The Baruch Hashem Messianic Synagogue in Dallas, Texas

Messianic Judaism is a religious movement of Jews and non-Jews whose adherents believe that Jesus of Nazareth, whom they call by the Hebrew name Yeshua, is both the resurrected Jewish Messiah and their divine savior.^[1][2] This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian ; Aramaic: , ; Arabic: , ; the Anointed One) at first meant any person who was anointed with oil on rising to a certain position among the ancient Israelites, at first that of High priest, later that of King and also that of a prophet. ... In Jewish messianism and eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: משיח; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word משיח) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during... This article presents an overview of various historically significant Jewish Messiah claimants. ... This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ... For the article on the person, teaching, and acts of Jesus Christ, see the Jesus article. ... The Resurrection—Tischbein, 1778. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian ; Aramaic: , ; Arabic: , ; the Anointed One) at first meant any person who was anointed with oil on rising to a certain position among the ancient Israelites, at first that of High priest, later that of King and also that of a prophet. ... For other uses, see Divinity (disambiguation) and Divine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Salvation (disambiguation). ...

While Messianic Jews practice their faith in a way that they consider to be authentically Torah-observant and culturally Jewish, Jews,^[3][4][5] Jewish denominations,^[6][7][8][9] and many Christians^{[10][11][12][13]} do not consider Messianic Judaism to be a form of Judaism. Messianic Jews are also not considered Jewish under the State of Israel's Law of Return. ^[14] Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... Minhag (Hebrew: מנהג Custom, pl. ... Several groups, sometimes called denominations, branches, or movements, have developed among Jews of the modern era, especially Ashkenazi Jews living in anglophone countries. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Judaism is the Jewish religion, but Jews, religious or not, also form an ethnic group or nation. ... The Law of Return (Hebrew: חוק השבות, hok ha-shvut) is Israeli legislation that allows Jews and those with Jewish parents or grandparents, and spouses of the aforementioned, to settle in Israel and gain citizenship. ...

By 1993 there were 160,000 adherents of Messianic Judaism in the United States and 350,000 worldwide.^[15] By 2003, there were at least 150 Messianic synagogues in the U.S. and over 400 worldwide.^[15] A synagogue (from , transliterated synagogē, assembly; beit knesset, house of assembly; or beit tefila, house of prayer, shul; , esnoga) is a Jewish house of worship. ...

Identity

Although words used to identify aspects of Messianic Judaism are frequently disputed and sometimes contradictory, the term itself generally describes a belief that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah and that obedience to the Scriptures is the proper expression of faith. Adherents are described as Messianic believers or Messianics for short.^[16][17] Messianic Judaism is a relatively new term, coined as recently as 1895 to help separate the practices of its followers from those of common Christianity as a whole, and in order to more closely align its faith with that of biblical and historical Judaism.^[18] In Judaism, the Messiah (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian ; Aramaic: , ; Arabic: , ; the Anointed One) at first meant any person who was anointed with oil on rising to a certain position among the ancient Israelites, at first that of High priest, later that of King and also that of a prophet. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

While Messianics describe Messianic Judaism as being Jewish,^[16] Jewish denominations, Jewish groups, national Jewish organizations, and others reject this classification and regard these groups as Christian.^{[3][7][4][11][9]} Several groups, sometimes called denominations, branches, or movements, have developed among Jews of the modern era, especially Ashkenazi Jews living in anglophone countries. ...

Messianics believe that the first followers of Jesus of Nazareth were called Nazarenes (in Hebrew, Notzrim; "נצרים") or simply the Way. The Nazarenes (Hebrew: Netzarim, נצרים) were a group of early followers of Jesus of Nazareth who, like the Ebionites, were noteworthy for refusing to follow Christianity in its complete break with Judaism. ... Hebrew redirects here. ...

History

See also: Messianic Movement

The Messianic Judaism of today grew out of the Hebrew-Christian movement of the 19th century. Hebrew-Christian congregations began to emerge in England; the first of these was Beni Abraham, in London, which was founded by forty-one Hebrew-Christians.^[19] This led to a more general awareness of a type of Christianity with a Jewish background.^[20] In 1866, the Hebrew-Christian Alliance of Great Britain was organized, with branches also existing in several European countries and the United States. A similar group, The Hebrew Christian Alliance of America (HCAA), was organized in the U. S. in 1915. The International Hebrew-Christian Alliance (IHCA) was organized in 1925 (later becoming the International Messianic Jewish Alliance). Additional groups were formed during subsequent decades.^[21] For the article describing the religion itself, see the article Messianic Judaism. ...

Modern Messianic Judaism was reborn in the 1960s.^[22] A major shift in the movement occurred when Martin Chernoff became the President of the HCAA (1971-1975). In June of 1973, a motion was made to change the name of the HCAA to the Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA) and the name was officially changed in June of 1975. The name change was significant as more than just a "semantical expression;" as Rausch states, "It represented an evolution in the thought processes and religious and philosophical outlook toward a more fervent expression of Jewish identity." ^[23]

When the movement began to become larger, new organizations less mainstream in their beliefs such as the Messianic Israel Alliance, First Fruits of Zion, and the Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations arose. These new smaller sects usually disagreed with mainstream Messianic Judaism over the issue of Gentile observance, and whether it is obligatory (as in the One Law sects) or not (as in mainstream Messianic Judaism.) The MIAs logo. ... Theology and Practice Messiah · Yeshua · Dance · Seal Religious Texts Messianic Bible translations Movement leaders & Orgs. ...

Theology

Messianic Jewish theology is the study of God and Scripture from a Messianic Jewish perspective. This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ...

Canon

Messianic believers commonly hold the TaNaKh to be divinely inspired. The Tanakh includes the Torah (first five books of Moses), Nevi'im (the Prophets) and Ketuvim (the Writings). The Apostolic Writings (New Testament) are commonly considered to also be divinely inspired. Most hold them to be equal in authority to the Tanakh, but this is not universal and can vary from individual to individual even within the same synagogue or Torah study. A very few Messianic believers are troubled by the writings of Paul (who is often called Rav. Sha'ul) and may reject his writings, hold them in less esteem than those of the Gospel writers, or even reject him. Often, the emphasis is on the idea that the Tanakh is the only scripture the early believers had (most scripture scholars agree that there was not an established New Testament canon until the 4th century^[24]) and that, except for the recorded words of Yeshua, the Apostolic Writings were meant to be an inspired commentary on the Tanakh. But generally, the vast majority of Messianic Jews believe that the New Covenant is Torah, and that it has equal authority with the Hebrew Bible. Messianic Jewish scholar David H. Stern laid the groundwork for Messianic Halakha in his "Jewish New Testament Commentary" in which the theologian proves that Rabbi Sha'ul is fully coherent with Messianic Judaism, and that the B'rit Chadasha is to be taken by Messianic Jews as the inspired Word of God. This is the mainstream view within the movement although, as with many religions, there are several schools of thought. For the musical collective, see Tanakh (band). ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ...

