Memoria was the term for aspects involving memory in Western classical rhetoric. The word is Latin, and can be translated as "memory." Rhetoric (from Greek , rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is generally understood to be the art or technique of persuasion through the use of oral, visual, or written language; however, this definition of rhetoric has expanded greatly since rhetoric emerged as a field of study in universities. ... Inventio is the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric and comes from the Latin, meaning invention or discovery. It is the first of five canons of classical rhetoric (the others being dispositio, elocutio, memoria, and pronuntiatio) that concern the crafting and delivery of speeches... Dispositio was the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric. ... Elocutio is the term for the mastery of stylistic elements in Western classical rhetoric and comes from the Latin loqui, to speak. Although today, we associate the word, elocution, more with eloquent speaking, for the classical rhetorician, it connoted style. It is the one of five canons of classical rhetoric... Pronuntiatio was the discipline of delivering speeches in Western classical rhetoric. ... Rhetoric (from Greek , rhêtôr, orator, teacher) is generally understood to be the art or technique of persuasion through the use of oral, visual, or written language; however, this definition of rhetoric has expanded greatly since rhetoric emerged as a field of study in universities. ...

It was one of five canons in classical rhetoric (the others being inventio, dispositio, elocutio, and pronuntiatio) concerned with the crafting and delivery of speeches and prose. Inventio is the system or method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric and comes from the Latin, meaning invention or discovery. It is the first of five canons of classical rhetoric (the others being dispositio, elocutio, memoria, and pronuntiatio) that concern the crafting and delivery of speeches... Dispositio was the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric. ... Elocutio is the term for the mastery of stylistic elements in Western classical rhetoric and comes from the Latin loqui, to speak. Although today, we associate the word, elocution, more with eloquent speaking, for the classical rhetorician, it connoted style. It is the one of five canons of classical rhetoric... Pronuntiatio was the discipline of delivering speeches in Western classical rhetoric. ...

The art of rhetoric grew out of oratory, which was the central medium for intellectual and political life in ancient Greece. Legal proceedings, political debates, philosophical inquiry were all conducted through spoken discourse. Many of the great texts from that age were not written texts penned by the authors we associate them with, but were instead orations written down by followers and students. In Roman times, while there was a much greater body of written work, oration was still the medium for critical debate. Unlike public speakers of today, who use notes or who read their speeches, good orators were expected to deliver their speeches without such aids. Oratory is the art of eloquent speech. ...

Memoria was the discipline of recalling the arguments of a discourse. It generally received less attention from writers than other parts of rhetoric, as there is less to be said about the subject. However, the need to memorize speeches did influence the structure of discourse to some extent. For example, as part of dispositio, some attention was paid to creating structures (such as the divisio, an outline of the major arguments of a discourse) that would also aid memory. Some writers also discussed the use of various mnenomic devices to assist speakers. Dispositio was the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric. ...

But rhetoricians also viewed memoria as requiring more than just rote memorization. Rather, the orator also had to have at his command a wide body of knowledge to permit improvisation, to respond to questions, and to refute opposing arguments. Where today's speech-making tends to be a staged, one-way affair, in former times, much oration occurred as part of debates, dialogues, and other settings, in which orators had to react to others. Moreover, rhetoricians also recognized that the credibility of a speaker depended not just on the strength of his prepared arguments, but on the audience's perceptions of the speaker. In Greece, Rome, and the Renaissance, a speaker's familiarity of many areas of learning was seen as a virtue.

Memoria in the Renaissance

When the Humanists took up the ideas on memory found the writings of Classical authors, memoria played an important role in the pedagogical system. Texts were learned first by rote memorization, then re-read for meaning. Children's ability to memorize was aided by "memory tables", which were first available in manuscript form, and were, from the 1470s onwards, some of the first products of the printing press. (Source: Paul Gehl, A Moral Art: Grammar, Society, and Culture in Trecento Florence (1993))

Further reading

• Giovanni Ciappelli and Patricia Rubin, Art, Memory, and Family in Renaissance Florence (CUP 2001).
• Mary Carruthers, The Book of Memory. A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (CUP, 1990).
• Mary Carruthers, The Craft of Thought. Meditation, Rhetoric, and the Making of Images, 400-1200 (CUP, 1998).

See also

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• Rhetoric