groups -- the other three are the denomination, the sect and the cult. ... A state is an organized political community occupying a definite territory, having an organized government, and possessing internal and external sovereignty. ...

Whenever things were changed, as by a king ordering churchgoers to stand in line so the average of their feet could form the basis of a new standard, the essential parts of much older systems were retained by the administrators and judges because they defined property. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The word standard has several meanings: Classically, standard referred to a flag or banner; especially, a national or other ensign carried into battle; thus standard bearer indicates the one who bears, or carries, the standard. ... A judge or justice is an appointed or elected official who presides over a court. ... // Use of the term The concept of property or ownership has no single or universally accepted definition. ...

One example of how this worked occured during the French Revolution when French revolutionaries attempted to use the confusion of definitions to their advantage in order to overthrow the feudal system. They conspired to further confuse the definition of ancient obligations of land in return for service, through their support of the expert authority of various savants who were busily modifying the ancient standards of measure into the metric system. During the French Revolution (1789–1799) democracy and republicanism overthrew the absolute monarchy in France, and the French portion of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. ... Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ... An obligation can be legal or moral. ... A savant (suh-VAHNT) is a learned person, well versed in literature or science, often with an exceptional skill in a specialized field of learning. ...

Up to then it had always been counted among the divine rights of kings and popes to establish the standards of what was right and proper and equitable. Now the ability of scientists to measure, weigh, and judge accurately made it difficult if not impossible for church and state to simply decree rather than measure, weigh, and judge by the standards of science what was due them.

This made it somewhat difficult to establish and collect their tithes and taxes without turning to the experts for the arbitration of disputes. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ... Arbitration, in the context of law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution — specifically, a legal alternative to litigation whereby the parties to a dispute agree to submit their respective positions (through agreement or hearing) to a neutral third party (the arbitrator(s) or arbiter(s)) for resolution. ...

Earlier during the crusades many Europeans had encountered familiar units of measure in the Ancient Near East. By the Renaissance the study of Greek and Roman measures and canons of proportion had been extended to the study of Egypt. Overview map of the Ancient Near East The term Ancient Near East or Ancient Orient encompasses the early civilizations predating Classical Antiquity in the region roughly corresponding to that described by the modern term Middle East (Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, Anatolia), during the time roughly spanning the Bronze Age from... By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance *French Renaissance *German Renaissance *English Renaissance The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ...

Sir Isaac Newton was only one of many medieval scholars fascinated by the stability of earlier systems that it was thought might be reestablished and overcome the confusion of the Middle Ages as to what should be the proper standard for the common system. bitch!11 ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

The French metric system which re-introduced the innovative concept of decimalizing the ancient standards as the Greeks had done was first proposed by the Abbe Mouton in 1670. Gabriel Mouton (1618–1694) was a French abbot and scientist. ...

English System

The English mile and its subdivisions of length, area and volume was derived from the Greek Milos which spread widely through Europe North from the Danube as far West as the Rhine by about 800 BC. A mile is any of several units of distance, or, in physics terminology, of length. ... Length 2,888 km Elevation of the source 1,078  m Average discharge 30 km before Passau: 580 m³/s Vienna: 1,900 m³/s Budapest: 2,350 m³/s Belgrade: 4,000 m³/s just before Delta: 6,500  m³/s Area watershed 817,000  km² Origin  Black Forest... The Rhine canyon (Ruinaulta) in Graubünden in Switzerland Length 1,320 km Elevation of the source Vorderrhein: approx. ...

Within a millennium the Romans had substituted the milliare for the milos everywhere to the west of that. The so called Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) system of measure based on the units of the barleycorn and the gyrd (rod) were traced by the Roman surveyor Hyginus Gromaticus back to Claudius Ptolomaeus as the Romans first entered Germanica. A map showing the general locations of the major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms The Anglo-Saxons were originally a collection of differing Germanic tribes from Angeln—a peninsula in the southern part of Schleswig, protruding into the Baltic Sea, and what is now Lower Saxony, in the north-west coast of... Barleycorn may mean: a grain of barley unit of length equal to 1/3 (see Medieval weights and measures) John Barleycorn, an ancient folksong This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Claudius Ptolemaeus, given contemporary German styling, in a 16th century engraved book frontispiece . Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος; ca. ...

