The province of Coahuila and Texas in 1833, showing the major land grants

Mexican Texas is the given name by Texas history scholars to the period between 1821 and 1836, when Texas was governed by Mexico. The period began with Mexico's victory over Spain in its war of independence in 1821. For the first several years of its existence, Mexican Texas operated very similarly to Spanish Texas. The 1824 Constitution of Mexico joined Texas with Coahuila to form the state of Coahuila y Tejas. The same year, Mexico enacted the General Colonization Law, which enabled all heads of household, regardless of race or immigrant status, to claim land in Mexico. The first empresarial grant had been made under Spanish control to Stephen F. Austin, whose settlers, known as the Old Three Hundred, settled along the Brazos River in 1822. The grant was later ratified by the Mexican government. Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority from the United States of America. For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... The history of Texas (as part of the United States) began in 1845, but settlement of the region dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period, around 10,000 BC. Its history has been shaped by being part of six independent countries: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of... Combatants Mexico Spain Commanders Miguel Hidalgo José María Morelos Vicente Guerrero Spanish colonial authorities Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 16, 1810. ... Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was goverened as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. ... The 1824 Constitution was the first full constitution adopted by the Mexican Republic. ... Coahuila (formal name: Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of Mexicos 31 component states. ... Coahuila y Tejas (or Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution. ... Empresario within the UK refers to the manchunian collatoration between young and up and coming artists, producers and audio engineers within the North of England. ... Stephen F. Austin Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836), known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by the United States. ... The Old Three Hundred is a term used to describe the 297 grantees, made up of families and some partnerships of unmarried men, who purchased 307 parcels of land from Stephen Fuller Austin and established a colony in south Texas, along the Texas gulf coast area between the [Colorado River... The Brazos River, originally called, the Rio Brazos de Dios which can be translated as The River of Gods Arms. is the 11th longest river in the United States at 2060 km (1280 miles) from its source of Blackwater Draw, Curry County, New Mexico[1] to its mouth at... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized...

Many of the Anglo-American settlers owned slaves. Texas was granted a one-year exemption from Mexico's 1829 edict outlawing slavery but Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante ordered that all slaves be freed in 1830. To circumvent the law, many Anglo colonists converted their slaves into indentured servants for life; by 1836 there were 5,000 slaves in Texas. Anastasio Bustamante (July 27, 1780, Jiquilpan Michoacán—February 6, 1853, San Miguel de Allende, Querétaro) was president of Mexico three times, from 1830 to 1832, from 1837 to 1839 and from 1839 to 1841. ...

Also in 1830, Bustamente outlawed the immigration of United States citizens to Texas. Several new presidios were established in the region to monitor immigration and customs practices. Angry colonists held a convention in 1832 to demand that U.S. citizens be allowed to immigrate. The following year, their Convention of 1833 proposed that Texas become a separate Mexican state. Although Mexico implemented several measures to appease the colonists, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's measures to transform Mexico from a federalist to a centralist state provided an excuse for the Texan colonists to revolt. Presidio is a place in the State of Texas in the United States of America: see Presidio, Texas. ... In 1832, fifty-five delegates met at San Felipe de Austin to petition for changes within Coahuila y Texas with the goal of taking care of Texas first. ... The Convention of 1833 was a gathering of politicans and leaders of the state of Coahuila y Tejas (then part of Mexico) in San Felipe on April 1, 1833. ... Antonio López de Santa Anna Antonio López de Santa Anna Pérez de Lebrón (sometimes spelled de Santa Ana) (February 21, 1794 - 21 June 1876) was a Mexican general and dictator. ...

The first violent incident occurred on October 2, 1835 at the battle of Gonzales. On March 2, 1836, Texans signed the Texas Declaration of Independence. The Texas Revolution ended on April 21, 1836 when Santa Anna was taken prisoner following the battle of San Jacinto. Although Texas then governed itself as the Republic of Texas, Mexico refused to recognize its independence. is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Mexico Texas Commanders Francisco de Castañeda John Henry Moore Strength 100 dragoons 140 – 150 men Casualties one killed one wounded The Battles of Gonzales was a skirmish that took place on October 2, 1835, in the Mexican Texas town of Gonzales between the Texan settlers and a detachment... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. ... Combatants Texas Mexico Commanders Stephen F. Austin Sam Houston Antonio López de Santa Anna Martin Perfecto de Cos Strength c. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Mexico Republic of Texas Commanders Antonio López de Santa Anna{POW} Manuel Fernandez Castrillon† Juan Almonte{POW} Sam Houston{wounded} Strength about 1,400 800 Casualties 630 killed, 208 wounded, 730 captured 9 killed, 26 wounded For other battles of the same name, see San Jacinto. ... For the latter day independence movement surrounding Texas, see Republic of Texas (group). ...

Mexican independence

Mexico and its interior provinces in 1822, including the province of Texas

In 1821, the Mexican War for Independence severed the control that Spain had exercised on its North American territories, and the new country of Mexico was formed from much of the lands that had comprised New Spain, including Spanish Texas. The victorious rebels issued a provisional constitution, the Plan de Iguala. This plan reaffirmed many of the ideals of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and granted equal citizenship rights to all races.^[1] In the early days of the country, there was much disagreement over whether Mexico should be a federal republic or a constitutional monarchy.^[2] The first monarch, Agustin I, abdicated in March 1823. The following month the citizens of San Antonio de Bexar established a governing committee for the province of Texas. The committee contained seven representatives from San Antonio, one from La Bahia, and one from Nacogdoches. In July, the new national provisional government named Luciano Garcia as the political chief of Texas.^[3] On November 27, 1823, the people of Mexico elected congressional representatives and set out to create a new constitution. ^[4] Texas was represented by Erasmo Seguin.^[2] The new Mexican constitution was adopted on October 4, 1824, making the country a federal republic with nineteen states and four territories.^[4] The constitution was based on the constitution of the United States of America,^[2] but the Mexican constitution made Roman Catholicism the official, and only, religion of the country.^[5] map of New Spain in red, with territories claimed but not controlled in orange. ... Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was goverened as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. ... The Plan de Iguala — the Iguala Plan, also known as Plan of the Three Guarantees (Plan Trigarante) — was proclaimed on 24 February 1821 in the final phases of Mexicos War of Independence from Spain. ... The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was promulgated by the Cortes Generales (General Courts), the national legislative assembly of Spain. ... The Federal Republic of Germany and its sixteen Bundesländer (federal states) A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A constitutional monarchy is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state, as opposed to an absolute monarchy, where the monarch is not bound by a... Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (September 27, 1783 – July 19, 1824) was Emperor of Mexico from 1822 to 1823. ... is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The 1824 Constitution was the first full constitution adopted by the Mexican Republic. ... is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Page I of the Constitution of the United States of America Page II of the United States Constitution Page III of the United States Constitution Page IV of the United States Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America and is... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

