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Encyclopedia > Melakarta

Melakarta is the collection of Ragas in Carnatic music. Melakarta ragas are fundamental ragas from which other ragas may be generated. For this reason the melakarta ragas are also known as janaka(parent) ragas. Melakarta ragas are also known as sampoorna ragas as they contain all seven swaras (notes) of the octave in both the ascending and the descending mode. There are 72 melakarta ragas. Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... Timeline Instruments Veena - Mridangam - Ghatam - Morsing - Kanjira - Violin Awards Sangeetha Kalanidhi - Sangeetha Choodamani Events Festivals Purandaradasa Aradhane – Kanakadasa Aradhane – Hampi Sangeetotsava – Sangeet Natak Akademi – Thyagaraja Aradhana – Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine Compositions Varnam - Kriti - Geetham - Swarajati - Ragam Thanam Pallavi - Thillana - Padam - Javali - Mangalam Famous Carnatic Musicians Ariyakudi... It has been suggested that Sargam be merged into this article or section. ...

Indian Music
Indian classical music
Carnatic music
Composers
List of Carnatic composers
Singers
List of Carnatic singers
Hidustani music
Modern music
Filmi music
Folk music (Indian)
Concepts
Śruti
Raga
Melakarta
Katapayadi sankhya
Swara
Tala
Mudra

Contents

Timeline and Samples Genres Classical (Carnatic and Hindustani) - Rock - Pop - Hip hop Awards Bollywood Music Awards - Punjabi Music Awards Charts Festivals Purandaradasa Aradhane – Kanakadasa Aradhane – Hampi Sangeetotsava – Sangeet Natak Akademi – Thyagaraja Aradhana – Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine National anthem Jana Gana Mana, also national song Vande Mataram... The origins of Indian classical music, the classical music of India, can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. ... Timeline Instruments Veena - Mridangam - Ghatam - Morsing - Kanjira - Violin Awards Sangeetha Kalanidhi - Sangeetha Choodamani Events Festivals Purandaradasa Aradhane – Kanakadasa Aradhane – Hampi Sangeetotsava – Sangeet Natak Akademi – Thyagaraja Aradhana – Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine Compositions Varnam - Kriti - Geetham - Swarajati - Ragam Thanam Pallavi - Thillana - Padam - Javali - Mangalam Famous Carnatic Musicians Ariyakudi... A chronological list of Carnatic music composers. ... Carnatic music is the classical music of South India. ... Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी/ہندوستانی) Classical Music is an Indian classical music tradition that took shape in northern Indian subcontinent circa the 13th and 14th centuries AD in the courts of Delhi Sultanate[citation needed] from existing religious, folk, and theatrical performance practices. ... Filmi is Indian popular music as written and performed for Indian cinema. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and for the common people. ... The Å›ruti (Sanskrit thing heard, sound) is the smallest interval of the tuning system of Indian classical music. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... The katapayadi sankhya is a way of determining the number of a melakarta ragam from the first two syllables of the name of the raga. ... It has been suggested that Sargam be merged into this article or section. ... In Indian classical music, Tala (tāl (Hindi), tāla (anglicised from talam; in Sanskrit), literally a clap, is a rhythmical pattern that determines the rhythmical structure of a composition. ... In the music of India, a mudra is the signature of a composer on a composition, usually in the form of a few unique words added to the song. ...

History

The mela system of ragas was first propounded by Raamamaatya in his work Svaramelakalanidhi c. 1550. He is considered the father of mela system of ragas. Later Venkatamakhi expounded in the 17th century in his work Caturdandi Prakaasikaa a new mela system known today as melakarta. He had made some bold and controversial claims and defined somewhat artificially 16 swaras from the known 12 semitones at that time to arrive 72 melakarta ragas. The controversial parts relate to his double counting of R2 etc. and his exclusive selection of madyamas for which there is no basis. However, today the 72 melakarta ragas have gained significant following, though to this day this system is being criticized. Venkatamakhi was known to be extremely critical of Raamamaatya.


Determining the Melakartha

A hundred years later than Venkatamakhi's time the Katapayadi sankhya rule came to be applied to the nomenclature of the melakarta ragas. The sankhya associates Sanskrit consonants with digits. The digits corresponding to the first two letters (syllables) of the name of a raga, when reversed, give the index of the raga. Thus the scale of a melakarta raga can be easily derived from its name. The katapayadi sankhya is a way of determining the number of a melakarta ragam from the first two syllables of the name of the raga. ... The Sanskrit language ( , ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and one of the 22 official languages of India. ...


