NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Metronidazole

Metronidazole (INN) (pronounced /mɛtrəˈnaɪdəzoʊl/) is a nitroimidazole anti-infective drug used mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms, particularly anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is marketed by Pfizer under the trade name Flagyl, and also by various generic manufacturers, who sell it at a cheaper price. Metronidazole is also used as a gel preparation in the treatment of the dermatological conditions such as rosacea (Rozex and MetroGel by Galderma) and fungating tumours (Anabact, Cambridge Healthcare Supplies). In pharmacology and toxicology, a route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. ... In medicine, a topical medication is applied to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes such as the vagina, nasopharynx, or the eye. ... Four 500mg acetaminophen/paracetamol suppositories A suppository is a medicine that is inserted either into the rectum (rectal suppository) or into the vagina (vaginal suppository) where it melts. ... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... Human female internal reproductive anatomy The vagina (from the Latin for sheath or scabbard ) is the tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female mammals, or to the cloaca in female birds and some reptiles. ... An International Nonproprietary Name (INN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as designated by the World Health Organization. ... Nitroimidazoles are imidazole heterocycles with a nitro group that have been used to combat anaerobic bacterial and parasitic infections. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoan) in a bone marrow cell (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are one-celled eukaryotes (that is, unicellular microbes whose cells have membrane-bound nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, mobility and heterotrophy. ... Pfizer Incorporated (NYSE: PFE) is the worlds largest research-based pharmaceutical company[1].[1] The company is based in New York City. ... Dermatology (from Greek Î´ÎµÏÎ¼Î±, skin) is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, sweat glands, etc). ... Rosacea (IPA: ) is a common but often misunderstood condition that is estimated to affect over 45 million people worldwide. ... Galderma Laboratories is a pharmaceutical company dedicated to skin products and dermatology. ... Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. ... Tumor (American English) or tumour (British English) originally means swelling, and is sometimes still used with that meaning. ...

Metronidazole is a prodrug. It is converted in anaerobic organisms by the redox enzyme pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. The nitro group of metronidazole is chemically reduced by ferredoxin (or a ferredoxin-linked metabolic process) and the products are responsible for disrupting the DNA helical structure, thus inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis. A prodrug is a pharmacological substance (drug) which is administered in an inactive (or significantly less active) form. ... Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growning them in liquid culture: 1: Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. ... ed|other uses|reduction}} Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Pyruvate (CH3COCOOâˆ’) is the ionized form of pyruvic acid. ... Ferredoxin is an electron receptor used in both Cyclic and Non cyclic photophosphorylation. ... In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen donor or electron donor) to another (the reductant, also called the hydrogen acceptor or electron acceptor). ... The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. ... Look up nucleic acid in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Metronidazole is selectively taken up by anaerobic bacteria and sensitive protozoal organisms because of the ability of these organisms to reduce metronidazole to its active form intracellularly. An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen. ... Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoan) in a bone marrow cell (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are one-celled eukaryotes (that is, unicellular microbes whose cells have membrane-bound nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, mobility and heterotrophy. ...