Normanized Roman units from Hispania and Gaul introduced further modifications after 1066 under the influence of William the Conqueror. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (from Latin Gallia, c. ... William I ( 1027 – September 9, 1087), was King of England from 1066 to 1087. ...

Later development of the English system continued by defining the units by law in the Magna Carta of 1215, and issuing measurement standards from the then capital Winchester. Standards were renewed in 1496, 1588 and 1758. Magna Carta placed certain checks on the absolute power of the English Monarchs. ...

The last Imperial Standard Yard in bronze was made in 1845; it served as the standard in the United Kingdom until the yard was internationally redefined as 0.9144 metre in 1959 (statutory implementation there: Weights and Measures Act of 1963).

Much of the units would go on to be used in later Imperial units and in the U.S. system, which are based on the English system from the 1700s This article is about post-1824 Imperial units, please see also English unit, U.S. customary unit or Avoirdupois. ... The U.S. customary units, commonly known in the United States as English units or standard units, are the non-metric units of measurement that are currently used in the U.S., in some cases alongside the metric system of units. ...

Danish system

The Danes started with a system based on a Greek pous of 308.4 mm which they picked up through trade in the late bronze age early iron age. Some early standards of measure can be recovered from measured drawings made of the 52 1/2 foot long Hjortspring boat which though dating to the early iron age exemplifies plank built vessels of the late bronze age and the 82 ft long Nydam ship. Thwarts are typically spaced about 3 fod apart. From May 1, 1683, King Christian V of Denmark introduced an office to oversee weights and measures, a justervæsen, first led by Ole Rømer. The definition of the alen was set to 2 Rhine feet. Rømer later discovered that differing standards for the Rhine foot existed, and in 1698 an iron Copenhagen standard was made. A pendulum definition for the foot was first suggested by Rømer, introduced in 1820, and changed in 1835. The metric system was introduced in 1907. May 1 is the 121st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (122nd in leap years). ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... Christian V (April 15, 1646 - August 25, 1699), was king of Denmark and Norway from 1670-1699. ... Ole Rømer. ... Events January 4 - Palace of Whitehall in London is destroyed by fire. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... Copenhagen (Danish: København) is the capital and largest city of Denmark. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1907 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Length

• mil – Danish mile. Towards the end of the 17th century, Ole Rømer, Mercator and other contemporaries of the great Dutch cartographer Thisus began following Claudius Ptolomy in connecting the mile to the great circle of the earth, and Roemer defined it as 12,000 alen. This definition was adopted in 1816 as the Prussian Meile. The coordinated definition from 1835 was 7.532 km. Earlier, there were many variants, the most commonplace the Sjællandsk miil of 17,600 alen or 11.13 km.
• palme – palm, for circumference, 8.86 cm
• alen – forearm, 2 fod
• fod – about 313.85 mm in most recent usage. Defined as a Rheinfuss 314.07 mm from 1683, before that 314.1 mm with variations.
• kvarter – quarter, 1/4 alen
• tomme – thumb (inch), 1/12 fod
• linie – line, 1/12 tomme
• skrupel – scruple, 1/12 linie

(16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) is the largest island of Denmark. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ...

Volume

• potte – pot, from 1683 1/32 fot³, about 966 ml in 19th and 20th centuries
• smørtønde – barrel of butter, from 1683 136 potter
• korntønde – barrel of corn (grain), from 1683 144 potter

Weight

• pund – pound, from 1683 the weight of 1/62 fot³ of water, 499.75 g

Miscellaneous

• dusin – dozen, 12
• snes – score, 20
• gross – gross, 144

Dutch system

The Dutch system was not standardized until Napoleon introduced the metric system. Different towns used measures with the same names but differing sizes.

Some common measures:

Weight

• ons, once – 1/16 pond = 30.881 g
• pond (Amsterdam) – 494.09 grams (other ponds were also in use)
• scheepslast – 4000 Amsterdam pond = 1976.4 kg = 2.1786 short tons

Length

• duim – 25.4 mm
• kleine palm – 30 mm
• grote palm – 96 mm, after 1820, 100 m
• voet – 12 duim = abt. 295.4 mm, many local variations
• el – about 700 mm

Volume

• pint – 0.6 l

Finnish system

In Finland, approximate measures derived from body parts and were used for a long time, some being later standardised for the purpose of commerce. Some Swedish, and later some Russian units have also been used.