Because it was sparsely populated,^[6] Texas was combined with Coahuila to create new state, Coahuila y Tejas.^[4] Texas had originally asked to become a territory if their statehood claim was denied. After realizing that states controlled their own public lands, whereas territorial public land was controlled by the national government, Seguin chose not to request territorial status.^[7] The Congress did allow Texas the option of forming its own state "'as soon as it feels capable of doing so.'"^[6] The new state, the poorest in the Mexican federation,^[8] covered the boundaries of Spanish Texas but did not include the area around El Paso, which belonged to the state of Chihuahua and the area of Laredo, which became part of Tamaulipas.^[4] The capitol of Texas moved from San Antonio to Saltillo.^[5] Along with the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Coahuila y Tejas was under a unified military organization.^[7] With the formation of a new state government, the Texas provincial governing committee was forced to disband. Many Tejanos were reluctant to give up their self-rule.^[9] Coahuila (formal name: Coahuila de Zaragoza) is one of Mexicos 31 component states. ... Coahuila y Tejas (or Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution. ... This article needs cleanup. ... This article is about the state in Mexico. ... Laredo redirects here. ... Tamaulipas is a state in the northeast of Mexico. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Counties Bexar County Government  - Mayor Phil Hardberger Area  - City  412. ... Saltillo is a city in northeast Mexico, located at 25°42′ N 101°00′ W. It is the current capital of the state of Coahuila. ... A Tejano (Spanish for Texan; archaic spelling texano) is a person of Hispanic descent born and living in the U.S. state of Texas. ...

The new constitution dismantled the mission system, requiring missions more than ten years old to be converted into parishes, while newer missions would be given until 1842 to become secularized.^[10] Most of the Spanish missions in Texas had been secularized before the 1820s, and only Missions Espiritu Santo and Rosario were not currently secularized. By 1830, these missions had been converted into parishes, and most of the mission Indians moved to other settlements in Texas.^[11] As the missions were secularized, the mission lands were distributed amongst the Indians, who would later be taxed on the profits.^[10] The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans, but with the added benefit of giving Spain a toehold in the frontier land. ... The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans, but with the added benefit of giving Spain a toehold in the frontier land. ... The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans, but with the added benefit of giving Spain a toehold in the frontier land. ...

The new Mexican government was bankrupt and had little money to devote to the military. Settlers were empowered to create their own militias to help control hostile Indian tribes. Texas faced raids from both the Apache and Comanche tribes, and with little military support the few settlers in the region needed help. In the hopes that an influx of settlers could control the Indian raids, the government liberalized its immigration policies for the region for the first time, and settlers from the United States were permitted in the colonies for the first time.^[12] For other uses, see Apache (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Comanche (disambiguation). ...

Immigration

In the late 1700s, Spain had stopped allocating new parcels of land in San Antonio and La Bahia, making it difficult for some families to accommodate their growth. Occupancy rights were granted to people in the northeast part of Texas, but the new residents had no official ownership of the land on which they lived.^[13] Just before Mexico achieved independence, Spain reversed its policies and passed a colonization law. The law allowed colonists of any religion to settle in Texas but prohibited the importation of slaves into Spanish territory. All slaves brought to the area would be freed.^[14] Mexico adopted a similar law in 1824. The General Colonization Law which enabled all heads of household who were citizens of or immigrants to Mexico to be eligible to claim land. The law did not differentiate among races or social stature, and people who had been granted occupancy rights would be able to claim the land patent for the dwellings.^[15] Unlike its predecessor, the Mexican law required immigrants to practice Catholicism and stressed that foreigners needed to learn Spanish.^[16] Settlers were supposed to own property or have a craft or useful profession, and all people wishing to live in Texas were expected to report to the nearest Mexican authority for permission to settle. The rules were widely disregarded and many families became squatters.^[17] San Antonio redirects here. ... Goliad is a city in Goliad County, Texas, United States. ... A land patent is the right of ownership to a tract of land, usually granted by the federal or state government to an individual or private company. ...

As soon as the national colonization law was passed, approval for settlement contracts for Texas was the responsibility of the state government in Saltillo. They were soon besieged by foreign speculators wanting to bring colonists into the state.^[18] Coahuila y Tejas implemented the federal law in 1825.^[19] At this time, about 3500 people lived in Texas, mostly congregated at San Antonio and La Bahia.^[20] Under the new law, people who did not already possess property in Texas could claim one square league (4438 acres) of irrigable land, with an additional league available to those who owned cattle. Soldiers were given first choice of land, followed by citizens and immigrants. Empresarios and individuals with large families were exempt from the limit. Those who had owned land under Spanish control were allowed to retain their property as long as they had not fought on the side of the Spanish during the Mexican War of Independence. Immigrants were subject to the same policies as Mexican citizens, and Indians who migrated to Texas after Mexican independence and were not native to the area would be treated as immigrants.^[21] Empresario within the UK refers to the manchunian collatoration between young and up and coming artists, producers and audio engineers within the North of England. ...