Melakartha scale

Each melakarta raga has a different scale. The scales are constructed as follows: out of the twelve semitones of the octave S, R1, R2=G1, R3=G2, G3, M1, M2, P, D1, D2=N1, D3=N2, N3, a melakarta raga must necessarily have S and P, one of the M's, two of the R's and G's, and two of the D's and N's. Also, R must necessarily precede G and D must precede N. This gives 2 × 6 × 6 = 72 melakarta ragas. Finding melakartha ragas is a mathematical problem and following a simple set of rules, we can find the corresponding raga and the scale associated with it. In music, a scale is a set of musical notes that provides material for part or all of a musical work. ... A semitone (also known in the USA as a half step) is a musical interval. ... In music, an octave (sometimes abbreviated 8ve or 8va) is the interval between one musical note and another with half or double the frequency. ...


This scheme envisages the lower Sa (Keezh Shadjamam), upper Sa (Mael Shadjamam) and Pa (Panchamam) as fixed swaras, with the Ma (Madhyamam) having two variants and the remaining swaras Ri (Rishabam), Ga (Gandhaaram), Dha (Dhaivatham) and Ni (Nishaadham) as having three variants each. This leads to 72 seven-note combinations referred to as the Melakartha ragas. The notes, or swaras, of Indian music are Shadjamam, Rishabham, Gandharam, Madhyamam, Panchamam, Dhaivatam and Nishadam. ...


A raga which has the same scale as a Melakartha raga (or a subset thereof) is said to be a janya of it (janya means born or derived from). Every raga is the janya of a melakarta raga. Ragas whose notes are found in more than one melakarta raga are assigned janyas based on subjective notions of similarity. Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...


Table of Melakarta ragas

It can be said that the entire set of 72 melakarta ragas can be divided into two parts. viz.,. suddha Madhyamam and prati Madhyamam ragas. When a given suddha madhyamam raga's M1 is replaced by M2, we get the corresponding Prati Madhyamam raga. See Katapayadi sankhya for more information on how to derive the various swaras of a raga from its Melakarta number. The katapayadi sankhya is a way of determining the number of a melakarta ragam from the first two syllables of the name of the raga. ...

Mēḷakartā Rāgās
Suddha Madhyamam Prati Madhyamam
No. Raga Scale No. Raga Scale
1.Indu Chakra 7. Rishi Chakra
1 Kanakangi S R1 G1 M1 P D1 N1 37 Salagam S R1 G1 M2 P D1 N1
2 Ratnangi S R1 G1 M1 P D1 N2 38 Jalarnavam S R1 G1 M2 P D1 N2
3 Ganamoorti S R1 G1 M1 P D1 N3 39 Jhalavarali S R1 G1 M2 P D1 N3
4 Vanaspati S R1 G1 M1 P D2 N2 40 Navaneetam S R1 G1 M2 P D2 N2
5 Manavati S R1 G1 M1 P D2 N3 41 Pavani S R1 G1 M2 P D2 N3
6 Tanarupi S R1 G1 M1 P D3 N3 42 Raghupriya S R1 G1 M2 P D3 N3
2. Netra Chakra 8. Vasu Chakra
7 Senavati S R1 G2 M1 P D1 N1 43 Gavambodhi S R1 G2 M2 P D1 N1
8 Hanumatodi S R1 G2 M1 P D1 N2 44 Bhavapriya S R1 G2 M2 P D1 N2
9 Dhenuka S R1 G2 M1 P D1 N3 45 Subhapantuvarali S R1 G2 M2 P D1 N3
10 Natakapriya S R1 G2 M1 P D2 N2 46 Shadvidhamargini S R1 G2 M2 P D2 N2
11 Kokilapriya S R1 G2 M1 P D2 N3 47 Suvarnangi S R1 G2 M2 P D2 N3
12 Roopavati S R1 G2 M1 P D3 N3 48 Divyamani S R1 G2 M2 P D3 N3
3. Agni Chakra 9. Brahma Chakra
13 Gayakapriya S R1 G3 M1 P D1 N1 49 Dhavalambari S R1 G3 M2 P D1 N1
14 Vakulabharanam S R1 G3 M1 P D1 N2 50 Namanarayani S R1 G3 M2 P D1 N2
15 Mayamalavagoula S R1 G3 M1 P D1 N3 51 Kamavardhini S R1 G3 M2 P D1 N3
16 Chakravakam S R1 G3 M1 P D2 N2 52 Ramapriya S R1 G3 M2 P D2 N2
17 Sooryakantam S R1 G3 M1 P D2 N3 53 Gamanasrama S R1 G3 M2 P D2 N3
18 Hatakambari S R1 G3 M1 P D3 N3 54 Viswambhari S R1 G3 M2 P D3 N3
4. Veda Chakra 10. Disi Chakra
19 Jhankaradhwani S R2 G2 M1 P D1 N1 55 Syamalangi S R2 G2 M2 P D1 N1
20 Natabhairavi S R2 G2 M1 P D1 N2 56 Shanmukhapriya S R2 G2 M2 P D1 N2
21 Keeravani S R2 G2 M1 P D1 N3 57 Simhendramadhyamam S R2 G2 M2 P D1 N3
22 Kharaharapriya S R2 G2 M1 P D2 N2 58 Hemavati S R2 G2 M2 P D2 N2
23 Gourimanohari S R2 G2 M1 P D2 N3 59 Dharmavati S R2 G2 M2 P D2 N3
24 Varunapriya S R2 G2 M1 P D3 N3 60 Neetimati S R2 G2 M2 P D3 N3
5. Bana Chakra 11. Rudra Chakra
25 Mararanjani S R2 G3 M1 P D1 N1 61 Kantamani S R2 G3 M2 P D1 N1
26 Charukesi S R2 G3 M1 P D1 N2 62 Rishabhapriya S R2 G3 M2 P D1 N2
27 Sarasangi S R2 G3 M1 P D1 N3 63 Latangi S R2 G3 M2 P D1 N3
28 Harikambhoji S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N2 64 Vachaspati S R2 G3 M2 P D2 N2
29 Dheerasankarabharanam S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 65 Mechakalyani S R2 G3 M2 P D2 N3
30 Naganandini S R2 G3 M1 P D3 N3 66 Chitrambhari S R2 G3 M2 P D3 N3
6. Ritu Chakra 12. Aditya Chakra
31 Yagapriya S R3 G3 M1 P D1 N1 67 Sucharitra S R3 G3 M2 P D1 N1
32 Ragavardhini S R3 G3 M1 P D1 N2 68 Jyotiswarupini S R3 G3 M2 P D1 N2
33 Gangeyabhusani S R3 G3 M1 P D1 N3 69 Dhatuvardhini S R3 G3 M2 P D1 N3
34 Vagadheeswari S R3 G3 M1 P D2 N2 70 Nasikabhusani S R3 G3 M2 P D2 N2
35 Sulini S R3 G3 M1 P D2 N3 71 Kosalam S R3 G3 M2 P D2 N3
36 Chalanata S R3 G3 M1 P D3 N3 72 Rasikapriya S R3 G3 M2 P D3 N3

Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... Raga (rāg /राग (Hindi), raga (anglicised from rāgaḥ/रागः (Sanskrit)) or rāgam /ராகம் (Tamil)) are the melodic modes used in Indian classical music. ... In Hinduism, a Rishi ( ऋषि) is a sage and/or seer who heard (cf. ... Vanaspati is the 4th melakarta raga in the sampoorna mela system used in carnatic music. ... In Hinduism, the Vasus are attendant deities of Indra, and later Vishnu. ... Hanumatodi is one of the melakarta ragas in carnatic music. ... This article concerns the Hindu creator god, Brahma. ... Chakravakam is a Melakarta Ragam in the Carnatic music system. ... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... The Hemavati River (Kannada ಹೇಮಾವತಿ ) is a very important tributary of the Kaveri River. ... Rudra (Howler) is a Rigvedic god of the storm, the hunt, death, Nature and the Wind. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Who dare interfer in my wrk# In Hinduism, the Adityas are a group of solar deities, sons of Aditi and Kasyapa. ... Ragavardhini is a technical term from Indian classical music. ...

External links

  • The katapayadi sankhya applied to the melakarta ragas
  • Explanation of the two melakarta systems
  • Explanation of the melakarta and demonstration of ragas with piano keys

  Results from FactBites:
 
MUKUND MELAKARTA RAGA CHART (0 words)
The Mukund melakarta raga chart is presented below and the explanations are given to emphasize the utility of the chart.
That is the melakarta ragas occurring in the border.
Locate the triangle in which the melakarta raga lies, the four swaras, Ri, Ga, Da and Ni will be found at the two ends of the row and the column in which the triangle is situated.
Melakarta (272 words)
In Carnatic music, a melakarta or melakartha or janaka or sampoorna raga is one that comprises all seven swaras.
The scales are constructed as follows: out of the twelve semitones of the octave S, R1, R2=G1, R3=G2, G3, M1, M2, P, D1, D2=N1, D3=N2, N3, a melakarta raga must necessarily have S and P, one of the M's, two of the R's and G's, and two of the D's and N's.
A raga which has the same scale as a Melakarta raga (or a subset thereof) is said to be a janya of it (janya means born or derived from).
  More results at FactBites »


 

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