• vaaksa – The distance between the tips of little finger and thumb, when the fingers are fully extended.
• kyynärä – (c. 60 cm) The distance from the elbow to the fingertips.
• syli – Fathom, (c. 180 cm) the distance between the fingertips of both hands when the arms are raised horizontally on the sides.
• virsta – 2672 m (Swedish) 1068.84 m (Russian)
• peninkulma – (c. 10 km) The distance a barking dog can be heard in still air.
• poronkusema – (c. 7.5 km) The distance a reindeer walks between two spots it urinates on. This unit originates from Lapland.
• leiviskä – (8.5004 kg)
• kappa – (5.4961 l) Still in use at market places to measure potatoes.
• tynnyrinala – (4936.5 m²) The area (of field) that could be sown with one barrel of grain.
• kannu – (2,6172 l)
• kortteli – Used for both length (14.845 cm) and volume (3.2715 dl).

Binomial name Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) The reindeer, known as caribou in North America, is an Arctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ... National anthem Sámi soga lávlla Languages Sami, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Russian Area ca. ...

French system

In France, again, there were many local variants. For instance, the lieue could vary from 3.268 km in Beauce to 5.849 km in Provence. Between 1812 and 1839, many of the traditional units continued in metrified adaptations as the mesures usuelles. Beauce is an historical region in northern France, located between the Seine and Loire rivers. ... Provence is a former Roman province and is now a region of southeastern France, located on the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Frances border with Italy. ...

In Paris, the redefinition in terms of metric units made 1 m = 443.296 ligne = 3 pied 11.296 ligne.

In Quebec, the surveys in French units were converted using the relationship 1 pied (of the French variety; the same word is used for English feet as well) = 12.789 inches (of English origin). Thus a square arpent was 5299296.0804 in² or about 36,801 ft² or 0.8448 acre.

There were many local variations; the metric conversions below apply to the Quebec and Paris definitions.

Length

• lieue commune – French land league, 4.452 km, 1/25 Equatorial degree
• 1 Roman cubit = 444 mm so 1000 roman cubits = 4.44 km, a closer aproximation to 1/25 degree
• lieue marine – French (late) sea league, 5.556 km, 3 nautical miles.
• lieue de poste – Legal league, 2000 toises, 3.898 km
• lieue metrique – Metric system adaptation, 4.000 km
• arpent – 30 toises or 180 pieds, 58.471 m
• toise – Fathom, 6 pieds.
• Originally introduced by Charlemagne in 790, it is now considered to be 1.949 m.
• pied – Foot, varied through times, the Paris pied de roi is 324.84 mm. Used by Coulomb in manuscripts relating to the inverse square law of electrostatic repulsion. Isaac Newton used the "Paris foot" in his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
• pouce – Inch, 1/12 pied 27.070 mm
• ligne – 1/12 pouce 2.2558 mm

A nautical mile is a unit of length. ... Charlemagne is also the name of a column in The Economist on European affairs Charlemagne (c. ... Events A revolt against Empress Irene leads to Constantine VI being declared sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. ... Portrait of Coulomb Charles Augustin Coulomb (June 14, 1736 – August 23, 1806) was a French physicist. ... bitch!11 ... Newtons own copy of his Principia, with hand written corrections for the second edition. ...

Area

• arpent – square arpent, 900 square toises, 3419 m²

Volume

• litron – 0.831018 liters
• minot – 34 - 38 liters

A minot is an old unit of dry volume, used in France prior to metrication. ...

Weight

• quintal – 100 livres, 48.95 kg
• livre – 0.4895 kg

The quintal is an historical unit of mass with many different definitions in different countries. ...

German system

It's interesting how many of the German Meile make a geocentric cluster

around either 5 Greek Milos of 7.4 km. or a whole number subdivision or multiple of it.

While up to the introduction of the metric system,

almost every town in Germany had their own definitions and

it is said that by 1810, in Baden alone, there were 112 different Ellen,

most divide fairly well into a degree.

Length

5 Greek Milos = 7400 m

Meile – A German geographische Meile or Gemeine deutsche Meile

was defined as 7.420 km, but there were a wealth of variants:

Böhmen – 7498 m

Bayern – 7415 m, connected to a 1/15 Equatorial degree as 25406 Bavarian feet.