Approximately 3420 land grant applications were submitted by immigrants and naturalized citizens, many of them Anglo-Americans. The first group of colonists, known as the Old Three Hundred, arrived in 1822 to settle an empresarial grant that had been given to Stephen F. Austin by the Spanish. The group settled along the Brazos River, ranging from the Gulf of Mexico to near present-day Dallas.^[22] Shortly after they arrived, Austin learned that the new Mexican government had not ratified his father's land grant with Spain. He was forced to travel to Mexico City, 1,200 miles (1,931 km) away, to get permission for his colony.^[23] During his time in the capitol, Austin impressed various important people in the government by offering to draw a map of Texas, to help remove sediment obstructing navigation of the Colorado River, and by promising to carry out an Indian pacification campaign.^[16] On February 18, 1823, ten months after Austin arrived in Mexico City, Agustin I approved his colonization contract. One month later, Agustin abdicated as emperor, and the newly created republican congress nullified all acts of his government, including Austin's colonization contract. Many of Austin's new friends in Mexico praised his integrity before the congress, and his contract was re-approved in mid-April. On his return to Texas in July 1823, Austin established San Felipe de Austin as the new headquarters for his colony.^[24] See Anglo-America for the term denoting mixed English and American influence or heritage or those parts of (or groups within) America which have a tie to or which are influenced by England or simply English-speaking America. ... The Old Three Hundred is a term used to describe the 297 grantees, made up of families and some partnerships of unmarried men, who purchased 307 parcels of land from Stephen Fuller Austin and established a colony in south Texas, along the Texas gulf coast area between the [Colorado River... Stephen F. Austin Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836), known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by the United States. ... The Brazos River, originally called, the Rio Brazos de Dios which can be translated as The River of Gods Arms. is the 11th longest river in the United States at 2060 km (1280 miles) from its source of Blackwater Draw, Curry County, New Mexico[1] to its mouth at... Gulf of Mexico in 3D perspective. ... Dallas redirects here. ... Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México, D.F. or simply México) is the capital city of Mexico. ... Map of the Colorado River and associated watershed. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (September 27, 1783 – July 19, 1824) was Emperor of Mexico from 1822 to 1823. ...

There was no shortage of people willing to come to Texas. The United States was still struggling with the aftermath of the Panic of 1819, and soaring land prices within the United States made the Mexican land policy seem very generous.^[18] In 1827 Austin received a second grant allowing him to settle 100 families along the Old San Antonio Road to Nacogdoches, near what is now Bastrop. The location was chosen at the behest of the Tejanos, who hoped that colonists in that area could help defend against Comanche raids.^[17] Austin was later granted permission to resettle 800 other families in Texas. Twenty-three other empresarios also brought immigrants to Texas.^[22] Of these, only one of the empresarios, Martin de Leon settled citizens from within Mexico; the others came primarily from the United States.^[17][25] Many of the Anglo settlers owned slaves.^[26] All colonists were expected to become naturalized Mexican citizens, and they were also supposed to follow the state religion. In Austin's colony, the local priest formally converted new arrivals but then allowed them to worship as they pleased.^[27] The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. ... The Old San Antonio Road (sometimes called El Camino Real, Camino Arriba, or Lower Presidio Road) is a historic roadway located in Texas and Louisiana, United States. ... Historic buildings with quaint shops and restaurants line Main Street in Bastrop. ...

Austin was granted the rank of lieutenant colonel of the militia, and he was given absolute authority over all justice, excluding the sentencing for capital crimes.^[28] To maintain order within his colony, he issued the first Anglo-American law code in Texas. His Instructions and Regulations for the Alcades was issued January 22, 1824. It comprised a penal code and codes of criminal and civil procedure. The instructions authorized the creation of sheriff and constable offices and established a rudimentary court system. It relied on English common law concepts for defining criminal behavior and also established punishments for vices that Austin deemed disruptive,^[29] such as gambling, profane swearing, and public drunkenness.^[30] is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article concerns the common-law legal system, as contrasted with the civil law legal system; for other meanings of the term, within the field of law, see common law (disambiguation). ...

Under the terms of the colonization contracts, the empresarios were responsible for providing security within their lands. In 1823 Austin created a company of men who would patrol his colony and protect the colonists from Indian attacks and to diffuse internal issues. The initial company, known as Ranger Company, comprised 10 volunteers who served terms of 3–6 months and were paid in land. The men were not uniformed and were not subject to military law or regulation. They were the precursors to the Texas Rangers.^[31] After the Karankawa Indians repeatedly attacked the settlers, Austin organized a militia to fight back; they almost annihilated the tribe.^[32] For other uses, see Texas Rangers. ... Karankawa A group of Native American peoples, now extinct, known collectively as the Karankawa (also Karankawan, Clamcoëhs, and called in their language Auia), played a pivotal part in early Texas history. ...

Comanches were a threat to some of the colonies. Green Dewitt began his colony west of Austin's in December 1825.^[27] In July 1826 his headquarters, Gonzales was burned to the ground in a Comanche attack. All but one colonist escaped to San Felipe. They returned to rebuild their colony the following year. For protection, the political chief of the region granted the community a small cannon.^[32] For other uses, see Comanche (disambiguation). ... Gonzales is a city located in Gonzales County, Texas. ... Come and Take It. ...

