This article is about the element. For other uses, see Mercury. | | | General | | Name, Symbol, Number | mercury, Hg, 80 | | Chemical series | transition metals | | Group, Period, Block | 12, 6, d | | Appearance | silvery
 | | Standard atomic weight | 200.59(2) g·mol−1 | | Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 | | Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 | | Physical properties | | Phase | liquid | | Density (near r.t.) | (liquid) 13.534 g·cm−3 | | Melting point | 234.32 K
(-38.83 °C, -37.89 °F) | | Boiling point | 629.88 K
(356.73 °C, 674.11 °F) | | Critical point | 1750 K, 172.00 MPa | | Heat of fusion | 2.29 kJ·mol−1 | | Heat of vaporization | 59.11 kJ·mol−1 | | Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 27.983 J·mol−1·K−1 | Vapor pressure | P(Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1 k | 10 k | 100 k | | at T(K) | 315 | 350 | 393 | 449 | 523 | 629 | | | Atomic properties | | Crystal structure | rhombohedral | | Oxidation states | 2 (mercuric), 1 (mercurous)
(mildly basic oxide) | | Electronegativity | 2.00 (Pauling scale) | | Ionization energies | 1st: 1007.1 kJ/mol | | 2nd: 1810 kJ/mol | | 3rd: 3300 kJ/mol | | Atomic radius | 150 pm | | Atomic radius (calc.) | 171 pm | | Covalent radius | 149 pm | | Van der Waals radius | 155 pm | | Miscellaneous | | Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic | | Electrical resistivity | (25 °C) 961 nΩ·m | | Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 8.30 W·m−1·K−1 | | Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 60.4 µm·m−1·K−1 | | Speed of sound | (liquid, 20 °C) 1451.4 m/s | | CAS registry number | 7439-97-6 | | Selected isotopes | | | | References | Mercury(IPA: /ˈmɜrkjʊri/), also called quicksilver, is a chemical element with the symbol Hg (Latinized Greek: hydrargyrum, meaning watery or liquid silver) and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is one of six elements that are liquid at or near room temperature and pressure.[1] The others are the metals caesium, francium, gallium, and rubidium, and the non-metal bromine. Of these, only mercury and bromine are liquids at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Look up Mercury in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
General Name, Symbol, Number thallium, Tl, 81 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 6, p Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 204. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number cadmium, Cd, 48 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 5, d Appearance silvery gray metallic Standard atomic weight 112. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number ununbium, Uub, 112 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 7, d Appearance unknown, probably silvery white or metallic gray liquid Atomic mass (285) g/mol Electron configuration perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 (guess based on mercury) Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 32...
File links The following pages link to this file: Mercury (element) User:Femto/elements e9 Categories: GFDL images ...
This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ...
An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ...
This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ...
A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. ...
A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ...
In chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings: It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including zinc, cadmium and mercury. ...
A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ...
In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ...
A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ...
The Group 12 elements are: Zinc (30) Cadmium (48) Mercury (80) Ununbium (112) Color coding for these atomic numbers: At room temperature, all are solid but mercury is liquid; red indicates item is synthetic and does not occur naturally. ...
A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides. ...
D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ...
Color is an important part of the visual arts. ...
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Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1268x1012, 224 KB) Summary Picture I took of a small puddle of the element mercury. ...
The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ...
Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ...
Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ...
General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 131. ...
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Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ...
In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ...
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Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ...
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In physical chemistry, thermodynamics, chemistry and condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the conditions (temperature, pressure) at which the liquid state of the matter ceases to exist. ...
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Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ...
The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ...
The standard enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvHo, also (less correctly) known as the heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. ...
The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ...
Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval. ...
Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ...
Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ...
In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ...
Acids and bases: Acid-base extraction Acid-base reaction Acid dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acids: Lewis acids Mineral acids Organic acids Strong acids Superacids Weak acids Bases: Lewis bases Organic bases Strong bases Superbases Non-nucleophilic bases Weak bases edit In...
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ...
The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ...
Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ...
Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius Van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ...
One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ...
Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ...
The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. ...
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Levitating pyrolytic carbon Diamagnetism is a form of magnetism that is only exhibited by a substance in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. ...
// Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ...
K value redirects here. ...
During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ...
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Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ...
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ...
mercury (Hg) Standard atomic mass: 200. ...
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Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ...
Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ...
In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ...
The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ...
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In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ...
A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ...
Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ...
Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
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A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ...