Württemberg – 7449 m

Reichsmeile – New mile when the metric system was introduced,

7.5 km. Prohibited by law in 1908.

Anhalt – 7532 m

the Danish mile at 7532 m, or 24000 Prussian feet. Also known as Landmeile

Sachsen – Postmeile, 7500 m. Also 9062 m or 32000 feet in Dresden

Hamburg (Prussia) – In 1816, king Frederick William III of Prussia

adopted the Danish mile at 7532 m, or 24000 Prussian feet. Also known as Landmeile

Vienna – 7586 m

6 Greek Milos = 8880 m

Schleswig-Holstein – 8803 m

Baden – 8889 m before 1810, 8944 m before 1871, 8000 m

6.25 Roman milliare of 625 Roman feet = 9250 m

Hessen-Kassel – 9206 m

Lippe-Detmold – 9264 m

7.5 Roman milliare = 11100 m

Westfalen – 11100 m, but also 9250 m

Oldenburg – 9894 m

3 Greek Milos = 4440 m

Rheinland – 4119 m

Pfalz – 4630 m

Brabant – 5000 m

Osnabrück – 5160 m

Other variants

Wiesbaden – 1000 m

Rute – Roman origin, use as land measure.

Schainos – Uncertain use, between 10 and 12 km, (11.1 km = 1/10 degree =)

Wegstunde – One hours travel, used up to the 18th century.

In Germany 1/2 Meile or 3.71 km, in Switzerland 16000 feet or 4,8 km

Stadion – 1/8 Greek Milos

Often definitions appear to be different but are just unit fractions ie;

10, 12, 14, 15, 18 or 20 feet,

The same is true of apparent variations between approx. 3 and 5 m.

Klafter – Fathom, usually 6 feet.

Regional changes from 1.75 m in Baden to 3 m in Switzerland.

Elle – Distance between elbow and finger tip.

In the North, often 2 feet, In Prussia 17 / 8 feet,

in the South variable, often 2 1/2 feet.

The smallest known German elle is 402.8 mm, the longest 811 mm.

Fuss – The foot varied between 23.51 cm in Wesel and 40.83 cm in Trier.

Rheinfuss – Rhine foot, used in the North, 31.387 cm

Zoll – Inch. Usually 1 / 12 foot, but also 1 / 10.

Linie – Usually 1 / 12 inch, but also 1 / 10.

Volume

• Klafter – For firewood, 2.905 m³

Norwegian system

Like the Danes the Norwegians earliest standards of measure can be derived from their ship burials. The 60 ft long Kvalsund boat was built c 700 AD and differs from the Danish boats less than it does from the Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune which are all c 800 AD. Thwarts are typically spaced about 3 fot apart. rastThe oldest reference to this road corridor appears to originate in Iceland. The Icelandic abbot Nicolaus travelled in the middle of the 12th century this way by way of Norway to Ålborg and then passing Viborg, Skodborg Å, Hedeby, Slesvig, the Eider river and Itzehoe to the Elbe. It took him two days from Ålborg to Viborg and then a week from there to Hedeby. This must mean a day´s journey of between 30 and 40 km. This distance corresponds well to the distance between night refuges (härbärgen, själastugor) in Swedish Värmland on the pilgrim route to Nidaros or for that matter other experiences like the stages of c 40 km a day on the route to Rome.

Hærvejen was in Scandinavia the first part of the regular pilgrim land route to Santiago de Compostela or Rome. During the passage the church of Kliplev in Sønderjylland served as an important goal in its own right. The cult figure was a statue of Christ, called St. Hjælper, which is mentioned as a recipient in the will of Queen Margaret I in AD 1416. As we shall see this need not be mere coincidence. Queen Margaret I was instrumental in bringing the road organization in order. The end of this kind of traffic came with the reformation (in Denmark in AD 1536; for medieval pilgrimage in the North cf Andersson 1989).

As indicated by its most wellknown name this was a military road as well. At the Hærvejen corridor several important battles took place. One of the most fateful was the battle at Grathe Hede in AD 1157, where king Svend Grathe lost his life and the glorious era of the Valdemars began in Denmark.