Canon:

1. Torah [תורה] meaning one or all of: "The Law"; "Teaching"; "Instruction". Also called the Chumash [חומש] meaning: "The five"; "The five books of Moses". It is the "Pentateuch".
2. Nevi'im [נביאים] meaning: "Prophets"
3. Ketuvim [כתובים] meaning "Writings" or "Hagiographa".
4. Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
5. Acts
6. General epistles of James, Peter, and Paul, author of Hebrews
7. Revelation

David H. Stern has produced a Messianic Jewish version of the Bible called the Complete Jewish Bible. Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Neviim [נביאים] (Heb: Prophets) is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), following the Torah and preceding Ketuvim (writings). ... Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). ... For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. ... For the literature genre, see Acts of the Apostles (genre). ... General epistles are books in the New Testament in the form of letters. ... Revelation of the Last Judgment by Jacob de Backer Revelation is an uncovering or disclosure via communication from the divine of something that has been partially or wholly hidden or unknown, which could not be known apart from the unveiling (Goswiller 1987 p. ... David H. Stern is a Israel based Messianic Jewish theologian. ... The Complete Jewish Bible (CJB) is a Bible translated by Dr. David H. Stern in English. ...

Torah

"Torah" refers to the first five books of the Bible, also called the Penteteuch, Books of Moses, or Books of Law. The word translated most commonly as laws is probably more rightly translated as teachings. The Torah contains the 613 laws of the Covenant between God and Israel. For Jews, whether they are Messianic or not, observance is covenantal. For Gentiles, it is not covenantally obligatory; for Gentiles, the Torah is to be read for instruction in doctrine and righteousness.

The ark in Messianic congregation Melech Yisrael, where the Torah scrolls are kept.

Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Sefer Torah being read during weekday service. ...

Scriptural commentary

Messianic believers also look to Jewish texts, such as the Babylonian Talmud and other rabbinic commentary, for historical insight into an understanding of biblical texts and halakha. Much like Karaite Judaism, some Messianics do not accept rabbinic commentary or halakha as authoritative where it seems to contradict the Scriptures of the Messianic canon listed above. This, however, is debated and varies from congregation to congregation, or from ministry to ministry--and perhaps even on issue-to-issue. Although there is much debate with regard to acceptance of the Babylonian Talmud, there does exist a small minority who adhere to the teachings of the Sages and the oral teachings held in the Talmud and consider them authoritative, yet the main difference between them and mainstream Judaism remains the same with regard to the belief in Yeshua as the Messiah. These groups consider Yeshua's command of, "The Scribes and the Pharisees sit in the seat of Moses, all of which they command you to do, do, but do not do as they do." (Matt 23:2-3) to be a proclamation of Torah authority to the Pharisaic Jewish community. One of the great differences between them and most Messianics is their belief in non-separation from the Jewish community and the authority of the Rabbis. Although they hold the Apostolic teachings to be authoritative, as do the Messianics, there remain many details in Jewish Law which violate oral tradition, as well as the written Torah. Because of this, there remains for them another line of division between them and mainstream Judaism. The first page of the Talmud, in the standard Vilna edition. ... Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a Jewish movement characterized by the sole reliance on the Tanakh as scripture, and the rejection of the Oral Law (the Mishnah and the Talmud) as halakha (Legally Binding, i. ... The first page of the Talmud, in the standard Vilna edition. ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ...

Many Messianic congregations use traditional Jewish rabbinic commentaries to gain historical insight into biblical teachings and passages and to better comprehend the environment that the first-century New Testament writers would have been familiar with. These traditional Jewish oral teachings are called the Mishnah and Gemara. The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ... The Gemara (גמרא - from gamar: Hebrew [to] complete; Aramaic [to] study) is a component of the Talmud, comprising the rabbinical commentaries and analysis on the Mishnah, undertaken in the Academies of Palestine and Babylon over a 300 year period to about 500. ...

Messianic commentaries on various books of the Bible, with the exception of a handful of commentaries written on the Torah and New Testament texts, such as Matthew, Acts, Romans, Galatians, and Hebrews, can be few and far between. David H. Stern has released a one-volume Jewish New Testament Commentary, but it overlooks many of the issues of composition, history, date and setting, and only provides select explanatory notes from a Messianic Jewish point of view. Other noted New Testament commentary authors include: Joseph Shulam, who has written commentaries on Acts, Romans, and Galatians; Tim Hegg of TorahResource, who has written commentaries on Romans, Galatians, Hebrews, and is presently examining Matthew; Daniel Thomas Lancaster, who has written extensively for the First Fruits of Zion Torah Club series; Stuart Sacks, author of Hebrews Through a Hebrews' Eyes; and J.K. McKee of TNN Online who has written several volumes under the byline "for the Practical Messianic" (James, Hebrews, Philippians, and a New Testament Survey). This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... // Matthew is a male given name. ... For the literature genre, see Acts of the Apostles (genre). ... The Epistle to the Romans is one of the letters of the New Testament canon of the Christian Bible. ... The Epistle to the Galatians is a book of the New Testament. ... The Epistle to the Hebrews (abbr. ...

Further scriptural commentary

Some Messianic believers call rabbinic commentaries such as the Mishnah and the Talmud "dangerous".^[25] These people believe that followers of rabbinic and halakhic explanations and commentaries are not believers in Jesus/Yeshua as the Messiah.^[25] Furthermore, they deny the authority of the Pharisees, believing that they were superseded, and contradicted, by Messianism.^[25] The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ... The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ...

Others in the Messianic movement do not share this rejection of the oral Torah. Some look to the Talmud and rabbinical interpretations of Israel for guidance in a fuller expression of obedience to the Torah.^{[citation needed]} Messianics who honor halakhah point out that Deuteronomy 17 instructs not only obedience to the Torah, but also to the Judges we go to for Torah interpretation, to "do everything they direct you to do. Act according to the law they teach you and the decisions they give you. Do not turn aside from what they tell you, to the right or to the left."^{[citation needed]} The authority of the Pharisees is confirmed in Matthew 23, "The teachers of the law and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. So you must obey them and do everything they tell you." ^[26]

As an example, the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council (affiliated with the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations) has published its standards.^[27]

Core doctrines

This section lists some of the main beliefs and doctrines present in Messianic Judaism

1. God - Messianics believe in the God of the Bible, and that he is all-powerful, omni-present, eternal, exists outside of creation, and is infinitely significant and benevolent. Some Messianics are more open to trinitarian views of God^[28] while others demand strict monotheism.^[29]
2. Yeshua the Messiah - Yeshua (Jesus) of Nazareth, is believed to be the Jewish Messiah in Messianic Judaism. The mainstream movement accepts Yeshua as "God in the flesh", and as "the Torah (Word) made flesh" (Jn. 1). Some small offshoots exist outside the fringe of the movement which deny Yeshua's divinity. These however, are rejected by mainstream Messianic Jews in the same way Christians reject groups with differing Christologies, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses.
3. Written Torah - Messianics, with few exceptions, consider the written Torah (Pentateuch), the five books of Moses, to remain fully in force and they therefore believe that it is a holy covenant, which is to be observed both morally and ritually, by those who profess faith in God. They believe that Yeshua taught and re-affirmed the Torah, rather than do away with it.
4. Israel - It is believed that the Children of Israel were, remain, and will continue to be the chosen people of the God of Jacob, and are central to his plans for existence. Virtually all Messianics (whether Jewish or non-Jewish) can be said to oppose Replacement theology, the view that the Church has replaced Israel in the mind and plans of God.
5. The Bible - The Tanakh and Apostolic Writings (sometimes called the "B’rit Chadasha") are usually considered to be the established and divinely inspired Biblical scriptures by Messianic Jews. Messianics are much more open to criticism of the established canon of the New Testament, since there was not considered to be a standard canon until the Gentile Church established one in the 4th century, when many Jewish sects devoted to the teachings and Messiahship of Jesus were on the decline.
6. Biblical Eschatology - Most Messianics hold all of the following eschatological beliefs: the End of Days, the Second Coming of Jesus as the conquering Messiah, the re-gathering of Israel, a rebuilt Third Temple, a Resurrection of the Dead (and that Jesus was resurrected after his death), and the Millennial Sabbath.
7. Oral Law - Messianic Jewish opinions concerning the “Oral Torah”, encoded in the Talmud, are varied and sometimes conflicting between individual congregations. Some congregations are very selective in their applications of Talmudic law, or do so for the sake of continuity with tradition, while others encourage a serious observance of the Jewish Halakha. Virtually all Messianic congregations and synagogues can be said to believe that the oral traditions are subservient to the written Torah. It is important to note that Yeshua (Jesus) followed some oral traditions (such as the observance of Hannukah), but opposed others - such as the specific ritual for the washing of hands.