Electron capture is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom, and there isnt enough energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
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Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ...
In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number thallium, Tl, 81 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 6, p Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 204. ...
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ...
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Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ...
The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ...
Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...
See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ...
D Block is a rap group based in Yonkers, New York. ...
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General Name, Symbol, Number caesium, Cs, 55 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 6, s Appearance silvery gold Standard atomic weight 132. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number francium, Fr, 87 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 7, s Appearance metallic Standard atomic weight (223) g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Rn] 7s1 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 Physical properties Phase ? solid Density (near r. ...
Not to be confused with Galium. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number rubidium, Rb, 37 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 5, s Appearance grey white Standard atomic weight 85. ...
Together with the metals and metalloids, a nonmetal is one of three categories of chemical elements as distinguished by ionization and bonding properties. ...
Bromo redirects here. ...
Bromo redirects here. ...
In chemistry and other sciences, STP or standard temperature and pressure is a standard set of conditions for experimental measurements, to enable comparisons to be made between sets of data. ...
Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, and other scientific apparatus, though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favour of alcohol-filled, digital, or thermistor-based instruments. It remains in use in a number of other ways in scientific and scientific research applications, and in amalgam material for dental restoration. Mercury is mostly obtained by reduction from the mineral cinnabar. A clinical mercury thermometer A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient, using a variety of different principles. ...
A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. ...
A manometer is a pressure measuring instrument, often also called pressure gauge. ...
BP 126/70 mmHg as result on electronic sphygmomanometer A sphygmomanometer (often condensed to sphygmometer[1]) or blood pressure meter is a device used to measure blood pressure, comprising an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. ...
A float valve is a mechanical feedback mechanism that regulates fluid level by using a float to drive an inlet valve such that a higher fluid level will force the valve closed whilst a lower fluid level will force the valve open. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
NTC thermistor, bead type, insulated wires Thermistor symbol A thermistor is a type of resistor used to measure temperature changes, relying on the change in its resistance with changing temperature. ...
This article is about mixtures (alloys) of mercury with other elements. ...
A dental restoration or dental filling is a dental restorative material used artificially to restore the function, integrity and morphology of missing tooth structure. ...
For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ...
Cinnabar, sometimes written cinnabarite, is a name applied to red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion, the common ore of mercury. ...
Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world and it is harmless in an insoluble form, such as mercuric sulfide, but it is poisonous in soluble forms such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury. Mercury chloride is a white poisonous soluble crystalline sublimate of mercury, used as a pesticide or antiseptic or wood preservative. ...
Methylmercury (sometimes methyl mercury), an organometallic cation with the formula [CH3Hg]+. It is a bioaccumulative environmental toxin. ...
History Mercury was known to the ancient Chinese and Indians,[2] and was found in Egyptian tombs that date from 1500 BC.[3] In China and Tibet, mercury use was thought to prolong life, heal fractures, and maintain generally good health. China's first emperor, Qin Shi Huang Di — said to have been buried in a tomb that contained rivers of flowing mercury, representative of the rivers of China — was driven insane and killed by mercury pills (failing liver, poison, brain death) intended to give him eternal life.[4] The ancient Greeks used mercury in ointments; the ancient Egyptians and the Romans used it in cosmetics. By 500 BC mercury was used to make amalgams with other metals. The Indian word for alchemy is Rasavātam which means "the way of mercury". This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ...
The monarch known now as Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chin Shih-huang) (259 BCE – September 10, 210 BCE),[1] personal name YÃng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (officially still under the Zhou Dynasty), and...
The term ancient Greece refers to the periods of Greek history in Classical Antiquity, lasting ca. ...
Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of an hydraulic empire. ...
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Make-up redirects here. ...
An amalgam is an alloy of mercury. ...
For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ...
RasavÄtam was a form of alchemy in early India. ...
Alchemists often thought of mercury as the First Matter from which all metals were formed. They believed that different metals could be produced by varying the quality and quantity of sulfur contained within the mercury. The purest of these was gold, and mercury was required for the transmutation of base (or impure) metals into gold as was the goal of many alchemists. For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ...
The primitive formless base of all matter, according to Aristotle and the Alchemists, given particular manifestation through the influence of Forms. ...