In conformity with the common law of Queen Margaret I from AD 1396 the bailiffs of the realm were ordered to build an inn every fourth mil (30 km) at the principal roads. These later developped into the privileged royal inns which in principle also kept this allotted distance. This is approximately what was counted as a normal day´s journey with horse and carriage at the time (more exactly 33 km, which is in fact 4 units of a rast or a vika/ ugesøs at sea; 1 vika being 8,3 km; below). The first regular roads with a continuous causeway or bank were constructed during the reign of king Frederk III in the 1580´s. But this kind of roads was mainly intended for the benefit of the king himself on his travels between various royal residences. Only a few of them were parallel to common roads. During the 17th century a wagon normally was driven with a speed of 4 km an hour. This means that a day´s journey took 8 hours. However, in later ordinances an inn was stipulated for every 2 1/2 mil (=20 km), which meant food, drink and a possible overnight stay for every fifth hour. A daily journey of 8 hours was evidently considered unrealistic even in late historical times. see rast farther down the page-->and local variants flourished. In 1541, an alen in Denmark and Norway was defined by law to be the Sjælland alen. Subsequently, the alen was defined by law as 2 Rhine feet from 1683. From 1824, the basic unit was defined as a fot being derived from astronomy as the length of a one second pendulum times 12/38 at a latitude of 45°. The metric system was introduced in 1887. Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) is the largest island of Denmark. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... In ancient Greece and other early civilizations, astronomy consisted largely of astrometry, measuring positions of stars and planets in the sky. ... Latitude, denoted by the Greek letter φ, gives the location of a place on Earth north or south of the Equator. ... The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... 1887 is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ...

Length

• skrupel – scruple, 1/12 linje or approx. 0.18 mm.
• linje – line, 1/12 tomme or approx. 2.18 mm
• tomme – thumb (inch), 1/12 fot, approx. 26.1 mm. This unit was commonly used for measuring timber until the 1970s. Nowadays, the word refers invariably to the English inch, 25.4 mm.
• kvarter – quarter, 1/4 alen.
• fot – foot, 1/2 alen. From 1824, 313.74 mm.
• alen – forearm, 627.48 mm from 1824, 627.5 mm from 1683, 632.6 mm from 1541. Before that, local variants.
• favn – fathom (pl. favner), 3 alen, 1.882 m.
• stang – rod, 5 alen or 3.1374 m
• lås – 15 favner, 28.2 m
• fjerdingsvei – quarter mile, alt. fjerding, 1/4 mil, i.e. 2.82 km.
• mil or landmil – Norwegian mile, spelled miil prior to 1862, 18,000 alen or 11.295 km. Before 1683, a mil was defined as 17600 alen or 11.13 km. Another old land-mile, 11.824 km. The unit survives to this day, but in a metric 10 km adaptation
• rast –lit. "rest", the old name of the mil. A suitable distance between rests when walking. Believed to be approx. 9 km before 1541.
• steinkast – stone's throw, perhaps 25 favner, used to this day as a very approximate measure.

This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... The Imperial units are an irregularly standardized system of units that have been used in the United Kingdom and its former colonies, including the Commonwealth countries. ... Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch An inch is an Imperial and U.S. customary unit of length. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... A fathom is a unit of measure equal to 2 yards or 6 feet, or 1. ... M is the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet. ... A mile is any of several units of distance, or, in physics terminology, of length. ... 1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language Comoros (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code) the Michaelis-Menten constant Km, see Michaelis-Menten kinetics Kamenz (district), Germany (license plate indication) Messenia, Greece (license plate indication... The International System of Units (symbol: SI) (for the French phrase Syst me International dUnit s) is the most widely used system of units. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ...

Nautical

• favn – fathom (pl. favner), 3 alen, 1.88 m
• kabellengde – cable length, 100 favner188 m, or 1/10 international nautical mile, 185.2 m
• kvartmil – quarter mile, 10 kabellengder, 1852 m
• sjømil – sea mile, now often the international nautical mile, 1.852 km, but also used for other nautical miles and the geografisk mil
• geografisk mil – 7421 m or 4.007 nautical miles, defined as 1/15 Equatorial degree or 4 minutes of arc.

A cable length is a nautical unit of measure, for which at least four definitions seem to exist: Common definition: 1/10 nautical mile, i. ...