In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: משיח; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word משיח) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... Moses with the Tablets, 1659, by Rembrandt This article is about the Biblical figure. ... The Children of Israel, or Bnei Yisrael (בני ישראל) in Hebrew (also Bnai Yisrael, Bnei Yisroel or Bene Israel) is a Biblical term for the Israelites. ... Supersessionism is the traditional Christian belief that Christianity is the fulfillment of Biblical Judaism, and therefore that Jews who deny that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah fall short of their calling as Gods Chosen people. ... For the architectural structure, see Church (building). ... For the musical collective, see Tanakh (band). ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... For the eschatological beliefs of various religions, see End Times. ... End of Days is a 1999 action/horror film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and directed by Peter Hyams. ... For other uses, see Second Coming (disambiguation). ... A drawing of Ezekiels Visionary Temple from the Book of Ezekiel 40-47 Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, religious Jews have prayed that God will allow for the rebuilding of a Third Temple. ... The Talmud (Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד) is a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. ... Halakha (Hebrew: הלכה; also transliterated as Halakhah, Halacha, Halakhot and Halachah with pronunciation emphasis on the third syllable, kha), is the collective corpus of Jewish religious law, including biblical law (the 613 mitzvot) and later talmudic and rabbinic law as well as customs and traditions. ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ...

Additional doctrines

1. Sin and atonement - Messianics define sin as transgression of the Torah (Law/Instruction) of God (1 John 3: 4-5). Some adherents continue practices intended to atone for their sins - usually involving prayer and rituals relating to repentance—that is, acknowledgment of wrongdoing and seeking forgiveness for their sins (esp. on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement). Other Messianics disagree with these practices, believing that all sin (whether committed yet or not) is already atoned for because of Jesus's death and resurrection.
2. Faith and works - Messianics draw on Jewish rather than Protestant tradition. In Hebrew there is one word for both faith and faithfulness: Emunah. Most adherents to Messianic Judaism believe in a showing of their faith through righteous works (Jacob 2: 17-26; James 2: 1-26), defined by the Torah. Few Messianics believe that faith and works are mutually exclusive or polarized; most believe that faith in God and righteous works are entirely complimentary to each other, and that the one (faith) naturally leads to the other (works).

For other uses, see Sin (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Yom Kippur (Hebrew:יוֹם כִּפּוּר ) is a Jewish holiday, known in English as the Day of Atonement. ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ...

People of God

Messianic Judaism has a core teaching that Israel remains Israel and the Nations remain the Nations, Jews remain Jews and Gentiles remain Gentiles. Jews are those who are born of a Jewish mother or have undergone halakhic conversion to Judaism. An exception is also made for those born of Jewish fathers if and only if the individual claims Jewish identity, similar to the Reform position. The statement of the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council on Jewish identity^[30] is often disputed among Messianic believers who either don't find it necessary or discourage halakhic conversion by believing the Romans 2:29 teaching (that a "Jew" is not one who is one "outwardly" but is one who is a Jew in his heart). They also believe that by accepting Jesus (Yeshua) into their hearts and confessing that he is Lord, salvation is received.^[31]

The "People of God" is a larger set which includes Israel, but also includes Gentiles in the Christian Churches as well as Messianic Gentiles. Thus, a rabbinical Jew is part of "Israel", a Baptist is part of "Ekklesia," and a Messianic Jew is both "Israel" and "Ekklesia." Furthermore, rabbinical Jews, Baptists, and Messianic Jews, aka both Israel and Ekklesia, are all "People of God." Messianic Judaism sees itself as the "link," the point of the graft between Israel and Ekklesia.

The issue surrounding Israel's relationship to Ekklesia, especially in Covenantal terms, is highly important to Messianics. While Jews, whether they are Messianic or not, are considered to be within an irrevocable Covenant given at Mt. Sinai, Gentiles are not. A Messianic Jew must keep Covenant. A Methodist need not. Those Gentiles who have joined Messianic congregations take up Torah observance, some more than others, but do so voluntarily, either out of love for God or simply as part of being in the community. Jews and Gentiles are seen as completely equal before God; they are seen as "one new man" in their belief in Yeshua. But this union is not a homogenization, but more analogous to the union of husband and wife in marriage, where differentiation is preserved even within unity.

Thus, Messianic Judaism does not require Gentile conversion to Judaism, and in fact discourages it. However, the UMJC makes exceptions for those rare individuals who identify with Messianic Judaism in a stronger way than simply being "grafted on." The reasoning for this variance is as follows: While Titus may have been the norm in the epistles, a Gentile not converted to Judaism, Paul nevertheless made an exception for Timothy, whom he circumcised and brought under the Covenant. According to the statement of the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council regarding Conversion,^[32] converts to Judaism do not in any way have a higher status within Messianic Judaism than the Gentiles attached to the communities.

Jewish law

The more mainstream Messianic congregations adhere to a strongly halakhic definition for God’s people. In these groups, Gentiles are colleagues and are strongly encouraged, but not required, to keep the Torah.

Similar theologies

Within the Messianic world, new theologies have arisen, and old theologies have come to claim the title of "Messianic," theologies which are not always compatible with the main beliefs held by the original and larger groups. Leaders from the MJAA and UMJC have joined together to fight against the claims of these competing theologies.

One Law theology

One Law theology acknowledges the distinction between Ekklesia and Israel in principle, but in practicality the lines are blurred because Gentile believers are considered to come under the Mosaic covenant, making observance obligatory. This theology actually has a long line of various sects that have popped in and out of history. One Law groups have many things in common with Messianic Judaism because of their belief in the ongoing validity of the Mosaic Covenant -- but the one thing they disagree on is too significant to ignore. Leaders of the Messianic community such as Dan Juster of MJAA and Rus Resnick of UMJC have joined together to argue against One Law theology's insistence on Gentile observance.^[33] Tim Hegg responded to their article defending what he believes to be the biblical teaching on the subject.^[34]

Two House theology

The Two House theology comes from the idea that the "House of Judah" in scripture refers to Jews, and the "House of Israel" refers to the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel or Ephraim. Where scripture says the House of Israel and Judah will again be "one branch", they believe it is referring to the idea that in the last days of the world, right before Yeshua returns, that all those descended from Israel will come back to Israel. This theology postulates that the reason why so many so called "Gentiles" are coming into Messianic Judaism is that the vast majority of them are really Hebrew and just don't know it yet. They believe that the vast majority of people who consider themselves to be "Gentiles" coming into Messianic Judaism are really the descendants of the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel. Like One Law groups, the Two House theology appears at first glance to have much in common with Messianic Judaism because of its belief in the ongoing validity of the Mosaic Covenant. However, the idea of Gentiles who are not halakhically Jewish claiming to be Israel can be deeply offensive to some Messianic Jews. Mainstream organizations such as MJAA and UMJC have denounced Two House teaching.^[35]