For alternative meanings see metal (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury.It comes from hydrargyrum, a Latinized form of the Greek word `Υδραργυρος (hydrargyros), which is a compound word meaning "water" and "silver" — since it is liquid, like water, and yet has a silvery metallic sheen. The element was named after the Roman god Mercury, known for speed and mobility. It is associated with the planet Mercury. The astrological symbol for the planet is also one of the alchemical symbols for the metal. Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name became the common name. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation or short representation of the name of a chemical element. ...
For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ...
A sculpture of the Roman god Mercury by 17th-century Flemish artist Artus Quellinus. ...
This article is about the planet. ...
Occurrence Mercury is an extremely rare element in the Earth's crust, having an average crustal abundance by mass of only 0.08 parts per million. However, because it does not blend geochemically with those elements that constitute the majority of the crustal mass, mercury ores can be extraordinarily concentrated considering the element's abundance in ordinary rock. The richest mercury ores contain up to 2.5% mercury by mass, and even the leanest concentrated deposits are at least 0.1% mercury (12,000 times average crustal abundance). The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets, chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rocks and soils, and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earths chemical components in time and space, and their interaction with...
It is found either as a native metal (rare) or in cinnabar, corderoite, livingstonite and other minerals, with cinnabar (HgS) being the most common ore. Mercury ores usually occur in very young orogenic belts where rock of high density are forced to the crust of the Earth, often in hot springs or other volcanic regions. Cinnabar, sometimes written cinnabarite, is a name applied to red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), or native vermilion, the common ore of mercury. ...
Corderoite is an extremely rare mercury sulfide chloride mineral with formula Hg3S2Cl2. ...
Livingstonite is a mineral which contains Mercury. ...
For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ...
Beginning in 1558, with the invention of the patio process to extract silver from ore using mercury, mercury became an essential resource in the economy of Spain and its American colonies. More than 100,000 tons of mercury were mined from the region of Huancavelica, Peru, over the course of three centuries following the discovery of deposits there in 1563. The patio process and later pan amalgamation process continued to create great demand for mercury to treat silver ores until the late 1800s. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of mercury output in 2005 as a percentage of the the top producer (China - 1,150 tonnes). ...
Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of mercury output in 2005 as a percentage of the the top producer (China - 1,150 tonnes). ...
The patio process was a process used to refine silver from silver sulfide ores. ...
Huancavelica is a city in Peru. ...
The patio process was a process used to extract silver from silver sulfide ores. ...
Former mines in Italy, the United States and Mexico which once produced a large proportion of the world supply have now been completely mined out or, in the case of Slovenia and Spain, shut down due to the fall of the price of mercury. Nevada's McDermitt Mine, the last mercury mine in the United States, closed in 1992. The price of mercury has been highly volatile over the years and in 2006 was $650 per 76-pound flask.[5] This article is about the U.S. State of Nevada. ...
Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar in a current of air and condensing the vapor. The equation for this extraction is
- HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2
In 2005, China was the top producer of mercury with almost two-thirds global share followed by Kyrgyzstan.[6] Several other countries are believed to have unrecorded production of mercury from copper electrowinning processes and by recovery from effluents. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Former mercury mines may be suited for constructive re-use. For example, in 1976 Santa Clara County, California purchased the historic Almaden Quicksilver Mine and created a county park on the site, after conducting extensive safety and environmental analysis of the property. Santa Clara County is a county located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California. ...
Senador Mine ruins Western Poison-oak in autumn, a common hazard in the park Shooting Star flower Almaden Quicksilver County Park is a 4,147 acres (17 km²) park that includes the grounds of former mercury (quicksilver) mines adjacent to south San Jose, California, USA. The parks elevation varies...
See also Category:Mercury minerals, Category:Mercury mines.
Releases in the environment
 Amount of atmospheric mercury deposited at Wyoming's Upper Fremont Glacier over the last 270 years Preindustrial deposition rates of mercury from the atmosphere may be in the range of 4 ng/L in the western USA. Although that can be considered a natural level of exposure, regional or global sources have significant effects. Volcanic eruptions can increase the atmospheric source by 4–6 times.[7] Atmospheric mercury deposition corresponds to volcanic and anthropogenic events over the past 270 years. ...
Atmospheric mercury deposition corresponds to volcanic and anthropogenic events over the past 270 years. ...