Area

• mål – 100 kvadrat rode, 984 m². The unit survives to this day, but in a 1000 m² adaptation, synonym for the metric dekar.
• kvadrat rode – square stang, 9.84 m²
• tønneland – "barrel of land", 4 mål

Volume

• favn – 1 alen by 1 favn by 1 favn, 2.232 m³, used for measuring firewood to this day.
• skjeppe – 1/8 tønne, i.e. 17.4 l.
• tønne – barrel, 4.5 fot³, 138.9 l.

L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. ... L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. ...

Weight

• ort – 0.9735 g
• merke (pl. merker) – , 1/2 pund, 249.4 g, 218.7 g before 1683.
• pund – Pound, alt. skålpund, 2 merker 0.4984 kg, was 0.46665 kg before 1683
• laup – used for butter, 17.93 kg (approx. 16.2 l). 1 laup is 3 pund or 4 spann or 72 merker.
• spann – Same as laup, for other commodities such as grain
• bismerpund – 12 pund, 5.981 kg
• vette – 28.8 mark or 6.2985 kg.
• våg – 1/8 skippund, 17.9424 kg.
• skippund – ship's pound, 159.488 kg. Was about 151 kg in 1270.

G is the seventh letter in the Roman alphabet. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ...

Monetary

• ort – See riksdaler and speciedaler.
• riksdaler - Until 1813, Norwegian thaler. 1 riksdaler is 4 ort or 6 mark or 96 skilling.
• skilling – Shilling, see riksdaler and speciedaler.
• speciedaler – Since 1816. 1 speciedaler is 5 ort or 120 skilling. From 1876, 1 speciedaler is 4 kroner (Norwegian crown, NOK).

1813 is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Examples of German and Austrian thalers compared to a US quarter piece The Thaler was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. ... 1816 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Nok civilization thrived between 500 BC and 200 AD on the Jos Plateau in northeastern Nigeria. ...

Miscellaneous

• tylft – 12, also dusin
• snes – 20
• stort hundre – Large hundred, 120
• gross – 144

Romanian system

The measures of the old Romanian system varied greatly not only between the three Romanian states (Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania), but sometimes also inside the same country. The origin of some of the measures are the Latin (such as iugăr unit), Slavic (such as vadră unit) and Greek (such as dram unit) and Turkish (such as palmac unit) systems. Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Трансилванија Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvánia, Polish: Siedmiogród) forms the western and central parts of Romania. ...

This system is no longer in use since the adoption of the metric system in 1864.

Volume

• Oca - 1,5 litres (Moldavia); 1,25 litres (Wallachia)
• Litră - 1/4 oca
• Baniţă - 21,5 litres (Moldavia); 33,96 litres (Wallachia)
• Chiup - 30 - 40 litres (a chiup was a large clay pot for liquids)
• Câblă - A bucket of wheat
• Merţă - 110 - 120 ocale (Moldavia); 22,5 litres (Transylvania)
• Feredelă - 1/4 bucket (Transylvania)
• Obroc mare - 44 ocale
• Obroc mic - 22 ocale
• Giumătate - 80 - 100 vedre (poloboc)
• Vadră - 10 ocale; 12,88 litres (Wallachia); 15 litres (Moldavia)
• Pintă - 3,394 litres (Transylvania)
• Tină - Vadră (Transylvania)

Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...

Weight

• Dram - 3,18 - 3,25 g sau 3,22 - 3,80 cm³
• Font - 0,5 kg (Transylvania)

Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Трансилванија Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvánia, Polish: Siedmiogród) forms the western and central parts of Romania. ...

Area

• Falce - 14,300 m²
• Pogon - 5,000 m²
• Prăjină - 180 - 210 m²
• Feredelă - 1/4 pogon
• Iugăr - the area ploughed in one day by two oxen - 7166 m² (Transylvania in 1517); 5,700 m² or 1600 square stânjeni (later)