Eschatology

Issues of Creation and Eschatology are not central to Messianic Judaism with the following exception: the idea that one age is ending, as the fullness of the Gentiles has been reached, and the next age beginning, where we shall see the fullness of Israel. The wording is a reference to Romans 11,

"Again I ask: Did [the Jews] stumble so as to fall beyond recovery? Not at all! Rather, because of their transgression, salvation has come to the Gentiles to make Israel envious. But if their transgression means riches for the world, and their loss means riches for the Gentiles, how much greater riches will their fullness bring! ... For if their rejection is the reconciliation of the world, what will their acceptance be but life from the dead? ... I do not want you to be ignorant of this mystery, brothers, so that you may not be conceited: Israel has experienced a hardening in part until the full number of the Gentiles has come in. And so all Israel will be saved."

The "fullness of the Gentiles" might be said to refer to the Great Commission, which is complete. The rebirth of the nation of Israel, the re-establishment of Jerusalem as its capital, the return of Jews from Russia, "the nation to the north," and the return of Jews worldwide to greater observance are all seen as signs of the beginning of the age of Israel. Messianics believe that when the fullness of Israel is reached, the Messiah will return and the world will see the resurrection of the dead. (Rabbenu -- A New Paradigm For Messianic Jewish Outreach: Catching Up With the Future [1] May 28, 2006)

The majority of Messianics believe in a literal 7,000 year period for the human history of the world, from Adam to the Judgment, and believe that we are the final generation that will experience the Biblical apocalypse.^{[citation needed]} A small, yet steadily growing sector of Messianics, have adopted forms of Old Earth Creationism which while denying the theory of evolution does discount a 6,000-7,000 year old earth, or in Theistic Evolution, the belief that God created using evolution, or similarly, that evolution occurred but that natural selection is an insufficient explanation for all of it, the hand of the Creator being evident. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article is about evolution in biology. ...

Most Messianics ^{[citation needed]} believe that the Messianic Kingdom, or Millennial Sabbath, will literally be for a period of a thousand years, after the collective resurrection of the dead, with Jesus the Messiah ruling from Jerusalem. Many believe that we are living in the final days, or “End Times”, before the physical return of Jesus to Jerusalem.

Messianics also contend that no serious study of the End Times should ever leave out the significance of God's appointed times--the major Jewish Festivals in the Torah--and their fulfillment as prophetic events as it relates to the person of Jesus and to Israel. Many Messianics believe that just as the Spring Festivals (Passover, First Fruits, Shavuot) were literally fulfilled to the day at Jesus's first coming, the Fall Festivals (Yom Teruah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot) will be literally fulfilled to the day at Jesus's second coming, and that all of the moedim, indeed the entire Torah, intrinsically hints at the Messiah. // In the three Abrahamic Religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), the End Times are depicted as a time of tribulation that precede the predicted coming of a Messiah figure. ... Jewish holiday, (or Yom Tom or chag or taanit in Hebrew) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Torah, and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras. ... This article is about the Jewish holiday. ... First Fruits are a religious offering of the first agricultural produce of the harvest. ... Shavuot, also spelled Shavuos (Hebrew: שבועות (Israeli Heb. ... Look up Rosh Hashanah in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Yom Kippur (Hebrew:יוֹם כִּפּוּר ) is a Jewish holiday, known in English as the Day of Atonement. ... Sukkot (Hebrew:  ; booths. ... Jewish holiday, (or Yom Tom or chag or taanit in Hebrew) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Torah, and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras. ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ...

Overview of issues

Traditional Christianity affirms that the Torah is the word of God, though some Christians deny that all of the laws of the Pentateuch apply directly to them as Christians. The New Testament suggests that Yeshua established a new covenant relationship between God and his people (Heb 8; Jer 31:31–34) and this new covenant speaks of the Torah being written upon the heart. Various passages such as Matthew 5:17-19, Matthew 28:19-20, 1 John 3:4 and Romans 3:3, as well as various examples of Torah observance in the New Testament, are cited by Messianics in suggesting that the Torah was not and could not have been abolished. Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ...

Many Messianics believe that it is absurd to assume that any of the 613 Mitzvot would be abolished simply because certain commandments are or are not repeated or reaffirmed individually in the New Testament, proclaiming the belief that such was never the job of the Apostles in the first place, and that the Torah has always been immutable. Messianics sometimes challenge Christians by arguing that if they believe Jesus is the Messiah, then according to the Torah itself Yeshua could not have changed the Torah. Main article: Mitzvah 613 Mitzvot or 613 Commandments (Hebrew: ‎ transliterated as Taryag mitzvot; TaRYaG is the acronym for the numeric value of 613) are a list of commandments from God in the Torah. ...

As with Orthodox Judaism, capital punishment and animal sacrifice are not practiced because there are strict Biblical conditions on how these are to be practiced, requiring a functioning Temple in Jerusalem with its Levite priesthood. When the power of capital punishment is available, it is often exercised only after exhausting loopholes in the Torah are used to set a suspect free. According to the Talmud, capital punishment in Jewish law always had to lean on merciful alternatives to execution and make every effort not to give the strictest punishment within the confines of the Torah: "A Sanhedrin which kills once in seven years is considered murderous. Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah said: once in seventy years. Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Tarfon said: if we had been in the Sanhedrin, no one would have ever been killed." (Mishnah Makot 1:10). Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonised in the Talmudic texts (Oral Torah) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... In the Jewish tradition, a Levite (לֵוִי Attached, Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ) is a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi. ...

Most Messianics believe that observance of the Torah brings about sanctification, not salvation, which was to be produced only by the Messiah.^[36] Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ...

Like so many other elements of Messianic Judaism, the issue of Torah observance varies widely across the movement. The following subsections attempt to explain the differing opinions regarding Torah observance within Messianic Judaism as a whole.

Law and grace

Some believe that the Torah is separated into moral, ceremonial, and civil commandments, and that only the moral laws are necessary to be observed by believers today. Others consider such a partitioning of the Torah to be a man-made and deliberate attempt to avoid serious observance of the whole Torah.

Others among the Messianics hold that both Yeshua and Paul taught and commanded Jews to remain obedient to all the laws found in the Torah. (See New Perspective on Paul) The New Perspective on Paul is the name given to a significant shift in how New Testament scholars interpret the writings of Paul of Tarsus, particularly in regard to Judaism and the later Protestant understanding of Justification by Faith. ...

Most Messianics believe Jesus himself said that he came not to destroy the Law or Prophets but that he came to fulfill [to fill up to the full]. Matthew 5:17-19 17 " Do not think that I came to destroy the Law or the Prophets. I did not come to destroy but to fulfill. 18 "For assuredly, I say to you, till heaven and earth pass away, one jot or one tittle will by no means pass from the law till all is fulfilled.

Jewish Jesus

Messianics believe that Rabbi Yeshua bar Yosef was born in the city of Beit Lechem in the year 7 BC to Yosef bar Yaakov, and most believe that he never sought to rebuff, but rather devoutly taught, the Torah, and that according to the first chapter of John, he was the “Word“ (Torah) made flesh and thus could not have contradicted himself. Some also believe that Yeshua (Jesus) may have been a Pharisee.