Natural sources such as volcanoes are responsible for approximately half of atmospheric mercury emissions.[8] The human-generated half can be divided into the following estimated percentages: Cleveland Volcano in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska photographed from the International Space Station For other uses, see Volcano (disambiguation). ...
- 65% from stationary combustion, of which coal-fired power plants are the largest aggregate source (40% of U.S. mercury emissions in 1999).[9] This includes power plants fueled with gas where the mercury has not been removed. Emissions from coal combustion are between one and two orders of magnitude higher than emissions from oil combustion, depending on the country.[8]
- 11% from gold production. The three largest point sources for mercury emissions in the U.S. are the three largest gold mines.[10]
- 6.8% from non-ferrous metal production, typically smelters.
- 6.4% from cement production.
- 3.0% from waste disposal, including municipal and hazardous waste, crematoria, and sewage sludge incineration. This is a significant underestimate due to limited information, and is likely to be off by a factor of two to five.[8]
- 3.0% from caustic soda production.
- 1.4% from pig iron and steel production.
- 1.1% from mercury production, mainly for batteries.
- 2.0% from other sources.
The above percentages are estimates of the global human-caused mercury emissions in 2000, excluding biomass burning, an important source in some regions.[8] Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron. ...
Historic smelter in Florence, Colorado In extractive metallurgy, a smelter is a factory for producing metal by the reduction of ore. ...
For other uses, see Cement (disambiguation). ...
Waste management is literally the process of managing waste materials (normally those produced as a result of human activities). ...
Municipal waste are a loud band from Richmond, VA. They play crossover thrash in the vein of DRI and Sepultura. ...
This article describes hazardous waste as a substance; for the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal see Basel Convention Put simply, a Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment and generally exhibits one...
Cremation is the practice of disposing of a corpse by burning. ...
Sludge is a generic term for solids separated from suspension in a liquid by a variety of processes. ...
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as caustic soda or lye in North America, is a caustic metallic base used in industry (mostly as a strong chemical base) in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents. ...
Two weights used in the theatre and made of pig iron; because of this, they are dubbed pig weights or simply pigs. ...
For other uses, see Steel (disambiguation). ...
 Mercury use of compact fluorescent bulb vs. incandescent bulb when powered by electricity generated from coal. Coal power in the United States accounts for approximately 50% of all power produced. Mercury also enters into the environment through the disposal (e.g., landfilling, incineration) of certain products. Products containing mercury include: auto parts, batteries, fluorescent bulbs, medical products, thermometers, and thermostats.[11] Due to health concerns (see below), toxics use reduction efforts are cutting back or eliminating mercury in such products. For example, most thermometers now use pigmented alcohol instead of mercury. Mercury thermometers are still occasionally used in the medical field because they are more accurate than alcohol thermometers, though both are being replaced by electronic thermometers. Mercury thermometers are still widely used for certain scientific applications because of their greater accuracy and working range. Image File history File links CFL_bulb_mercury_use_environment. ...
Image File history File links CFL_bulb_mercury_use_environment. ...
Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ...
For other uses, see Battery. ...
For the company, see Waste Management, Inc. ...
A clinical mercury thermometer A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient, using a variety of different principles. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The United States Clean Air Act, passed in 1990, put mercury on a list of toxic pollutants that need to be controlled to the greatest possible extent. Thus, industries that release high concentrations of mercury into the environment agreed to install maximum achievable control technologies (MACT). In March 2005 EPA rule[12] added power plants to the list of sources that should be controlled and a national cap and trade rule was issued. States were given until November 2006 to impose stricter controls, and several States are doing so. The rule was being subjected to legal challenges from several States in 2005 and decision was made in 2008. The Clean Air Mercury Rule was struck down by a Federal Appeals Court on February 8, 2008. The rule was deemed not sufficient to protect the health of persons living near coal fired power plants. The court opinion cited the negative impact on human health from coal fired power plants' mercury emissions documented in the EPA Study Report to Congress of 1998. (http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200802/05-1097a.pdf) It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Clean Air Act. ...
Emissions trading (or cap and trade) is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. ...
Historically, one of the largest releases was from the Colex plant, a lithium-isotope separation plant at Oak Ridge. The plant operated in the 1950s and 1960s. Records are incomplete and unclear, but government commissions have estimated that some two million pounds of mercury are unaccounted for.[13]
One of the worst industrial disasters in history was caused by the dumping of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay, Japan. The Chisso Corporation, a fertilizer and later petrochemical company, was found responsible for polluting the bay from 1932–1968. It is estimated that over 3,000 people suffered various deformities, severe mercury poisoning symptoms or death from what became known as Minamata disease. Industrial disasters are mass disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. ...