Indications

Topical metronidazole is indicated for the treatment of rosacea, and in the treatment of malodorous fungating wounds.^[1] Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa and often associated with an irritation or infection of the vulva leading to vulvovaginitis. ... Binomial name Trichomonas vaginalis (DonnÃ© 1836) Trichomonas vaginalis, an anaerobic, parasitic flagellated protozoan, is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, and is the most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries. ... Binomial name Gardnerella vaginalis Gardnerella is a genus of gram-variable bacteria of which Gardnerella vaginalis is the only species. ... Mycoplasma hominis is a bacteria present in the vagina that is thought to be a cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. ... Pelvic inflammatory disease (or disorder) (PID) is a generic term for infection of the female uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries as it progresses to scar formation with adhesions to nearby tissues and organs. ... Ofloxacin sold under the brand name Floxin in the US. It is a quinolone antibiotic. ... Levofloxacin is an advanced generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic, marketed by Ortho-McNeil under the trade name Levaquin in the United States. ... Ceftriaxone (INN) (IPA: ) is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. ... Leishmania donovani, (a species of protozoan) in a bone marrow cell (in Greek proto = first and zoa = animals) are one-celled eukaryotes (that is, unicellular microbes whose cells have membrane-bound nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, mobility and heterotrophy. ... For the infection and disease caused by this parasite, refer to Amoebiasis. ... Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is frequent, small-volume, severe diarrhea that shows blood in the feces along with intestinal cramping and tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool). ... For the death metal band, see Abscess (band). ... Binomial name (Kunstler, 1882) Giardia lamblia (synonymous with Lamblia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis) is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonises and reproduces in the small intestine, causing giardiasis. ... Giardiasis (also known as beaver fever) is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia (also Giardia intestinalis). ... Iodoquinol is a quinoline derivative which can be used in the treatment of amoebiasis. ... Diloxanide furoate is an anti-protozoal drug used in the treatment of Entamoeba histolytica and some other protozoal infections. ... Species etc. ... Fusobacteria contribute to several diseases, including periodontal diseases, Lemierres syndrome, and tropical skin ulcers. ... Species Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium aerotolerans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium colicanis Clostridium difficile Clostridium formicaceticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium perfringens Clostridium sordelli Clostridium tetani Clostridium piliforme Clostridium tyrobutyricum etc. ... Peptostreptococci, anaerobic streptococci, are Gram-positive cocci, a type of bacteria. ... An empyema is a collection of pus within a natural body cavity. ... This article is about human pneumonia. ... Aspiration pneumonia is a specific form of lung infection (pneumonia) that develops when oral or gastric contents (including food, saliva, or nasal secretions) enter the bronchial tree. ... Lung abscess is necrosis of the pulmonary tissue and formation of cavities containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection. ... Brain abscess (or cerebral abscess) is an abscess caused by inflammation and collection of infected material coming from local (ear infection, infection of paranasal sinuses, infection of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone, epidural abscess) or remote (lung, heart, kidney etc. ... Endometritis refers to inflammation of the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. ... Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. ... Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection of the colon often, but not always, caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. ... Binomial name Hall & OToole, 1935 Clostridium difficile or CDF/cdf (commonly mistaken , alternatively and correctly pronounced ) (also referred to as C. diff or C-diff) is a species of bacteria of the genus Clostridium which are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rods (bacillus). ... Binomial name ((Marshall 1985) Goodwin 1989) ICD-9 code: 041. ... Peptic ulcer is a non-malignant ulcer of the stomach (called gastric ulcer) or duodenum (called duodenal ulcer). ... Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Therapeutic Goods Administration or TGA is the regulatory body for therapeutic goods (including medicines, medical devices, gene technology, and blood products) in Australia. ... â€œFDAâ€ redirects here. ... Crohns disease (also known as regional enteritis) is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by transmural inflammation (affecting the entire wall of the involved bowel) and skip lesions (areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining between). ... Rosacea (IPA: ) is a common but often misunderstood condition that is estimated to affect over 45 million people worldwide. ... Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. ...

Prevention of preterm births

Metronidazole has also been used in women to prevent preterm birth associated with bacterial vaginosis, amongst other risk factors including the presence of cervicovaginal fetal fibronectin (fFN). A randomised controlled trial demonstrated that metronidazole was ineffective in preventing preterm delivery in high-risk pregnant women and, conversely, the incidence of preterm delivery was actually higher in women treated with metronidazole.^[2] Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection (vaginitis). ... A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a form of clinical trial, or scientific procedure used in the testing of the efficacy of medicine, used because of its record of reliability. ...

Lamont has argued that Metronidazole is not the right antibiotic to administer in these circumstances and was often administered too late to be of use. Clindamycin administered early in the second trimester to women who test positive for bacterial vaginosis seems to be more effective.^[3] Clindamycin (rINN) (IPA: ) is a lincosamide antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. ... Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection (vaginitis). ...