Jewish Paul

Some Messianics believe that Paul (whom they sometimes refer to as Sha’ul, his Hebrew name) remained a Jewish Pharisee even as a believer until his death. This is based on Acts 23:6, detailing events after Paul's acceptance of Jesus as Messiah. "But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men [and] brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question."

Messianics cite the cutting off of Paul’s hair at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken (Acts 18:18), references in passing to him observing the Jewish holidays, the frequent mistranslations of his writings in many Bibles, and his consistent good standing with his Rabbinic master Gamaliel, to show that he was wholly in continued observance of the laws and traditions of Judaism There is another Kechries, see Kechries Kechries (Greek Modern: Κεχριές, rarely Κεχρεές, Ancient/Katharevousa: Kenchreai), older form: Cenchreae, Kenchreai, Kechriai, Kekhries, Kekhriai, Kekhriais is a community in the municipality of Corinth in Corinthia. ... Jewish holiday, (or Yom Tom or chag or taanit in Hebrew) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Torah, and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras. ... Gamaliel the Elder, or Rabbi Gamaliel I, was the grandson of the great Jewish teacher Hillel the Elder. ...

They maintain that Paul never set out to polarize the gospel between faith and righteous works, but that one is necessary to maintain the other. The New Perspective on Paul is important in Messianic Judaism. The New Perspective on Paul is the name given to a significant shift in how New Testament scholars interpret the writings of Paul of Tarsus, particularly in regard to Judaism and the later Protestant understanding of Justification by Faith. ...

Comparisons

Judaism

Messianic Jews view Jesus as:

• a divinity,
• as the savior of humanity from its sins,
• and as the promised messiah of the bible.

Jewish theology rejects the idea that the messiah (or any other person) is a divinity; such an idea has often been regarded as idolatrous. Nor does Judaism view the role of the messiah to be the salvation of the world from its sins (a Christian idea widely accepted by messianic Jews). Judaism does not accept Jesus as the biblical messiah, nor does it assign him any religious role at all. For other uses, see Divinity (disambiguation) and Divine (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Salvation (disambiguation). ... In Judaism, the Messiah (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian ; Aramaic: , ; Arabic: , ; the Anointed One) at first meant any person who was anointed with oil on rising to a certain position among the ancient Israelites, at first that of High priest, later that of King and also that of a prophet. ... For other uses, see Divinity (disambiguation) and Divine (disambiguation). ...

Christianity

Historically, Christianity has featured supersessionism in which the Mosaic Covenant of the First Testament is superseded by the New Covenant of Jesus, wherein the merciful grace of God and not obedience to Torah is required for salvation. This is sometimes complimented with God moving the status of "God's people" from Israel, as the First Testament announces, to the Christian Church. Messianic Judaism, in varying degrees, challenges both thoughts. Israel, though it has rejected Jesus (by majority) has not forfeited its place as God's chosen people. They quote Romans 11:29 which says "for God's gifts and his call are irrevocable." The core of supersessionism, in which the First Testament covenant is canceled, is less agreed upon. Though the mitzvoh may or may not be necessary, most are still good to follow, especially keeping the Sabbath and other holy days. Some believe that non-Christian Jews can still find favor with God through the Torah without accepting Jesus, as did Moses, David, and the Prophets. Supersessionism (sometimes referred to as replacement theology by its critics) is a belief that Christianity is the fulfillment and continuation of the Old Testament, and that Jews who deny that Jesus is the Messiah are not being faithful to the revelation that God has given them, and they therefore fall... Covenant, meaning a solemn contract, is the customary word used to translate the Hebrew word berith (ברית, Tiberian Hebrew bərîṯ, Standard Hebrew bərit) as it is used in the Hebrew Bible. ... Christians believe that Jesus is the mediator of the New Covenant (see Hebrews 8:6). ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ...

In recent times, the Gentile Church, Christians who are not messianic Jews, has put more emphasis on its Jewish roots, especially Sabbath keeping. Some even attend Seders, though primarily for education.

Ethnic Jews who are Christians

Being Jewish can refer to a religious identity or ethnic designation, or usually both. Christians who were born Jewish do not necessarily identify as Messianic Jews; Christians with a Jewish heritage may follow Christianity in exactly the same way a Gentile Christian follows it. Further confusing, some Messianic Jews are actually of Gentile ethnicity, but attend Temple and the teachings of Messianic Judaism.

Jews for Jesus

For these reasons, many Messianic believers do not consider Jews for Jesus to be a Messianic Jewish organization.^[37][38][39] However, this rejection reveals a great deal of ambiguity in how the term is popularly used, since many followers of Jews for Jesus call themselves "Messianic Jews" and many mainstream Christians and Jews call them the same. Jews for Jesus is a Christian [1] evangelical organization which targets Jews for conversion to Christianity. ...

Jesus

The place of Jesus in Messianic Judaism is usually clearly defined. Contrary to Judaism, Messianic Judaism asserts that Jesus is the word of God become manifest (John 1:1;14), a belief that is identical with normative Christian doctrine regarding the nature and identity of the son of God. Furthermore, Messianic Judaism generally asserts that the Messiah has a dual aspect as revealed in Scripture ^[40]. Instead of merely a physical Messiah who would save Israel from occupation and restore the Davidic Kingdom, Jesus first rescued the world from spiritual bondage – paving the way for true understanding and application of the Torah. The Messiah will return again – only this time he will indeed rescue the world from physical oppression and establish his unending Kingdom - again, a belief that is identical to the normative Christian view of the Messiah. George Berkley writes that Messianics "worship not just God but Jesus" or Yeshua whom they hold to be God's promised Messiah.^[41]

Doctrines

As with many religious faiths, the exact tenets held vary from congregation to congregation. In general, essential doctrines of Messianic Judaism include views on God (omnipotent, omnipresent, eternal, outside creation, infinitely significant and benevolent - viewpoints on Trinity vary), Jesus (often called Yeshua, is believed to be the Jewish Messiah, though views on his divinity vary), written Torah (with a few exceptions Messianics believe Jesus taught and reaffirmed Torah and that it remains fully in force), Israel (the Children of Israel are central to God's plan, replacement theology is opposed), the Bible (Tanakh and New Testament usually considered the divinely inspired Scripture, though Messianics are more open to criticism of New Testament canon than is Christianity), eschatology (similar to many evangelical Christian views), and oral law (observance varies, but virtually all deem these traditions subservient to written Torah). Certain additional doctrines, including sin and atonement and faith and works, are more open to differences in interpretation.^[42] This article is about the Christian Trinity. ... For the article on the person, teaching, and acts of Jesus Christ, see the Jesus article. ... In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: משיח; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word משיח) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... The Children of Israel, or Bnei Yisrael (בני ישראל) in Hebrew (also Bnai Yisrael, Bnei Yisroel or Bene Israel) is a Biblical term for the Israelites. ... Supersessionism is the traditional Christian belief that Christianity is the fulfillment of Biblical Judaism, and therefore that Jews who deny that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah fall short of their calling as Gods Chosen people. ... For the musical collective, see Tanakh (band). ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ...