Land speculators flooded into Texas. Colonization laws limited Anglos to only one league of land, but Mexican nationals were in many cases eligible for up to 11 leagues. Anglo speculators would often convince a Mexican national to claim his 11 leagues and then sell the land to the speculator through a power of attorney.^[33]

Rising racial tension

In 1825, Mexican authorities became concerned with the actions of empresario Haden Edwards in Nacogdoches. Edwards had threatened to confiscate the land of any Mexican already living in the area in which he planned to bring settlers unless the Mexicans could present written deeds to the property. Mexican authorities promptly told him that he did not have the authority to confiscate land and he should honor the claims of the previous settlers. After multiple confrontations, on December 16, 1826, Edwards, his brothers, and 30 settlers issued a declaration of independence and called themselves the Republic of Fredonia. Other empresarios disassociated themselves from Edwards, and Austin sent 250 militiamen to Nacogdoches to help the Mexican forces quell the revolt. Edwards was finally forced to flee Mexican territory.^[25] Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Nacogdoches (pronounced nack-a-doe-chis) is a city located in Nacogdoches County, Texas. ... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

After hearing reports of other racial issues, the Mexican government asked General Manuel Mier y Teran to investigate the outcome of the 1825 colonization law in Texas. In 1829, Mier y Teran issued his report, which concluded that most Anglo Americans refused to be naturalized and tried to isolate themselves from Mexicans. He also noted that slave reforms passed by the state were being ignored.^[25]

Although many Mexicans wanted to abolish slavery, fears of an economic crisis if all of the slaves were simultaneously freed led to a gradual emancipation policy.^[10] In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of slaves and required that the children of slaves be freed when they reached fourteen.^[26] Any slave introduced into Mexico by purchase or trade would also be freed.^[10] By 1825, however, a census of Austin's Colony showed 1,347 Anglo-Americans and 443 people of African descent, including a very small number of free Negroes.^[34] Two years later the legislature of Coahuila y Tejas outlawed the introduction of additional slaves into the state and granted freedom at birth to all children born to a slave.^[26] The new laws also stated that any slave brought into Texas should be freed within six months.^[35]

In 1829, slavery was officially outlawed in Mexico.^[26] Austin feared that the edict would cause widespread discontent and tried to suppress publication of it. Rumors of the new law quickly spread throughout the area and the colonists seemed on the brink of revolt. The governor of Coahuila y Tejas, Jose Maria Viesca, wrote to the president to explain the importance of slavery to the Texas economy, and the importance of the Texas economy to the development of the state. Texas was temporarily exempted from the rule.^[36] On April 6, 1830, Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante ordered Texas to comply with the emancipation proclamation or face military intervention.^[37] To circumvent the law, many Anglo colonists converted their slaves into indentured servants for life. Others simply called their slaved indentured servants without legally changing their status.^[38] Slaveholders wishing to enter Mexico would force their slaves to sign contracts claiming that the slaves owed money and would work to pay the debt. The low wages the slave would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no slave would receive wages until age eighteen.^[39] This tactic was outlawed by an 1832 state law which prohibited worker contracts from lasting more than ten years.^[40] A small number of slaves were imported illegally from the West Indies or Africa. The British consul estimated that in the 1830s approximately 500 slaves had been illegally imported into Texas.^[41] By 1836, there were approximately 5,000 slaves in Texas.^[42] is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Anastasio Bustamante (July 27, 1780, Jiquilpan Michoacán—February 6, 1853, San Miguel de Allende, Querétaro) was president of Mexico three times, from 1830 to 1832, from 1837 to 1839 and from 1839 to 1841. ...

The economy in the slave-owning areas of the state did surpass that of the non-slave-owning areas. A survey of Texas in 1834 found that the department of Bexar, which was comprised mostly of Tejanos, had exported no goods. The Brazos department, including Austin's colonies and those of Green DeWitt, had exported 600,000 pesos worth of goods, including 5,000 bales of cotton.^[43] The department of Texas, which included the eastern settlements, expected to export 2,000 bales of cotton and 5,000 head of cattle.^[44]

Bustamante implemented other measures to make immigration less desirable for Anglo-Americans. He rescinded the property tax law, which had exempted immigrants from paying taxes for ten years. He further increased tariffs on goods entering Mexico from the United States, causing their prices to rise.^[37] The 1830s laws also brought settlement contracts under federal rather than state control.^[45] Colonies that did not have at least 150 inhabitants would be canceled. Among the affected colonies were the Nashville Company run by Sterling C. Robertson and the Bay and Texas Land Campy, run by David G. Burnet, Lorenzo de Zavala and Joseph Vehlein.^[40] Finally, he prohibited further immigration to Texas from the United States, although Anglos would still be welcome in other parts of Mexico.^[37] The ban and other measures did not stop U.S. citizens from migrating to Texas by the thousands. By 1834, it was estimated that over 30,000 Anglos lived in Texas,^[46] compared to only 7,800 Mexicans.^[11] David G. Burnet David Gouverneur Burnet (April 14, 1788 - 1870) was the president of the interim government of the Republic of Texas during 1836. ... Lorenzo de Zavala (October 3, 1788 – November 16, 1836) was a 19th-century Mexican politician. ...

Anglos often viewed the Mexicans as foreigners and intruders.^[46] The feeling was often returned; Rafael Antonio Manchola, son-in-law of empresario Martin de Leon, served as the commander of the presidio at La Bahia from 1828 to 1830 and then as the alcade of Goliad. He warned the military commander for Texas that Alcalde is the Spanish title of the chief administrator of a town. ...

"'No faith can be placed in the Anglo-American colonists because they are continually demonstrating that they absolutely refuse to be subordinate, unless they find it convenient to what they want anyway, all of which I believe will be very detrimental to us for them to be our neighbors if we do not in time, clip the wings of their audacity by stationing a strong detachment in each new settlement which will enforce the laws and jurisdiction of a Mexican magistrate which should be placed in each of them, since under their own colonists as judges, they do nothing more than practice their own laws which they have practiced since they were born, forgetting the ones they have sworn to obey, these being the laws of our Supreme Government.'"^[47]

International issues

Many Americans thought the United States had been cheated out of Texas. American land speculators believed they could make fortunes in the vast region of Texas, and American politicians believed Texas could help maintain a balance of power between free and slave states. In 1827, American president John Quincy Adams offered US$1 million for Texas. Mexican president Guadalupe Victoria refused. Two years later, Andrew Jackson increased the United States' offer to $5 million; President Vicente Guerrero again declined to sell.^[48] John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was a diplomat, politician, and the sixth President of the United States (March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829). ... The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. ... Guadalupe Victoria, born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix in the state of Durango, served as the first President of Mexico from 1824 to 1829. ... For other uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation). ... Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña (August 10, 1782 – February 14, 1831) was one of the leaders of Mexicos struggle for independence from Spain and an early President of Mexico. ...