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of patients) associated with systemic metronidazole therapy include: nausea, diarrhea, and/or metallic taste in the mouth. Intravenous administration is commonly associated with thrombophlebitis. Infrequent adverse effects include: hypersensitivity reactions (rash, itch, flushing, fever), headache, dizziness, vomiting, glossitis, stomatitis, dark urine, and/or paraesthesia.^[1] An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ... Systemic Relating to, or affecting a particular body system; especially the nervous system. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences), is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word Î´Î¹Î¬ÏÏÎ¿Î¹Î±; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause of death in developing countries (particularly among infants), accounting for 5 to 8 million deaths... An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into deep vein thrombosis. ... Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable (damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal) reactions produced by the normal immune system. ... Emesis redirects here. ... Glossitis is inflammation or infection of the tongue. ... Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. ... Paresthesia (paraesthesia in British) is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent physical cause, more generally known as the feeling of pins and needles. ...

High doses and/or long-term systemic treatment with metronidazole is associated with the development of black hairy tongue, leukopenia, neutropenia, increased risk of peripheral neuropathy and/or CNS toxicity.^[1] A picture of Black hairy tongue. ... Leukopenia or leukocytopenia refers to a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. ... Neutropenia (or neutropaenia, adjective neutrop(a)enic) is a hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophil granulocytes (a type of white blood cell). ... Peripheral neuropathy is the term for damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of the nerve or from the side-effects of systemic illness. ... A diagram showing the CNS: 1. ...

Metronidazole is listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a potential human carcinogen. Although some of the testing methods have been questioned, it has been shown to cause cancer in experimental animals.^[4] Nevertheless, it appears to have a fairly low potential for cancer risk and under most circumstances the benefits of treatment outweighs the risk. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, or CIRC in its French acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations. ... Look up carcinogen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Common adverse drug reactions associated with topical metronidazole therapy include local redness, dryness, and/or skin irritation; and eye watering (if applied near eyes).^[1]

Interaction with alcohol

Consuming ethanol (alcohol) while using metronidazole causes a disulfiram-like reaction with effects that can include nausea, vomiting, flushing of the skin, tachycardia (accelerated heart rate), shortness of breath, and even death.^[5] Consumption of alcohol should be avoided by patients during systemic metronidazole therapy and for at least 24 hours after completion of treatment.^[1] However, the occurrence of this reaction in the clinical setting has recently been questioned by some authors.^[6]^[7] Grain alcohol redirects here. ... Disulfiram is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to alcohol. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Emesis redirects here. ... For a person to flush is to become markedly red in the face and often other areas of the skin, from various physiological conditions. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Dyspnea (Latin dyspnoea, Greek dyspnoia from dyspnoos - short of breath) or shortness of breath (SOB) is perceived difficulty breathing or pain on breathing. ...

References

The Australian Medicines Handbook or AMH is a medical reference text commonly used in practice by health professionals (particularly general practitioners and pharmacists) in Australia. ...