Length

• Palmă (palm) - 1/8 of a stânjen
• Stânjen - 2 m (approximately)
• Palmac - 3,48 cm (Moldavia)
• Poştă - 8 - 20 km (depending on the country)
• Pas mic (small step) - 4 palme (Wallachia)
• Pas mare (large step) - 6 palme (Wallachia; Moldavia)
• Lat de palmă (palm width) - 1/2 palmă
• Cot (cubit) - 0,664 cm (Moldavia); 0,637 cm (Wallachia)
• Funie (rope) - 20 - 120 m (depending on the place)
• Leghe (league) - 4,444 km;
• Deget (finger) - the width of a finger
• Prăjină - 3 stânjeni
• Verstă - 1067 m
• Picior (foot) - 1/6 of a stânjen

Russian and Tatar systems

See:

• Obsolete Russian weights and measures
• Obsolete Tatar weights and measures

Obsolete Russian weights and measures were used in Imperial Russia and after the Russian Revolution until they were replaced in the Soviet Union by a metric system in 1924. ... Obsolete Tatar weights and measures were used by Tatars until 1924, when they were replaced in the Soviet Union by the SI units. ...

Spanish system

There were several variants. The Castilian is shown.

Length

• punto – Point, 1 / 12 línea
• línea – Line, 1 / 12 pulgada
• pulgada – Inch, 1 / 36 vara, 0.02322 m
• pie – Foot, 12 pulgadas, 0.2786 m
• vara – Yard, 0.8359 m
• paso – Pace, 60 pulgadas
• legua – League, 5000 varas, approx 4.2 km

This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Swedish system

In Sweden, a common system for weights and measures was introduced by law in 1665. Before that, there were a number of local variants. The system was slightly revised in 1735. In 1855, a decimal reform was instituted that defined a new Swedish inch as 1/10 foot. It did not last long, because the metric system was subsequently introduced in 1889. Up to the middle of the 19th century there was a death penalty for falsifying weights or measures. Events March 4 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War March 6 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society begins publication March 16 - Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city in exchange of annual tax of 16 guilders June 3 - The Duke of York defeats the Dutch Fleet off the... Events April 16 - The London premiere of Alcina by George Frideric Handel, his first the first Italian opera for the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1889 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Length

• aln – Forearm (pl. alnar). After 1863, 59.37 cm. Before that, from 1605, 59.38 cm as defined by king Carl IX of Sweden in Norrköping 1604 based on the Rydaholmsalnen.
• famn – Fathom, 3 alnar.
• kvarter – Quarter, 1 / 4 aln
• fot – Foot, 1/2 aln. Before 1863, the Stockholm fot was the commonly accepted unit, at 29.69 cm.
• linje – Line, after 1863 1/10 tum, 2.96 mm. Before that, 1/12 tum or 2.06 cm.
• mil – Mile, also lantmil. From 1699, defined as a unity mile of 18000 aln or 10.69 km. The unified mile was meant to define the suitable distance between inns.
• nymil – New mile from 1889, 10 km exactly. Commonly used to this day, normally referred to as mil.
• kyndemil – The distance a torch will last, approx 16 km
• skogsmil – Also rast, distance between rests in the woods, approx 5 km.
• fjärdingsväg – 1 / 4 mil
• stenkast – Stone's throw, approx 50 m, used to this day as an approximate measure.
• ref – 160 fot, for land measurement, was 100 fot after 1855.
• stång – 16 fot, for land measurement
• tum – Thumb (inch), after 1863 1/10 fot, 2.96 cm. Before that, 1/12 fot or 2.474 cm.
• tvärhand – Hand, 4 inches.

1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... CM or cm may stand for: Cameroon (ISO country code) Roman numeral for 900 Chelmsford: CM is the British post code for the region in eastern England which is served by the Chelmsford postal sorting office. ... Events April 13 - Tsar Boris Godunow dies - Feodor II accedes to the throne May 16 - Paul V becomes Pope June 1 - Russian troops in Moscow imprison Feodor II and his mother. ... Charles IX, or Karl IX (1550-1611), king of Sweden, was the youngest son of Gustav I of Sweden and Margareta Lejonhufvud. ... Drottninggatan, a street in central Norrköping Norrköping [ˈˈnÉ”rʃøːpɪŋ] (population 123 971), is a City and is a Municipality in Östergötland County, in southeast Sweden. ... Events January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 - Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. ... A fathom is a unit of measure equal to 2 yards or 6 feet, or 1. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...   Stockholm? is the capital and the largest city in Sweden. ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... 1889 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1863 is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Area

• kannaland – 1000 fot², or 88.15 m²
• kappland – 154.3 m².
• spannland – 16 kappland
• tunneland – 2 spannland
• kvadratmil – Square mil, 36 million square favnar, from 1739.