In July 1829, Mexican authorities had other concerns, as General Isidro Barradas landed 2,700 Spanish troops to the eastern coast of Mexico, near Tampico in an attempt to reclaim the country for Spain. At the request of the government, Austin mustered a local militia to help defend Texas if the invasion were to reach the northern regions of the country.^[48] Yucatan governor Antonio López de Santa Anna led a force of Mexican troops to halt the invasion. Barradas surrendered as his troops suffered greatly from tropical diseases, and Santa Anna was hailed as a hero. During the invasion, the Mexican Congress had granted war powers to Guerror, making him essentially a dictator. This alarmed the Anglo colonists in Texas, who were accustomed to a separation of powers.^[49] Isidro Barradas was a Spanish general sent to Mexico in 1829, eight years after Mexican independence, to try to reconquer the country for the Spanish Crown. ... This article is about a city in Mexico. ... The Yucatán Peninsula separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ... Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (February 21, 1794 – June 21, 1876), also known simply as Santa Anna, was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against independence from Spain...

Precursor to revolt

Mier y Teran's 1829 report had recommended new garrisons in Texas which could oversee the Anglo colonists and encourage Mexicans to resettle in the area. The new garrisons were to be partly staffed by convicts.^[50] The first was established along Galveston Bay in 1831 at the site of present-day Anahuac. It became the first port in Texas to collect customs. A second custom port, Velasco, was established at the mouth of the Brazos River, while a third garrison established Fort Teran on the Neches River below Nacogdoches to combat smuggling and illegal immigration.^[51] Galveston Bay is a large estuary located along Texass coastline. ... Anahuac is a city located in Chambers County, Texas. ... Founded in 1831, Velasco, TX is situated on the east side of the Brazos River in southeast Texas. ...

Mier y Teran further ordered the garrison at Bexar to abandon their fort and create a new presidio.^[51] Tenoxtitlan was established in 1830 on the west bank of the Brazos River, 100 miles (161 km) above San Felipe. Shortly after the fort was completed, 50 immigrants from Tennessee arrived in the area under empresario Sterling C. Robertson. The settlers had arrived illegally, as Robertson's contract had been invalidated by Guerroro's 1830 laws. The garrison commander chose not to expel them, instead sending to Mexico for advice. Three months later he received instructions to expel the settlers immediately. He chose not to do so, allowing the Robertson colony to be saved.^[52] The fort closed in 1832. After having received no replacements or supplies, the commander finally ordered all of the soldiers to return to San Antonio.^[53] This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ...

Anahuac was placed under the control of Colonel John Davis Bradburn. Bradburn enforced the 1830 laws strictly, angering many colonists. He forbade the state commissioner from granting property titles to squatters and insisted on enforcing the law freeing any slave who set foot in Mexican territory. In 1831, he applied that law to two runaway slaves from Louisiana. The slave owner hired William B. Travis to defend his case. After Travis threatened to launch a supposed rescue attack from Louisiana, Bradburn had him jailed. Settlers attacked the Anahuac garrison to free Travis.^[54] With Bradburn under siege, Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea led the garrison at Velasco to rescue Anahuac from the settlers. After a three-day siege, Ugartechea surrendered on June 29. Several days later, Colonel Jose de las Piedras arrived from Nacogdoches with more troops. He removed Bradburn from his command, ending the Anahuac Disturbances.^[55] William Travis William Barret Travis (August 1 or 9, 1809 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th Century lawyer and soldier. ... Domingo Ugartechea was a Spanish military commander who fought at the Battle of Velasco just prior to the Texas Revolution. ... is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Anahuac Disturbances, occurring in and around Anahuac, Texas, in 1832 and 1835 helped to precipitate the Texas Revolution that led to the secession of Texas from Mexico and the formation of the Republic of Texas. ...

In 1832, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led an insurrection against Mexican president Bustamante. Although most of the Mexican Army supported the Bustamante administration, this led to a small civil war.^[54] Many of the Anglo settlers sided with Santa Anna and followed General José Antonio Mexía, who led soldiers in Texas against Bustamante. Mexia removed the commander at Matamoros from his post. In October, 55 delegates from Texas communities attended the Convention of 1832 in San Felipe. The delegates drafted three petitions to the Congress of Mexico. They wished for an annulment of Article 11 of the colonization law of 1830, which prohibited foreign settlement as well as customs reform, recognition of squatters as valid immigrants, and a separate state for Texas.^[56] Antonio López de Santa Anna Antonio López de Santa Anna Pérez de Lebrón (sometimes spelled de Santa Ana) (February 21, 1794 - 21 June 1876) was a Mexican general and dictator. ... A great supporter of Federalism in Mexico. ... In 1832, fifty-five delegates met at San Felipe de Austin to petition for changes within Coahuila y Texas with the goal of taking care of Texas first. ...

A second convention was held the following year. This one, attended by recent arrivals such as Sam Houston, appointed a commission to draft a constitution for a new state of Texas and selected delegates to represent Texas before the federal government. Austin was chosen to deliver the proposed constitution to Santa Anna's government in Mexico City. Although Austin pointed out that Texas had been given permission to form a separate state and had now grown to 46,500 inhabitants, the political chief of Bexar warned the government that the Anglos might be proposing separate statehood as part of a plan to join with the United States.^[57] Austin was arrested on November 21, 1833 on suspicion of treason.^[58] The Convention of 1833 was a gathering of politicans and leaders of the state of Coahuila y Tejas (then part of Mexico) in San Felipe on April 1, 1833. ... Samuel Houston (March 2, 1793–July 26, 1863) was a 19th century American statesman, politician and soldier. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The Mexican government attempted to address some of the Texans' concerns. Article 11 was repealed on November 21, 1833, allowing American immigrants to again flow into Texas.^[58] Five months later, Coahuila y Tejas separated Texas into three departments, San Antonio-Bexar, Brazos, and Nacogdoches, with political chiefs for each department and more representation in the state legislature. Furthermore, trial by jury was introduced, and English was authorized as a second language.^[59] An Anglo American, Jefferson Chambers, was appointed superior circuit judge of Texas in 1835 and extensions were granted for settlement contracts that had not met their conditions for the number of settlers.^[60] is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1833 (MDCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Trial by Jury is a comic Gilbert and Sullivan operetta in one act (the only single-act Savoy Opera). ...