People of God

There exists among Messianics a number of perspectives regarding who exactly makes up God's chosen people. These are 'covenant membership, and halakhic definitions. Most commonly, Israel is seen as distinct from Ekklesia; Messianic Jews, being a part of both Israel and Ekklesia, are seen as the necessary link of the Gentile People of God to the commonwealth of God's people of Israel. The two-house view, and the one law/grafted in view are held by many identifying as Messianic, although major Messianic groups do not espouse these theologies.^[43] Various groups have considered themselves chosen by God for some purpose such as to act as Gods agent on earth. ... The Two House Messianic Movement is a disputed theological movement involving the re-unification of the Lost Ten Tribes of the ancient Kingdom of Israel with the two southern most tribes of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, known today as the Jews. The expectations within the movement are rooted in...

Eschatology

Many Messianics believe that all of the moedim, indeed the entire Torah, intrinsically hint at the Messiah, and thus no study of the End Times is complete without understanding the major Jewish Festivals in the larger prophetic context. To these believers, Passover, First Fruits, and Shavuot were fulfilled in Jesus's first coming, and Yom Teruah, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot will be at his second. Many Messianics believe in a literal 7000 year period for the human history of the world, with a Messianic Millennial Sabbath Kingdom before a final judgment.^[44] Jewish holiday, (or Yom Tom or chag or taanit in Hebrew) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Torah, and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras. ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... // In the three Abrahamic Religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), the End Times are depicted as a time of tribulation that precede the predicted coming of a Messiah figure. ... Jewish holiday, (or Yom Tom or chag or taanit in Hebrew) is a day that is holy to the Jewish people according to Judaism and is usually derived from the Hebrew Bible, specifically the Torah, and in some cases established by the rabbis in later eras. ... This article is about the Jewish holiday. ... First Fruits are a religious offering of the first agricultural produce of the harvest. ... Shavuot, also spelled Shavuos (Hebrew: שבועות (Israeli Heb. ... Look up Rosh Hashanah in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Yom Kippur (Hebrew:יוֹם כִּפּוּר ) is a Jewish holiday, known in English as the Day of Atonement. ... Sukkot (Hebrew:  ; booths. ...

Torah

The ark in Messianic congregation Melech Yisrael.

The issue of Torah observance is a contentious one within Messianic Judaism. Generally, "Torah observant" congregations observe Jewish Law, biblical feasts, and the Sabbath, [2] although they do not teach that Gentiles need observe Torah. While most traditional Christians deny that the ritual laws and specific civil laws of the Pentateuch (though still affirming that Torah is the word of God) apply directly to themselves, passages^[45] regarding Torah observance in the New Testament are cited by Messianics that Torah was not abolished for Jews. They point out that in Acts 21 we find that the Jewish believers in Jerusalem are "Zealots for Torah" and that Paul himself, although the victim of terrible gossip, has never stopped being observant. Most Messianics believe that observance of the Torah brings about sanctification, not salvation, which was to be produced only by the Messiah^[46]. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Look up Pentateuch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... This article is about the Christian scriptures. ... Template:Jews and Jewdaism Template:The Holy Book Named TorRah The Torah () is the most valuable Holy Doctrine within Judaism,(and for muslims) revered as the first relenting Word of Ulllah, traditionally thought to have been revealed to Blessed Moosah, An Apostle of Ulllah. ... Sanctification or in its verb form, sanctify, literally means to set apart for special use or purpose, that is to make holy or sacred (compare Latin sanctus holy). Therefore sanctification refers to the state or process of being set apart, i. ... For other uses, see Salvation (disambiguation). ...

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Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

Religious practices

Main article: Messianic religious practice

Theology and Practice Messiah · Yeshua · Dance · Seal Religious Texts Messianic Bible translations Movement leaders & Orgs. ...

Holiday observance

The recommendations of the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council on the observance of Jewish holidays may be found at http://www.ourrabbis.org/main/content/view/19/33/

Shabbat

Worship services are generally held on Friday evenings (Erev Shabbat) or Saturday mornings.^[47]

The recommendations of the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council on Shabbat may be found at http://www.ourrabbis.org/main/content/view/16/30/

Dietary laws

See also: Messianic religious practice

The dietary laws of Judaism are a subject of continued debate among Messianic Jews.^[47] Theology and Practice Messiah · Yeshua · Dance · Seal Religious Texts Messianic Bible translations Movement leaders & Orgs. ...

The recommendations of the Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council regarding Kashrut can be found at http://www.ourrabbis.org/main/content/view/20/34/

Jewish objections

Jewish objections to Messianic Judaism are numerous and often begin with objections to the term "Messianic Judaism" itself: It is objected that Judaism is a messianic religion, but that its messiah is not Jesus, and the term is therefore misleading. Use of "Judaism" in the term is also considered misleading and as a subversive tactic used for missionary purposes.

Many of the major Jewish objections to Jesus' messiahship and divinity are collected at Aish HaTorah’s website.^[48] Aish HaTorah Center opposite the Western Wall in Jerusalem Aish HaTorah (Fire of the Torah) is an Orthodox Jewish outreach organization and yeshiva. ...

Several anti-missionary organizations, such as Outreach Judaism and Jews for Judaism oppose Messianic Judaism on theological grounds, usually from an Orthodox Jewish perspective. In recent years these organizations have noticeably shifted their focus from countering the missionizing of Jews in the name of Christianity to countering the spread of Messianic Judaism. The Jewish anti-missionary organizations view the latter (Messianic Judaism) as a more threatening and subversive form of apostacy than the former (openly missionizing in the name of Christianity). Jews for Judaism, established by Rabbi Bentzion Kravitz in 1985, is an international organization designed to counter Christian missionaries trying to convert Jews. ... Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonised in the Talmudic texts (Oral Torah) and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. ...

Denominations and organizations

All Jewish denominations, as well as national Jewish organizations, reject Messianic Judaism as a form of Judaism.^{[3][6][4][7][9]}

According to the Central Conference of American Rabbis (Reform): The Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR), founded in 1889, is the principal organization of Reform Jewish rabbis in the United States. ...

"For us in the Jewish community, anyone who claims that Jesus is their savior is no longer a Jew and is an apostate. Through that belief she has placed herself outside the Jewish community. Whether she cares to define herself as a Christian or as a 'fulfilled Jew,' 'Messianic Jew,' or any other designation is irrelevant; to us, she is clearly a Christian."^[49]

Concerning Christian-Jewish reconciliation and Christian missions to the Jews, Emil Fackenheim wrote: In recent years there has been much to note in the way of reconciliation between some Christian groups and the Jewish people. ... Emil Ludwig Fackenheim, Ph. ...

"…Except in relations with Christians, the Christ of Christianity is not a Jewish issue. There simply can be no dialogue worthy of the name unless Christians accept — nay, treasure — the fact that Jews through the two millennia of Christianity have had an agenda of their own. There can be no Jewish-Christian dialogue worthy of the name unless one Christian activity is abandoned, missions to the Jews. It must be abandoned, moreover, not as a temporary strategy but in principle, as a bimillennial theological mistake. The cost of that mistake in Christian love and Jewish blood one hesitates to contemplate. …A post-Holocaust Jew can still view Christian attempts to convert Jews as sincere and well intended. But even as such they are no longer acceptable: They have become attempts to do in one way what Hitler did in another."^[50] For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ...

According to 1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents issued by Canadian B'nai Brith, Bnai Brith Membership Certificate, 1876. ...