Events March 20 - Nadir Shah occupies Delhi in India and sacks the city stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne, including the Koh-i-Noor September 9 - Stono Rebellion erupts near Charleston September 18 - Treaty of Belgrade signed October 3 - Treaty of Nissa signed October 23 - Great Britain declares war...

Volume

• pot – Pot (pl pottor), 0.966 l
• tunna – 2 spann
• ankare – Liquid measure, 39.26 l
• ohm – Also åm, 155 pottor
• storfavn – 3.77 m³
• kubikkfavn – 5.85 m³

Weight

• skeppspund – Ships pound, 20 lispund or 170.03 kg.
• bismerpund – 12 skålpund, 5.101 kg.
• lispund – 20 skålpund
• skålpund – Pound, 0.42507 kg
• mark – 1 / 2 skålpund or 212.5 g. Used from the Viking era, when it was approx 203 g.
• ort – 4.2508 g

KG, Kg or kg may indicate: A Kampfgeschwader, a bomber squadron of the former German Luftwaffe Basketball Player Kevin Garnett An abbreviation for kilogram (always kg) Knight of the Garter, a British decoration Kommanditgesellschaft, German version of a limited partnership Kongo language (ISO 639 alpha-2) An abbreviation for konig...

Nautical

• kabellängd – Initially 100 famnar or 178 m, Later, a distansminut or 1 / 10 nautical mile.
• kvartmil – Quarter mile, 1852 m, identical to nautical mile.
• sjömil – Sea mile, 4 kvartmil, 7408 m

A nautical mile is a unit of length. ... A nautical mile is a unit of length. ...

Monetary

• daler – From 1534, Swedish thaler. From 1873, replaced by the krona (Swedish crown, SEK).
• riksdaler – From 1624, 1 1/2 daler, from 1681 2 daler, from 1715 3 daler, from 1776 6 daler
• skilling – From 1776, 1 / 48 riksdaler
• mark – From 1534, 1 / 3 daler.From 1604, 1 / 4 daler.
• õre – From 1534, 1 / 8 mark. Subsequently replaced by the skilling, but from 1855 reintroduced as 1 / 100 riksdaler.

Events May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. ... Examples of German and Austrian thalers compared to a US quarter piece The Thaler was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the Swedish unit of currency. ... Events January 24 - Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa. ... Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania. ... // Events September 1 - King Louis XIV of France dies after a reign of 72 years, leaving the throne of his exhausted and indebted country to his great-grandson Louis XV. Regent for the new, five years old monarch is Philippe dOrl̩ans, nephew of Louis XIV. September - First of... This article is about the year 1776. ... This article is about the year 1776. ... Events May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. ... Events January 14 РHampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 - Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. ... Events May 10 - Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage. ... 1855 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

See also

• Weights and measures
• Ancient weights and measures
• Mesures usuelles
• English unit

The definition, agreement and practical use of units of weights and measures have played a crucial role in human endeavor from early ages up to this day. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between metric system and traditional measurements. ... There is no one system of English units. ...

References

• Measure for Measure, Richard Young and Thomas Glover, ISBN 1-889796-00-X.
• Masse und Gewichte, Marvin A. Powell
• The Weights and Measures of England, R. A. Connor
• World Weights and Measures. Handbook for Statisticians, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
• Lexikon der Münzen, Maße, Gewichte, Zählarten und Zeitgrößen aller Länder der Erde, Richard Klimpert, 1896
• Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle, Pierre Larousse, 1874
• De gamle danske længdeenheder, N.E. Nørlund, 1944
• Mål og vægt, Poul Rasmussen, 1967.
• Med mått mätt - Svenska och utländska mått genom tiderna, Albert Carlsson, ISBN 91-36-03157-7.

External links

• Extensive list of Dutch measures
• Dictionary of Units of Measurement
• Units of measure
• Unit systems
• Mile measurements
• Old units of measure
• English Customary Weights and Measures
• Alte Längenmaße und ihre Bedeutung
• Projekt zur Erschliessung historisch wertvoller Altkartenbestände
• Scandinavian units
• Swedish units