In March 1833, the capital of the state was transferred from Saltillo to Monclova.^[60] The following year, conservatives began urging Santa Anna to overturn the federal system and introduce centralism. Some legislators believed that centralism would be the only way to retain Texas, as newspapers in the United States continued to make statements about the forthcoming annexation of Texas. When the national congress attempted to centralize the nation, a civil war ensued. As fighting erupted, Saltillo declared that Monclova had been illegally made the state capitol and selected its own governor. Texans in Saltillo recommended establishing a provisional government in Bexar during the unrest to strengthen the autonomy of Texas. Juan Seguin, political chief of Bexar, called for a town meeting to create a government but was forced to postpone it when Mexican troops advanced in the direction of Texas.^[61] Monclova is a city in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. ... Juan Nepomuceno Seguin (1806-1890) was a Tejano hero of the Texas Revolution. ...

The federalists, including Agustin Viezca, the original governor of Coahuila y Tejas, were afraid that Santa Anna would march against Coahuila after subduing the rebels in Zacatecas, so they disbanded the state legislature on May 21, 1835 and authorized the governor to set up an office in a different part of the state. Viezca was arrested as he traveled to San Antonio. Under the pretext of being angry over Viezca's imprisonment the people of Anahuac organized a resistance under Travis. In actuality, they were angry that the two-year grace period on tariffs had ended and the Anahuac customs office had reopened. When Viezca escaped and reached Texas, no one recognized him as governor.^[61] Zacatecas is one of the 31 constituent states of Mexico. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In an effort to secure his freedom, in January 1835 Austin had published his Exposition to the Public Regarding the Affairs of Texas. In this document he explained that Texas wanted to be a separate state, not an independent nation. He discussed the grievances against the Texas justice system and justified the conventions of 1832 and 1833 as "'an exercise of the right to petition that belongs to every free people'".^[59] He was finally released from prison and returned to Texas.^[59] On his return, he changed his mind about the future of Texas and issued a call to arms, announcing that Texas should be "'forever free of any Mexican control'".^[62] Combatants Texas Mexico Commanders Stephen F. Austin Sam Houston Antonio López de Santa Anna Martin Perfecto de Cos Strength c. ...

In 1835 Juan Seguin and two Flores brothers began raising companies of volunteers from the San Antonio area to support the federalist cause. By the end of the year over 100 Tejanos had joined this Federal Army of Texas to defend the Constitution of 1824 against the centralists.^[63] The political chief of the Nacogdoches region told the militias to take arms against the Mexican troops in July 1835 and asked the rest of the citizens to form a volunteer army. "Texas committees" in cities such as New Orleans and New York mustered volunteers and began sending an army and money to assist the Texas colonists in their fight. Austin commanded the militias, while Sam Houston was placed in charge of the volunteers.^[62] The first violent incident occurred on October 2 at the battle of Gonzales.^[62] New Orleans is the largest city in the state of Louisiana, United States of America. ... This article is about the state. ... is the 275th day of the year (276th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Combatants Mexico Texas Commanders Francisco de Castañeda John Henry Moore Strength 100 dragoons 140 – 150 men Casualties one killed one wounded The Battles of Gonzales was a skirmish that took place on October 2, 1835, in the Mexican Texas town of Gonzales between the Texan settlers and a detachment...

The Consultation met in November to discuss the reasons for the revolt. The Consultation denounced centralism and organized a provisional state government based "'on the principles of the 1824 Constitution'".^[62] The following month, San Antonio surrendered to the Anglos, giving the rebels a great deal of military equipment. Some Texans traveled to the United States seeking aid. Although they were denied a loan, they managed to heavily advertise the availability of land in Texas, ensuring that more volunteers would come to fight.^[64]

Texas formally declared independence at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 2, 1836. The revolt was justified as necessary to protect basic rights and because Mexico had annulled the federal pact. The colonists maintained that Mexico had invited them to move to the country and they were determined "to enjoy 'the republican institutions to which they were accustomed in their native land, the United States of America.'"^[65] The declaration did not acknowledge that Mexico had attempted to incorporate some of their demands.^[66] The new Texas constitution specifically allowed slavery and said no free person of African descent could reside in the new country without Congress's consent.^[67] Many of the Tejanos left the fight after the declaration of independence as they were disappointed with the growing anti-Mexican rhetoric. Only Seguin's company remained in the Texian Army.^[63] The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. ... Categories: Texas stub | Texas history | Texas state parks ... is the 61st day of the year (62nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The war ended with the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836 with the birth of the Republic of Texas.^[46] Santa Anna was taken prisoner, and the Mexican troops were forced to withdraw south of the Rio Grande.^[67] In the ensuing Treaties of Velasco, Santa Anna promised he would convince the Mexican government to recognize Texan independence. He did not keep this promise, but the Texans did not keep their promise to return him to Mexico either.^[68] The Mexican Congress did not recognize Texan independence.^[67] Combatants Mexico Republic of Texas Commanders Antonio López de Santa Anna{POW} Manuel Fernandez Castrillon† Juan Almonte{POW} Sam Houston{wounded} Strength about 1,400 800 Casualties 630 killed, 208 wounded, 730 captured 9 killed, 26 wounded For other battles of the same name, see San Jacinto. ... is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1836 (MDCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For the latter day independence movement surrounding Texas, see Republic of Texas (group). ... “Río Bravo” redirects here. ... The Treaties of Velasco were two treaties signed at Velasco, Texas, on 14 May 1836 between Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico and the Republic of Texas, in the aftermath of the Battle of San Jacinto (21 April 1836). ...