"One of the more alarming trends in antisemitic activity in Canada in 1998 was the growing number of incidents involving messianic organizations posing as "synagogues". These missionizing organizations are in fact evangelical Christian proselytizing groups, whose purpose is specifically to target members of the Jewish community for conversion. They fraudulently represent themselves as Jews, and these so-called synagogues are elaborately disguised Christian churches."^[51] The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ...

State of Israel

In December 1989, the Supreme Court of Israel set a legal precedent when it denied the right of return to Gary and Shirley Beresford, Messianic Jews from South Africa. In rejecting their petition, Supreme Court Justice Menachem Elon cited their belief in Jesus. “In the last two thousand years of history the Jewish people have decided that Messianic Jews do not belong to the Jewish nation and have no right to force themselves on it,” he wrote, concluding that “those who believe in Jesus, are, in fact, Christians.”^[14] The Supreme Court (Hebrew: בית המשפט העליון, Beit Hamishpat Haelyon ) is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. ... The Law of Return (Hebrew: חוק השבות, hok ha-shvut) is Israeli legislation that allows Jews and those with Jewish parents or grandparents, and spouses of the aforementioned, to settle in Israel and gain citizenship. ...

Suggestions of Jewish legitimacy

Most Jews believe that Messianic Judaism is not a form of Judaism, and that the very name of the movement itself is deceptive.^[3][4][7][8] However, two non-Messianic Jewish scholars have suggested otherwise:

• Reform rabbi Dan Cohn-Sherbok has stated in his book Voices of Messianic Judaism that Messianic Judaism (along with some other alternative movements) is a legitimate form of Judaism.
• Reconstructionist rabbi Carol Harris-Shapiro has stated her belief that Messianic Judaism is a form of Judaism, while simultaneously a form of Christianity.^[1] Most of the books she has written are about the movement, and the most prominent is Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey through Religious Change in America.

Reform Judaism can refer to (1) the largest denomination of American Jews and its sibling movements in other countries, (2) a branch of Judaism in the United Kingdom, and (3) the historical predecessor of the American movement that originated in 19th-century Germany. ... Rabbi Professor Dan Cohn-Sherbok is a rabbi of Reform Judaism and a prominent author on the subject of his religion. ... Reconstructionist Judaism is a modern American-based Jewish movement, based on the ideas of the late Mordecai Kaplan, that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization. ... Carol Harris-Shapiro is a Reconstructionist rabbi linked here because of her association with Messianic Judaism. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is...

See also

Messianic Judaism Portal

• List of Messianic Jewish organizations
• Messianic Movement
• Messianic religious practice
• Messianic Jewish theology
• List of Messianic Movement leaders
• Jewish Messiah
• Judaism
• Christianity and Judaism
• Jewish views of Jesus
• Historical Jesus
• Nazarenes
• Ebionites
• Christian Zionism
• Judeo-Christian
• Sabbath in Christianity

Image File history File links Portal. ... This List of Messianic Jewish Organizations is divided into Messianic (Jewish) organizations Messianic broadcasters Messianic educational organizations Messianic publishers (print, audio, video) Related organizations (e. ... For the article describing the religion itself, see the article Messianic Judaism. ... Theology and Practice Messiah · Yeshua · Dance · Seal Religious Texts Messianic Bible translations Movement leaders & Orgs. ... Messianic Jewish theology is the study of God and Scripture from a Messianic Jewish perspective. ... A comprehensive list of all leaders of Messianic Judaism with notable and significant contributions to the modern Messianic Movement, or whose works illustrate tenets of the position of Messianic Judaism since 1967. ... In Judaism and Jewish eschatology, the Messiah (Hebrew: משיח; Mashiah, Mashiach, or Moshiach, anointed [one]) is a term traditionally referring to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line who will be anointed (the meaning of the Hebrew word משיח) with holy anointing oil and inducted to rule the Jewish people during... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Judaism and Christianity are two closely related Abrahamic religions that in some ways parallel each other and in other ways fundamentally diverge in theology and practice. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about Jesus the man, using historical methods to reconstruct a biography of his life and times. ... -1... The Ebionites (Greek: Ebionaioi from Hebrew; , , the Poor Ones) were an early Jewish Christian sect that lived in and around the land of Israel in the 1st to the 5th century CE.[1] Without authenticated archaeological evidence for the existence of the Ebionites, their views and practices can only be... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      for Christians... Jacob wrestling an angel, by Gustave Doré (1832-1883), a shared Judeo-Christian story. ... For other uses, see Sabbath. ...

Notes

Carol Harris-Shapiro is a Reconstructionist rabbi linked here because of her association with Messianic Judaism. ... At the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, Google introduced its Google Print service, now known as Google Book Search. ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th_century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... Beacon Press, founded in 1854 and a department of the Unitarian Universalist Association, operates as a book publisher in the United States of America. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... New York, New York redirects here. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Dr. Robert S. Wistrich ‎ Robert Solomon Wistrich (born 1945) is the Neuburger Professor of European and Jewish history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the head of the Universitys Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti-Semitism. ... New York, New York redirects here. ... Routledge is an imprint for books in the humanities part of the Taylor & Francis Group, which also has Brunner-Routledge, RoutledgeCurzon and RoutledgeFalmer divisions. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Screenshot of About. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... New York, New York redirects here. ... Schocken Verlag was establish in Berlin witha publishing office in Prague in 1931 by the Department Store owner Salman Schocken. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Jacob Neusner (born July 28, 1932, Hartford, Connecticut) is an influential as well as controversial academic scholar of Judaism, and the most prolific. ... The McGill-Queens University Press is a joint venture between McGill University in Montreal, Quebec and Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, two of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Canada. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Lawrence H. Schiffman is the Ethel and Irvin A. Edelman Professor in Hebrew and Judaic Studies at New York University (NYU). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Randall Herbert Balmer (born October 22, 1954) is an American author, professor of American religious history at Barnard College, Columbia University, an editor for Christianity Today and an Episcopal priest. ... Waco is the county seat of McLennan County, Texas. ... Baylor University is a private, Baptist-affiliated research university located in Waco, Texas. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Aish HaTorah Center opposite the Western Wall in Jerusalem Aish HaTorah (Fire of the Torah) is an Orthodox Jewish outreach organization and yeshiva. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (or USCJ; until 1992, it was the United Synagogue of America) is the official organization of synagogues practicing Conservative Judaism in North America. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion (also known as HUC or HUC-JIR) is the oldest Jewish seminary in the New World and the main seminary for training rabbis, cantors, educators and communal workers in Reform Judaism. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Jewish Renewal is a new religious movement in Judaism which endeavors to reinvigorate modern Judaism with mystical, Hasidic, musical and meditative practices. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... New York, New York redirects here. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Richard Douglas Harries, Baron Harries of Pentregarth (born June 2, 1936) is a retired bishop of the Church of England, and was the 41st Bishop of Oxford from 1987 to 2006. ... New York, New York redirects here. ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... At the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, Google introduced its Google Print service, now known as Google Book Search. ... This article is about the city in England. ... This article is about the state. ... The headquarters of the Cambridge University Press, in Trumpington Street, Cambridge. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... Carol Harris-Shapiro is a Reconstructionist rabbi linked here because of her association with Messianic Judaism. ... At the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, Google introduced its Google Print service, now known as Google Book Search. ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th_century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... Beacon Press, founded in 1854 and a department of the Unitarian Universalist Association, operates as a book publisher in the United States of America. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was founded in 1967 and originally named the Ohio College Library Center. ... is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Haaretz (Hebrew: (help· info), The Land) is an Israeli newspaper, founded in 1919. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... San Francisco redirects here. ... Ignatius Press was founded in 1978 by Father Joseph Fessio SJ, a Jesuit priest and former pupil of Pope Benedict XVI. Ignatius Press, named for Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit Order, is a Catholic publishing house headquartered in San Francisco, California. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Christian Century is a liberal Christian magazine based in Chicago, Illinois. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... [[Media:Italic text]]{| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Messianic Jewish Alliance of America (MJAA) was formerly known as the Hebrew Christian Alliance of America until 1975. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... In Judaism, the Messiah (Hebrew: , Standard  Tiberian ; Aramaic: , ; Arabic: , ; the Anointed One) at first meant any person who was anointed with oil on rising to a certain position among the ancient Israelites, at first that of High priest, later that of King and also that of a prophet. ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th_century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering books in the Library of Congress in the United States. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Aish HaTorah Center opposite the Western Wall in Jerusalem Aish HaTorah (Fire of the Torah) is an Orthodox Jewish outreach organization and yeshiva. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Front page of Religious Tolerance. ...