Minamata (水俣市; -shi) is a city located in Kumamoto, Japan. ...
Chisso Corporation ) is a Japanese chemical company. ...
Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ...
Minamata disease ), sometimes referred to as Chisso-Minamata disease ), is a neurological syndrome caused by severe mercury poisoning. ...
Applications
 Mercury column to measure pressure Mercury is used primarily for the manufacture of industrial chemicals or for electrical and electronic applications. It is used in some thermometers, especially ones which are used to measure high temperatures (In the United States, non-prescription sale of mercury fever thermometers is banned by a number of different states and localities). Other uses: Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2415, 312 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Pressure Mercury (element) Barometer Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x2415, 312 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Pressure Mercury (element) Barometer Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner...
A clinical mercury thermometer A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient, using a variety of different principles. ...
- Mercury was used inside wobbler (fishing) lures. Its heavy, liquid form made it useful since the lures made an attractive irregular movement when the mercury moved inside the plug. Such use was stopped due to environmental concerns, but illegal preparation of modern fishing plugs has occurred.
- Mercury sphygmomanometers.
- The lenses of old lighthouses used to float and rotate in a bath of mercury which acted like a bearing.
- Mercury barometers, diffusion pumps, coulometers, and many other laboratory instruments. As an opaque liquid with a high density and a nearly linear thermal expansion, it is ideal for this role.
- The triple point of mercury, -38.8344 °C, is a fixed point used as a temperature standard for the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90).
- In some gaseous electron tubes, including ignitrons, thyratrons, and mercury arc rectifiers
- Gaseous mercury is used in mercury-vapour lamps and some "neon sign" type advertising signs and fluorescent lamps.
- Mercury is used to construct liquid-mirror telescopes. The mirror is formed by rotating liquid mercury on a disk, the parabolic form of the liquid thus formed reflecting and focusing incident light. Such telescopes are cheaper than conventional large mirror telescopes by up to a factor of 100, but the mirror cannot be tilted and always points straight up.
- Liquid mercury was sometimes used as a coolant for nuclear reactors; however, sodium is proposed for reactors cooled with liquid metal, because the high density of mercury requires much more energy to circulate as coolant.
- Liquid mercury has been proposed as a working fluid for a heat pipe type of cooling device for spacecraft heat rejection systems or radiation panels.
- Mercury was a propellant for early ion engines in electric propulsion systems. Advantages were mercury's high molecular weight, low ionization energy, low dual-ionization energy, high liquid density and liquid storability at room temperature. Disadvantages were concerns regarding environmental impact associated with ground testing and concerns about eventual cooling and condensation of some of the propellant on the spacecraft in long-duration operations. The first spaceflight to use electric propulsion was a mercury-fueled ion thruster SERT-1 launched by NASA at its Wallops Flight Facility in 1964. SERT stands for Space Electric Rocket Test. The SERT-1 flight was followed up by the SERT-2 flight in 1970. Mercury and caesium were preferred propellants for ion engines until Hughes Research Laboratory performed studies finding xenon gas to be a suitable replacement. Xenon is now the preferred propellant for ion engines as it has a high molecular weight, little or no reactivity due its noble gas nature, and has a high liquid density under mild cryogenic storage.
- Experimental Mercury vapour turbines were proposed to increase the efficiency of fossil-fuel electrical power plants.
- Mercury was once used in the amalgamation process of refining gold and silver ores. This polluting practice is still used by the garimpeiros (gold miners) of the Amazon basin in Brasil and by illegal miners in South Africa.
- Mercury is still used in some cultures for folk medicine and ceremonial purposes which may involve ingestion, injection, or the sprinkling of elemental mercury around the home. The former two procedures, especially, are extremely hazardous and the latter is nearly as so because mercury spreads easily and is therefore ingested.
- Alexander Calder built a mercury fountain for the Spanish Pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris. The fountain is now on display at the Fundació Joan Miró in Barcelona.
- Used in electrochemistry as part of a secondary reference electrode called the calomel electrode as an alternative to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. This is used to work out the electrode potential of half cells.