Governors of Mexican Texas

Footnotes

History of Texas
Spanish Texas
French Texas
Mexican Texas
Republic of Texas
State of Texas
Slavery

Image File history File links This image, including all photography and graphics used in it, was taken and created by myself, Shem Daimwood. ... The history of Texas (as part of the United States) began in 1845, but settlement of the region dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period, around 10,000 BC. Its history has been shaped by being part of six independent countries: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of... Spanish Texas is the name given by Texas history scholars to the period between 1690 and 1821 when Texas was goverened as a province of the Spanish colony of New Spain. ... Fort Saint Louis was a frontier fort built in 1685 by French exporer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle near what is now Inez, Texas. ... For the latter day independence movement surrounding Texas, see Republic of Texas (group). ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... While in most other former Spanish territories, the institution of chattel slavery was usually initiated by the colonizers, Slavery in Texas was only begun in earnest by Anglo-American settlers from the Southeastern United States across the Mississippi River. ...

References

• Anderson, Gary Clayton (1999), The Indian Southwest, 1580–1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 080613111x
• Barr, Alwyn (1996), Black Texans: A history of African Americans in Texas, 1528–1995 (2nd ed.), Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 080612878X
• de la Teja, Jesus F. (1997), "The Colonization and Independence of Texas: A Tejano Perspective", in Rodriguez O., Jaime E. & Vincent, Kathryn, Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., ISBN 0842026622
• Edmondson, J.R. (2000), The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, ISBN 1-55622-678-0
• Horton, David M. & Turner, Ryan Kellus (1999), Lone Star Justice: A Comprehensive Overview of the Texas Criminal Justice System, Austin, TX: Eakin Press, ISBN 1571682260
• Manchaca, Martha (2001), Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0292752539
• Nofi, Albert A. (1992), The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History, Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc., ISBN 0938289101
• Vazquez, Josefina Zoraida (1997), "The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective", in Rodriguez O., Jaime E. & Vincent, Kathryn, Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., ISBN 0842026622
• Williams, David A. (1997), Bricks Without Straw: A Comprehensive History of African Americans in Texas, Austin, TX: Eakin Press, ISBN 1571680411

Bizzel Library, University of Oklahoma Norman is a major city located in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. ... The University of Oklahoma Press is a university press that is part of the University of Oklahoma. ... Bizzel Library, University of Oklahoma Norman is a major city located in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. ... The University of Oklahoma Press is a university press that is part of the University of Oklahoma. ... Location in Delaware Founded  -Incorporated  {{{incorporated}}} County New Castle County Mayor James M. Baker (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 44. ... Plano is a northern suburb of Dallas, Texas located in Collin County, Texas. ... Skyline from Town Lake Austin is the capital of the state of Texas, within the United States of America. ... Skyline from Town Lake Austin is the capital of the state of Texas, within the United States of America. ... The University of Texas Press is a university press that is part of the University of Texas at Austin. ... Conshohocken is a borough located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. ... Location in Delaware Founded  -Incorporated  {{{incorporated}}} County New Castle County Mayor James M. Baker (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 44. ... Skyline from Town Lake Austin is the capital of the state of Texas, within the United States of America. ...

External links

• Laws and Decrees of Coahuila and Texas from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I. hosted by the Portal to Texas History.