References

• Cohn-Sherbock, Dan. Messianic Judaism, Continuum International Publishing Group (1 Feb. 2001), ISBN 0-8264-5458-5
• Cohn-Sherbock, Dan, ed. Voices of Messianic Judaism: Confronting Critical Issues Facing a Maturing Movement, Messianic Jewish Resources International (June, 2001), ISBN 1-880226-93-6
• Feher, Shoshanah. Passing Over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism, AltaMira Press (1998), ISBN 0-7619-8953-6; 0761989528
• Fieldsend, John. Messianic Jews - Challenging Church And Synagogue, Monarch Publications/MARC/Olive Press, (1993), ISBN 1-85424-228-8
• Fischer, John, ed.; The Enduring Paradox: Exploratory Essays in Messianic Judaism, Messianic Jewish Resources International (July, 2000), ISBN 1-880226-90-1
• Goldberg, Louis, ed. How Jewish Is Christianity? Two Views On The Messianic Movement, Zondervan, (2003), ISBN 0-310-24490-0
• Gruber, Daniel, The Church and the Jews: The Biblical Relationship (Springfield, MO: General Council of the Assemblies of God, Intercultural Ministries, 1991)
• Gruber, Daniel, Torah and the New Covenant--An Introduction (Elijah Publishing 1998) ISBN 0-9669253-0-0
• Harris-Shapiro, Carol. Messianic Judaism: A Rabbi's Journey through Religious Change in America, Beacon Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8070-1040-5
• Hefley, James C. The New Jews, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. (1974), ISBN 0-8423-4680-5
• Hegg, Tim. The Letter Writer: Paul's Background and Torah Perspective, First Fruits of Zion, (2002), ISBN 1-892124-16-5
• Juster, Daniel. Growing to Maturity: A Messianic Jewish Guide, Union of Messianic Congregations; 3rd ed. (1987), ISBN 0-9614555-0-0
• Juster, Daniel. Jewish Roots - A Foundation Of Biblical Theology, Destiny Image; 3rd ed. (1995), ISBN 1-56043-142-3
• Kinzer, Mark. Postmissionary Messianic Judaism, Brazos, (November 2005), ISBN 1-58743-152-1
• Maoz, Baruch. Judaism Is Not Jewish - A Friendly Critique Of The Messianic Movement, Mentor, (2003), ISBN 1-85792-787-7
• Pearce, Tony. The Messiah Factor, New Wine Press, (Spring 2004), ISBN 1-903725-32-1
• Rausch, David A. Messianic Judaism: Its History Theology and Polity, Mellen Press, (December 1982), ISBN 0-88946-802-8
• Robinson, Rich, ed. The Messianic Movement: A Field Guide For Evangelical Christians From Jews For Jesus, Purple Pomegranate Publications, (2005), ISBN 1-881022-62-5
• Schiffman, Dr Michael. Return Of The Remnant - The Rebirth Of Messianic Judaism, Lederer Books, (1996), ISBN 1-880226-53-7
• Stern, David H. Messianic Jewish Manifesto, Messianic Jewish Resources International, (May, 1988), ISBN 965-359-002-2
• Telchin, Stan. Messianic Judaism is Not Christianity, Chosen Books (September, 2004), ISBN 0-8007-9372-2

Dan Cohn-Sherbok is a rabbi of Reform Judaism, and a prominent author on the subject of his religion. ... Dan Cohn-Sherbok is a rabbi of Reform Judaism, and a prominent author on the subject of his religion. ... Carol Harris-Shapiro is a Reconstructionist rabbi linked here because of her association with Messianic Judaism. ... Daniel C. Juster, Th. ... Daniel C. Juster, Th. ... David H. Stern is a Israel based Messianic Jewish theologian. ...

External links

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Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...

General

• Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council
• UMJC Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations
• Scripture & Torah Study Resources
• Messianic Judaism ReligiousTolerance.org
• Jews, Christians and the Word of God Messianic Jewish on-line ministry
• The Ascendance of Messianic Judaism in the Context of Hebrew Christianity by William Greene, Ph.D.
• Saltshakers Messianic Community
• Association of Messianic Congregations
• Torat Chayim Messianic study resources
• Messianic Jews.Info
• Is Jesus of Nazareth the Messiah? A brief essay focusing on Isaiah 52:13-53:12
• Outreach Israel Ministries
• TNN Online Independent Messianic apologetics website
• Messianic Scribal Arts Custom-Produced Mezuzah, Tefillin, Sefer Torah, and More
• The Ephraimite Error Opposing View of Two House Theology
• Messianic Articles
• Basics of Messianic Judaism
• Frequently Asked Questions
• History of Messianic Judaism
• A History of Holidays
• Messianic Worship
• Theology of Messianic Judaism by Bruce L. Cohen
• Hebrew4Christians Grace Based Messianic Chavurah
• Rabbi Yeshua

Criticism

• A Scriptural View of Messianic Judaism
• Jews for Judaism- Is Jesus the messiah?
• Outreach Judaism
• Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus Aish.com
• Can a Jew believe in Jesus? chabad.org

Response to Jewish Objections

• MessianicArt.com's Chazak! Counter Anti-Missionary Site

Organizations

• Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Council
• Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations
• MJTI Messianic Jewish Theological Institute
• Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations
• Messianic Jewish Alliance of America
• Messianic Jewish Theological Institute
• Messianic Bureau International
• Messianic Jewish Bible Institute
• International Alliance of Messianic Congregations and Synagogues
• Union of British Messianic Jewish Congregations
• Tikkun Ministries International
• British Messianic Jewish Alliance

Torah-focused

• Coalition of Torah Observant Messianic Congregations
• First Fruits of Zion Resource site for Messianic Torah observance
• Torah Resource Messianic author Tim Hegg's site
• Torat Chayim Messianic perspectives on Torah
• Observant Messianic Jewish Rabbinical Association
• Simchat Torah Messianic Jewish Traditionalism
• Nazarene Kabbalah
• The Sabbatarian Network

Parsha cycles

• Melech Yisrael's Parsha Schedule
• UMJC's Parsha Schedule
• P'nei Adonai's Parsha Schedule
• Wellsprings of Torah's Parsha Schedule

Broadcasts

• Melech Yisrael's Radio Mashiach Broadcast
• Kehilat T‘nuvah‘s Torah Talk
• Vine and Branches Radio