- Used in Cold Cathode (also generalised under the Neon Sign Industry) lighting to increase the success of ionization and conductivity in Argon filled lamps, an Argon filled lamp without Mercury will have dull spots and will fail to light correctly. Lighting containing Mercury can only be bombarded/oven pumped once. When added to neon filled tubes the light produced will be inconsistent red/blue spots until the initial burning-in process is completed; eventually it will light a consistent dull off-blue colour.
- Mercury was once used as a gun barrel bore cleaner.
Miscellaneous uses: mercury switches (including home Mercury Light Switches installed prior to 1970), tilt switches used in old fire detectors, tilt switches in many modern home thermostats, electrodes in some types of electrolysis, batteries (mercury cells, including for sodium hydroxide and chlorine production, handheld games, and alkaline batteries), catalysts, insecticides, dental amalgams/preparations and liquid mirror telescopes. A wobbler is a larger fishing lure, designed to resemble larger fishes than the jig. ...
BP 126/70 mmHg as result on electronic sphygmomanometer A sphygmomanometer (often condensed to sphygmometer[1]) or blood pressure meter is a device used to measure blood pressure, comprising an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. ...
A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. ...
Diffusion pumps use a high speed jet of vapor to direct gas molecules in the pump throat down into the bottom of the pump and out the exhaust. ...
Introduction Mercury coulometer is based on the electrochemical processes of oxidation/reduction with according of the follow reaction: Hg2+ +e = Hg These oxidation/reduction processes have 100% efficienty with the wide range of the current densities. ...
In physics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. ...
ITS-90 is the current version of the International Temperature Scale. ...
Gas filled tubes are arrangements of electrodes in a gas within an insulating, temperature-resistant envelope. ...
An ignitron is a type of controlled rectifier dating from the 1930s. ...
A thyratron is a type of gas filled tube used as a high energy electrical switch. ...
A mercury arc valve is a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current. ...
A mercury-vapor yard light approximately 15 seconds after starting A Mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. ...
Neon signs are often used to advertise for hotels, bars and entertainment venues. ...
A compact fluorescent lamp A fluorescent lamp is a type of electric lamp that excites argon and mercury vapor to create luminescence. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mercury mirror. ...
A coolant, or heat transfer fluid, is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it. ...
Core of a small nuclear reactor used for research. ...
For sodium in the diet, see Salt. ...
A heat sink (aluminium) with heat pipe (copper) A heat pipe is a heat transfer mechanism that can transport large quantities of heat with a very small difference in temperature between the hotter and colder interfaces. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Ion thruster. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ...
SERT-1 (Space Electric Propulsion Test) was a NASA probe used to test ion engine design and was built by NASAs Lewis Research Center. ...
For other uses, see NASA (disambiguation). ...
Wallops Flight Facility Coordinates: Latitude 37. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number caesium, Cs, 55 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 6, s Appearance silvery gold Standard atomic weight 132. ...
In the 1940s, Howard Hughes created a R&D facility in Culver City, California; by the early 1960s, it had been moved to Malibu, California. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number xenon, Xe, 54 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 5, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 131. ...
This article is about the chemical series. ...
A Mercury vapour turbine has been used, in conjunction with a steam turbine, for generating electricity. ...
This article is about mixtures (alloys) of mercury with other elements. ...
GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ...
This article is about the chemical element. ...
For other uses, see Ore (disambiguation). ...
Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ...
For other uses, see Brazil (disambiguation). ...
A traditional healer in Côte dIvoire Folk medicine refers collectively to procedures traditionally used for treatment of illness and injury, aid to childbirth, and maintenance of wellness. ...
In general terms, eating (formally, ingestion) is the process of consuming something edible, i. ...
An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body. ...
For other persons named Alexander Calder, see Alexander Calder (disambiguation). ...
Alexander Calders Mercury Fountain in the sculpture garden of the Fundació Joan Miró The Mercury Fountain is a type of fountain constructed for use with mercury rather than water. ...
Worlds Fair is any of various large expositions held since the mid-19th century. ...
An Alexander Calder sculpture (featuring moving mercury) in the sculpture garden of the Fundació Joan Miró The Fundació Joan Miró, Centre dEstudis dArt Contemporani (Joan Miró Foundation) is a museum of modern art honoring Joan Miró and located on Montjuïc in Barcelona. ...
Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ...
English chemists John Daniell (left) and Michael Faraday (right), both credited to be founders of electrochemistry as known today. ...
For other uses, see Electrode (disambiguation). ...
Mercury(I) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula Hg2Cl2. ...
A standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated SHE) is a redox electrode which is placed in the basis of the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials. ...
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ...
A half cell is a structure that contains an electrode and a surrounding electrolyte. ...
Note: Principles are mostly the same for cold cathode ion sources as in particle accelerators to create electrons. ...
Ionization is the physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by changing the difference between the number of protons and electrons. ...
Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material accommodates the transport of electric charge. ...
General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...
General Name, symbol, number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, period, block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Standard atomic weight 39. ...
Bombarding is the process of pumping a Cold Cathode Lighting tube (otherwise called Neon Signs). ...
For other uses, see Neon (disambiguation). ...
A Single-Pole, Single-Throw (SPST) mercury switch A mercury switch is a switch whose purpose is to allow or interrupt the flow of electric current in an electrical circuit in a manner that is dependent on the switchs physical position or alignment relative to the direction of the...
A typical down light switch — this one is on. ...
For other uses, see Electrode (disambiguation). ...
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them. ...
For other uses, see Battery. ...
A mercury battery (also called mercuric oxide battery, or mercury cell) is a non-rechargeable electrochemical battery, a primary cell. ...
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)[1] sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ...
General Name, symbol, number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ...
Alkaline batteries A Duracell AA alkaline battery 2 Duracell-Brand AAA Alkaline batteries Alkaline batteries are a type of power cell dependent upon the reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide (Zn/MnO2). ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ...
It has been suggested that ovicide be merged into this article or section. ...
An amalgam is an alloy of mercury. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mercury mirror. ...
Historical uses: preserving wood, developing daguerreotypes, silvering mirrors, anti-fouling paints (discontinued in 1990), herbicides (discontinued in 1995), handheld maze games, cleaning, and road levelling devices in cars. Mercury compounds have been used in antiseptics, laxatives, antidepressants, and in antisyphilitics. It was also allegedly used by allied spies to sabotage German planes. A mercury paste was applied to bare aluminium, causing the metal to rapidly corrode. This would cause mysterious structural failures[citation needed]. Thiomersal (INN) (C9H9HgNaO2S), formerly and still commonly known in the United States as thimerosal, is an organomercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent. ...
Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (538x1324, 87 KB) Glow of a germicidal lamp as excited by a high voltage probe (handheld tesla coil). ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (538x1324, 87 KB) Glow of a germicidal lamp as excited by a high voltage probe (handheld tesla coil). ...
A 9W germicidal lamp in a modern compact fluorescent lamp form factor Close-up of the electrodes and the safety warning An EPROM. The small quartz window admits UV light during erasure. ...
An 1837 daguerreotype by Daguerre. ...
Silvering is the chemical process of coating glass with a reflective substance, originally silver, in order to create a mirror. ...
A mirror, reflecting a vase. ...
An herbicide is used to kill unwanted plants. ...
An antiseptic solution of Povidone-iodine applied to an abrasion Antiseptics (Greek αντί, against, and σηπτικός, putrefactive) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. ...
Laxatives (or purgatives) are foods, compounds, or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool, most often taken to treat constipation. ...
Prozac, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Venlafaxine An antidepressant is a psychiatric medication or other substance (nutrient or herb) used for alleviating depression or dysthymia (milder depression). ...
Syphilis is a curable sexually transmitted disease caused by the Treponema pallidum spirochete. ...
The Western Allies were the democracies and their colonial peoples, within the broader coalition of Allies during World War II. The term is generally understood to refer to the countries of the British Commonwealth of Nations and Poland (from 1939), exiled forces from Occupied Europe (from 1940), the United States...
Aluminum redirects here. ...
For the hazard, see corrosive. ...
In Islamic Spain it was used for filling decorative pools.[15] Al-Āndalus (Arabic الأندلس) was the Arabic name given to the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim inhabitants; it refers to both the Emirate (ca 750-929) and Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) and its taifa successor kingdoms specifically, and in general to territories under Muslim occupation (711-1492). ...
In some applications, mercury can be replaced with less toxic but considerably more expensive galinstan
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