	v • d • e State of Texas Austin (capital)
Topics	Climate | Culture | Demographics | Economy | Education | Geography | Government | History | Languages | Politics | Texans | Transportation | Symbols Image File history File links Flag_of_Texas. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. ... Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, site of first U.S. capital. ... This is a list of articles that have something substantive to do with the state of Texas. ... This article should appear in one or more categories. ... Texas Population Density Map The center of population of Texas is located in Bell County, in the town of Holland [1]. As of 2005, the state has an estimated population of 22. ... The history of Texas (as part of the United States) began in 1845, but settlement of the region dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period, around 10,000 BC. Its history has been shaped by being part of six independent countries: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of... For approximately 100 years, from the end of Reconstruction until the 1970s, the Democratic Party was dominant in Texas Politics. ... The following are people who were either born/raised or have lived for a significant period of time in Texas. ... // USS Texas (BB-35), the oldest remaining dreadnought. ...
Regions	Ark‑La‑Tex | Big Bend | Blackland Prairies | Brazos Valley | Central Texas | Coastal Bend | Cross Timbers | Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex | Deep East Texas | East Texas | Edwards Plateau | Galveston Bay | Golden Triangle | Greater Houston | Llano Estacado | Longview–Marshall | Northeast Texas | North Texas | Osage Plains | Permian Basin | Piney Woods | Rio Grande Valley | Southeast Texas | South Plains | South Texas | Texas Hill Country | Texas Panhandle | West Texas This list of regions of the United States includes official (governmental) and non-official areas within the borders of the United States, not including U.S. states, the federal district of Washington, D.C. or standard subentities such as cities or counties. ... The general area of the Ark-La-Tex highlighted within the United States. ... Casa Grande is a prominent peak in the Chisos Mountains of the Big Bend area of west Texas. ... The Texas Blackland Prairies are an ecoregion located in Texas that runs roughly from the Red River in North Texas to San Antonio in the south. ... The Brazos Valley is a region in Texas consisting of Brazos County, Robertson County, Grimes County, Washington County, Madison County, and Leon County, with Brazos County and the cities of College Station and Bryan at its center. ... Central Texas (a part of which is Texas Hill Country), is a region in the U.S. state of Texas. ... The Texas Coastal Bend refers to the flat area of land along the Texas coast. ... The Cross Timbers is a savanna on the southern Great Plains running from southeastern Kansas, across central Oklahoma, into central Texas. ... The Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, a title designated by the U.S. Census as of 2003, encompasses 12 counties within the U.S. state of Texas. ... Deep East Texas is a subregion of East Texas in the US state of Texas. ... Red counties show the core of East Texas; pink and red counties may or may not be included in East Texas, and thus their inclusion varies from source to source. ... The Edwards Plateau is a region of west-central Texas which is bounded by the Balcones Fault to the south and east, the Llano Uplift and the plains region to the north, and the Pecos River to the west. ... Galveston Bay is a large estuary located along Texass coastline. ... The Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area is defined by the United States Census Bureau as a three-county region in Southeast Texas, east of the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. ... The Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area, a title designated by the U.S. Census as of 2003, is the seventh-largest metropolitan area and one of the most diverse[2] in the United States consisting of 10 counties within the state of Texas. ... Shaded Relief Image of the Llano Estacado Llano Estacado (or Staked Plains) is a region in the southwestern United States that encompasses parts of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas. ... Map of Texas highlighting the Longview-Marshall combined statistical area. ... Northeast Texas is a region in the northeast corner of the U.S. state of Texas. ... North Texas. ... The Blackland Prairies and Cross Timbers are located to the west and south of the Flint Hills. ... The Permian Basin is a basin in the western part of the U.S. state of Texas, from just south of Lubbock to just south of Midland & Odessa, and it extends Westward into the Southeastern part of New Mexico. ... The Piney Woods viewed from Loop 390 outside of Marshall, Texas The Piney Woods is a terrestrial ecoregion in the Southern United States covering 54,400 mi² (140,900 km²) of East Texas, Southern Arkansas, Western Louisiana, and Southeastern Oklahoma. ... The Rio Grande Valley is an area located in the southernmost tip of Texas. ... Southeast Texas is a region in the southeast corner of the U.S. state of Texas. ... Region in West Texas comprising the area north of the Caprock Escarpment on the Llano Estacado, and extending north into the Texas Panhandle. ... South Texas is a region of the U.S. state of Texas which lies roughly south of, or beginning at, San Antonio. ... The Texas Hill Country, as seen from near Interstate 10. ... The Texas Panhandle is a region of the state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. ... The dry plains of West Texas, have often been divided up into tracks of land divided by barbed wire fences. ...
Metropolitan Areas	Abilene | Amarillo | Austin–Round Rock | Beaumont–Port Arthur | Brownsville–Harlingen | College Station–Bryan | Corpus Christi | Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington | El Paso | Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown | Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood | Laredo | Longview | Lubbock | McAllen–Edinburg–Mission | Midland–Odessa | San Angelo | San Antonio | Sherman–Denison | Texarkana | Tyler | Victoria | Waco | Wichita Falls Texas has 25 metropolitan areas (MSAs) defined by the United States Census Bureau. ... Abilene is located in Taylor County, Texas, United States, in the central portion of the state. ... Amarillo redirects here. ... Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. ... “Round rock” redirects here. ... Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Counties Settled 1835 Incorporation 1838 Gentilic Beaumonter Government  - Type Council-Manager  - Mayor Becky Ames  - City Manager Kyle Hayes  - Mayor Pro - Tem Nancy Beaulieu Area  - City 222. ... Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont-Port Arthur metropolitan area and is situated in southeast Texas. ... Brownsville is the county seat of Cameron County, Texas, United States, the southernmost city in Texas. ... Harlingen is a city in Cameron County in the heart of the Rio Grande Valley of south Texas, United States. ... College Station is a city in Brazos County, Texas, situated in Central Texas. ... Bryan is a city in Brazos County, Texas, United States. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country State Counties Nueces, San Patricio Government  - Mayor Henry Garrett Area  - City 460. ... Dallas redirects here. ... Nickname: Motto: Where the West Begins Location of Fort Worth in Tarrant County, Texas Coordinates: , Country State Counties Tarrant, Denton Government  - Mayor Michael J. Moncrief Area  - City 298. ... Arlington is a city in Tarrant County, Texas (USA) within the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area. ... El Paso redirects here. ... Houston redirects here. ... Sugar Land is a city located along the Gulf Coast region in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. ... Baytown is a city located along the Gulf Coast region in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. ... Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. ... Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. ... Fort Hood, named after Confederate General John Bell Hood, is a U.S. Army post located halfway between Austin and Waco within the U.S. state of Texas. ... Nickname: Coordinates: , Country State County Webb Settled 1755 Government  - Type Mayor / City Manager  - Mayor Raul G. Salinas  - City Manager Carlos R. Villarreal Area  - City 84. ... Longview is a city in Texas, United States, located between Dallas, TX and Shreveport, LA. The population was 73,345 at the 2000 census, but a 2005 estimate placed the citys population at 75,609. ... “Lubbock” redirects here. ... McAllen is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. ... Edinburg is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. ... Mission is a city located in Hidalgo County, Texas. ... Nickname: Location within the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country State Counties Midland Government  - Mayor Mike Canon Area  - City 173. ... Nickname: Location within the state of Texas Country State County Ector Government  - Mayor Larry Melton Area  - City 36. ... San Angelo is a city in and the county seat of Tom Green CountyGR6, Texas, United States. ... San Antonio redirects here. ... Sherman is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. ... Motto: A jewel at the crossing of a great river! Location of Denison, Texas Coordinates: Country United States of America State Texas County Grayson Founded 1872  - Mayor Robert Brady Area    - City  22. ... Water tower in Texarkana. ... Tyler is the county seat of Smith County in East Texas, United States. ... Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: , Country State County Victoria Government  - Mayor Will Armstrong Area  - Total 33. ... For the Branch Davidian siege in Waco, Texas, see Waco Siege. ... Wichita Falls is a city in Wichita County, Texas, United States. ...
Counties	See: Table of Texas counties  or List Index: Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Anderson County formed in 1846 from part of Houston County. ... Index: Contents: Top - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Anderson County formed in 1846 from part of Houston County. ...