External links

Categories: Nitroimidazole antibiotics | Antiprotozoal agents | Dermatological preparations Stomatology is an international training course in specialised medicine recognised in the European Union relating to the mouth and its diseases. ... A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System A Alimentary tract and metabolism A01A Stomatological preparations A01AA Caries prophylactic agents A01AA01 Sodium fluoride A01AA02 Sodium monofluorophosphate A01AA03 Olaflur A01AA04 Stannous fluoride A01AA30 Combinations A01AA51 Sodium fluoride, combinations A01AB Anti-infectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment A01AB02 Hydrogen peroxide... Caries is a progressive destruction of any kind of bone structure, including the skull, the ribs and other bones. ... This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... Sodium fluoride is an ionic compound with the formula NaF. This colourless solid is the main source of the fluoride ion in diverse applications. ... Sodium monofluorophosphate Sodium monofluorophosphate (also disodium monofluorophosphate or MFP) is a chemical with the formula Na2PO3F. Its molecular weight is 143. ... Olaflur (or amine fluoride 297) is a stomatological preparation. ... Stannous fluoride is commonly used in toothpaste to protect tooth enamel from attack by bacteria, similar to sodium fluoride. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... An antiseptic solution of Povidone-iodine applied to an abrasion Antiseptics (Greek Î±Î½Ï„Î¯, against, and ÏƒÎ·Ï€Ï„Î¹ÎºÏŒÏ‚, putrefactive) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , ,, , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related compounds Water Ozone Hydrazine Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in... Chlorhexidine Gluconate is a chemical antiseptic, to combat both gram positive and gram negative microbes. ... Amphotericin B (FungilinÂ®, FungizoneÂ®, AbelcetÂ®, AmBisomeÂ®, FungisomeÂ®, AmphocilÂ®, AmphotecÂ®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... Polynoxylin (or urea formaldehyde foam) is a stomatological preparation. ... Domiphen is a stomatological preparation. ... Oxyquinoline is an antiseptic/disinfectant. ... Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops. ... Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly applied topically (to the skin) or mucus membranes to cure fungal infections. ... Natamycin, also known as pimaricin, is a polyene antifungal drug. ... Hexetidine is an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent commonly used in both vetinary and human medicine. ... Tetracycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. ... Benzoxonium chloride is an antiseptic/disinfectant. ... Tibezonium iodide (or tibenzonium iodide) is a stomatological preparation. ... Mepartricin is a stomatological preparation. ... Clotrimazole is a potent, specific inhibitor of p450 enzymes. ... Sodium perborate (PBS), also called perboric acid or metaborate peroxyhydrate, is a white, odorless, water-soluble chemical compound with chemical formula NaBO3. ... Chlortetracycline (AureomycinÂ®, Lederle) is the first tetracycline antibiotic to be discovered. ... Doxycycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. ... Minocycline hydrochloride, also known as minocycline, is a member of the broad spectrum tetracycline antibiotics, and has a broader spectrum than the other members. ... Eugenol (C10H12O2), is an allyl chain-substituted guaiacol, i. ... In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ... Triamcinolone (trade names Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasacort, Tri-Nasal, Triderm, Azmacort, Trilone, Volon A, Tristoject, Fougera;) is a synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream. ... Dexamethasone is a potent synthetic member of the glucocorticoid class of steroid hormones. ... Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex (in the adrenal gland). ... Adrenaline redirects here. ... Adrenalone is a stomatological preparation. ... Benzidamine is a part of Tantum verde ... This article is about the drug. ... Amlexanox is a medication with antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects used in the treatment of aphthous ulcers (canker sores). ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ... Dermatology is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin, its structure, functions, and diseases (from Greek derma, skin), as well as its appendages (nails, hair, sweat glands). ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Tetracycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. ... Demeclocycline (marketed as DeclomycinÂ®, DeclostatinÂ® and LedermycinÂ®) is a tetracycline antibiotic used in various types of bacterial infections. ... Chlortetracycline (AureomycinÂ®, Lederle) is the first tetracycline antibiotic to be discovered. ... Oxytetracycline is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its activity against such a wide range of infections. ... Tetracycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. ... Fusidic acid is an antibacterial antibiotic used particularly for eye and skin infections. ... Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated by David Gottlieb, and introduced into clinical practice in 1949. ... Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments and eyedrops. ... A tube of bacitracin ointment for eyes Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. ... Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, and can treat many types of bacterial infections, particularly Gram-negative infection. ... Tyrothricin is a cyclic polypeptide used in throat lozenges as an antibiotic. ... Mupirocin (pseudomonic acid A, or Bactroban) is an antibiotic originally isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens. ... Virginiamycin is an antibiotic similar to pristinamycin. ... Rifaximin Xifaxan Rifaximin is a nonabsorbable antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. ... Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. ... Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ... Silver sulfadiazine is a topical antibiotic used primarily on second- and third-degree burns. ... Sulfathiazole is a short-acting sulfa drug. ... Mafenide is a sulfonamide often used to treat severe burns. ... Sulfamethizole is a sulfonamide antibiotic. ... Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ... Sulfamerazine is a sulfonamide antibacterial. ... Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. ... Idoxuridine is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug. ... Tromantadine Tromantadine is an antiviral medicine used to treat herpes simplex virus. ... Aciclovir (INN) (IPA: ) or acyclovir (USAN, former BAN) is a guanine analogue antiviral drug primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infection. ... Podophyllin is a drug obtained from the rhizome of the American Mayapple (â€˜â€™Podophyllum peltatumâ€™â€™), an herbaceous perennial belonging to the natural order Berberidaceae, indigenous in woods in Canada and the United States. ... Inosine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Penciclovir (INN) (IPA: ) is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections. ... Lysozyme single crystal. ... Imiquimod (INN, marketed by 3M under the trade name Aldara) is a prescription medication that acts as an immune response modifier. ... Docosanol 10% cream is a topical treatment for recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes (episodes of cold sores or fever blisters). ... The shamefulness associated with the examination of female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. ... An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ... An antiseptic solution of Povidone-iodine applied to an abrasion Antiseptics (Greek Î±Î½Ï„Î¯, against, and ÏƒÎ·Ï€Ï„Î¹ÎºÏŒÏ‚, putrefactive) are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Polyene antimycotics, sometimes referred to as polyene antibiotics, are a class of antimicrobial polyene compounds that target fungi. ... Nystatin (Nystan®, Infestat®, Nystamont®) is an polyene antimycotic drug Nystatin is considered one of the clean drugs as it has no proven side effects. ... Natamycin, also known as pimaricin, is a polyene antifungal drug. ... Amphotericin B (FungilinÂ®, FungizoneÂ®, AbelcetÂ®, AmBisomeÂ®, FungisomeÂ®, AmphocilÂ®, AmphotecÂ®) is a polyene antimycotic drug, used intravenously in systemic fungal infections. ... Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated by David Gottlieb, and introduced into clinical practice in 1949. ... Oxytetracycline is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its activity against such a wide range of infections. ... Mepartricin is a stomatological preparation. ... Clindamycin (rINN) (IPA: ) is a lincosamide antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... Quinoline, also known as 1-azanaphthalene, 1-benzazine, or benzo[b]pyridine, is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. ... Clioquinol is a powerful anti-infective drug available for topical (Vioform) and internal (Enterovioform) use. ... Chlorquinaldol is an antiseptic/disinfectant. ... Dequalinium is an antiseptic and disinfectant. ... Oxyquinoline is an antiseptic/disinfectant. ... An organic acid is an organic compound that is an acid. ... For the production of milk by mammals, see Lactation. ... R-phrases , S-phrases , , , Flash point 43 Â°C Related Compounds Related carboxylic; acids Formic acid; Propionic acid; Butyric acid Related compounds acetamide; ethyl acetate; acetyl chloride; acetic anhydride; acetonitrile; acetaldehyde; ethanol; thioacetic acid; acetylcholine; acetylcholinesterase Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... This article deals with the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid. ... In chemistry, the sulfonamide functional group is -S(=O)2-NH2, a sulfone group connected to an amine group. ... Imidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. ... Clotrimazole is a potent, specific inhibitor of p450 enzymes. ... Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly applied topically (to the skin) or mucus membranes to cure fungal infections. ... Econazole nitrate is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class. ... gffhhOrnidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. ... Isoconazole is an azole antifungal drug. ... Tioconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat infections caused by a fungus or yeast. ... Ketoconazole is a synthetic antifungal drug used to prevent and treat skin and fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS. Due to its side-effect profile, it has been superseded by newer antifungals, such as fluconazole and itraconazole. ... Fenticonazole is an azole antifungal drug. ... Azanidazole is a imidazole derivative used in gynecology. ... Propenidazole is a imidazole derivative used in gynecology. ... Butoconazole is a imidazole derivative used in gynecology. ... Omoconazole is an azole antifungal drug. ... Oxiconazole nitrate (US: OxistatÂ®, Canada: OxizoleÂ®) is an antifungal medication typically used as a cream or lotion to treat skin infections such as athletes foot. ... Flutrimazole is a wide spectrum antifungal drug. ... Triazole refers to either one of a pair of isomeric chemical compounds with molecular formula C2H3N3, having a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. ... Terconazole is an anti-fungal medication, primarily used to treat vaginal fungal infections. ... Inosine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a Î²-N9-glycosidic bond. ... Policresulen is an antiseptic/disinfectant. ... Furazolidone (also marketed as Furoxone) is an antibiotic used to treat diarrhea and enteritis caused by bacteria or protozoan infections. ... Betadine is the name of a consumer-available antiseptic used to treat minor cuts on mammals. ... Ciclopirox olamine (also called LoproxÂ®, PenlacÂ® and StieproxÂ®) is a synthetic antifungal agent for topical dermatologic use. ... Binomial name Beijerinck 1901 Lactobacillus fermentum is a Gram-positive species of bacterium in the genus Lactobacillus. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of antibiotic drugs. ... Crystal structure of a short peptide L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala (bacterial cell wall precursor, in green) bound to vancomycin (blue) through hydrogen bonds. ... Teicoplanin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. ... Polymyxins are cationic detergent antibiotics, with a general structure of a cyclic peptide with a long hydrophobic tail. ... Colistin (polymyxin E) is a polymyxin antibiotic produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. ... Polymyxin B (also referred to as PMB) are antibiotics primary used for resistant gram negative infections. ... This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ... Fusidic acid is an antibacterial antibiotic used particularly for eye and skin infections. ... Imidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. ... Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections. ... gffhhOrnidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. ... Nitrofuran is a class of theraputic antibacterial agent (it cures disease) it includes drugs such as Nitrofurazone, Furazolidone, Nitrofurantoin and Furaltadone. ... Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic. ... Nifurtoinol (rINN, trade name Urfadyn) is a nitrofuran-derivative antibiotic used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. ... Fosfomycin (usually as fosfomycin tromethamine, trade name Monurol) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species. ... Xibornol is an antibiotic. ... Clofoctol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic. ... Spectinomycin hydrochloride (TrobicinÂ®) is an aminocyclitol antibiotic produced by the bacteria Streptomyces spectabilis. ... Hexamethylenetetramine cage Hexamine ((CH2)6N4) is a chemical created by the reaction of 6 moles of formaldehyde and 4 moles of ammonia. ... Mandelic acid, also called phenylglycollic acid, (C8H8O3) (C6H5â€¢CH(OH)â€¢OOH), is an isomer of cresotinic acid and oxymethylbenzoic acid. ... Nitroxoline is an antibiotic. ... Linezolid (INN) (IPA: ) is a synthetic antibiotic, the first of the oxazolidinone class, used for the treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria including streptococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). ... Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. ... Hitachimycin, also known as stubomycin, is a cyclic polypeptide used as an antibiotic. ... Protozoa (in Greek protos = first and zoon = animal) are single-celled eukaryotes (organisms with nuclei) that show some characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... 8-Hydroxyquinoline, or oxyquinoline, is an organic compound with the formula C9H7NO, a derivative of quinoline. ... Clioquinol is a powerful anti-infective drug available for topical (Vioform) and internal (Enterovioform) use. ... Iodoquinol is a quinoline derivative which can be used in the treatment of amoebiasis. ... Nitroimidazoles are imidazole heterocycles with a nitro group that have been used to combat anaerobic bacterial and parasitic infections. ... Tinidazole is an anti-parasitic drug used against protozoan infections. ... gffhhOrnidazole is a drug that cures some protozoan infections. ... Atovaquone (Mepron) is a medication used to treat or prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. ... Emetine is a drug used as both an anti-protozoal and to induce vomiting. ... Fumagillin is an antibiotic originally used against fungal Nosema apis infections in honeybees. ... Trimetrexate is a quinazoline derivative and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor used with leucovorin in treating pneumocystis pneumonia. ...

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