Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende (November 12, 1929 - August 29, 1995) was a German writer of fantasy novels and children's books. He was born in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Bavaria, Germany), son of the surrealist painter Edgar Ende. He died in Stuttgart (Germany) of stomach cancer. is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full 1995 Gregorian calendar). ... Smaug in his lair: an illustration for the fantasy The Hobbit Fantasy is a genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting. ... Basic Characteristics There is some debate as to what constitutes childrens literature. ... Garmisch-Partenkirchen (29,875 inhabitants; 01-01-2004) is a market town, and the administrative centre of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region of Bavaria, Germany, near the border with Austria. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... Max Ernst. ... Edgar Ende (1901- December 27, 1965) was a German surrealist painter, father of the childrens novelist Michael Ende. ... , City Center seen from Weinsteige Road Castle Solitude The 1956 TV Tower The Weissenhof Estate in 1927 Stuttgart (IPA: []) is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. ... Stomach cancer (also called gastric cancer) can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs; particularly the esophagus and the small intestine. ...

Ende was one of the most popular and famous German authors of the 20th century, mostly due to the enormous success of his children's books. However, it is unfair to label Ende strictly as a children’s author, he also wrote books for adults, and Ende claimed, "It is for this child in me, and in all of us, that I tell my stories," and that "[my books are] for any child between 80 and 8 years" (qtd. Senick 95, 97). Ende’s writing could be described as a surreal mixture of reality and fantasy. The reader is often invited to take a more interactive role in the story, and the worlds in his books often mirror our reality, using fantasy to bring light to the problems of an increasingly technological modern society. Basic Characteristics There is some debate as to what constitutes childrens literature. ... Smaug in his lair: an illustration for the fantasy The Hobbit Fantasy is a genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting. ...

Ende was also known as a proponent of economic reform, and claimed to have had the concept of aging money in mind when writing Momo. He was interested in and influenced by anthroposophy.^{[citation needed]} In the theory of Freiwirtschaft, Freigeld (German for free money) is a monetary (or exchange) unit. ... Momo, also known as The Grey Gentlemen or The Men in Grey, is a fantasy novel by Michael Ende, published in 1973. ... Anthroposophy, also called spiritual science, is a spiritual philosophy based on the teachings of Rudolf Steiner,[1] which states that anyone who conscientiously cultivates sense-free thinking can attain experience of and insights into the spiritual world. ...

Die unendliche Geschichte (The Neverending Story) is Ende's best known work. Other books include Momo and Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer (Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver). Michael Ende's works have been translated into more than 40 languages and sold more than 20 million copies, and have been adapted into motion pictures, stage plays, operas and audio books. The Neverending Story (German: ) is a fantasy novel by Michael Ende, first published in Germany in 1979. ... Momo, also known as The Grey Gentlemen or The Men in Grey, is a fantasy novel by Michael Ende, published in 1973. ... Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver (original title: Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer) is a German children fantasy novel written by Michael Ende, published in 1960, where it scored a tremendrous success. ...

Early life

Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende was born November 12, 1929 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Bavaria, Germany). An only child, his parents were Edgar Ende, a surrealist painter, and Luise Bartholomä Ende, a physiotherapist (Coby 258). Since his artwork was banned by the Nazi party, Edgar Ende was forced to work in secret. In 1935, when he was six, the Ende family moved to the "artists' quarter of Schwabing" in Munich (Haase 55). Growing up in this rich artistic and literary environment influenced Ende’s later writing. is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Garmisch-Partenkirchen (29,875 inhabitants; 01-01-2004) is a market town, and the administrative centre of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, in the Oberbayern region of Bavaria, Germany, near the border with Austria. ... For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ... Edgar Ende (1901- December 27, 1965) was a German surrealist painter, father of the childrens novelist Michael Ende. ... Max Ernst. ...

Ende attended the Maximillians Gymnasium until schools in Munich were closed due to bombings in 1943 (Colby 258). He resumed school at the Waldorf School in Stuttgart. It was at this time that Ende first began to write stories ("Michael," par.3). He aspired to be a "dramatist," but wrote mostly short stories and poems (Hasse 55). In 1945, sixteen year old Ende was drafted into the German army, but deserted and joined an anti-Nazi group for the remainder of the war (Colby 258; “Michael,” par. 3).

After World War II, Ende decided that he wanted to be a playwright, but accepted a scholarship to study acting at the Otto-Falkenberg-Schauspielschule in Munich, since he could not afford to pay for college (Hasse 55).

Selected works

Michael Ende's works include: (Note – original titles are listed in German, followed by the English translation of the title in captions. Any translations of an entire work into English are listed.)

• 1960 - * Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer ((Translated into English by Anthea Bell as Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver)
  • children's book
  • Overlook Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87951-391-8

• 1962 - Jim Knopf und die Wilde Dreizehn (Jim Button and the Wild 13)
  • children's book

• 1967 - Der Spielverderber (The Spoilsport)
  • play

• 1972 - Tranquilla Trampeltreu die beharrliche Schildkröte (1972)
  • children's book

• 1973 - Momo (1973)(Translated into English by Francis Lobb as The Grey Gentlemen, and by J. Maxwell Brownjohn as Momo.)
  • children's book - Ende wrote and illustrated
  • Viking Penguin Press, 1986, ISBN 0-14-009464-4

• 1975 - Das Kleine Lumpenkasperte
  • children's book

• 1978 Das Traumfresserchen (Translated into English by Gwen Mars as The Dream Eater in 1978)

• 1978 - Lirum Laurum Willi Warum: Eine lustige Unsinngeschicte fur kleine Warmfrager
  • children's book

• 1979 - Die unendliche Geschichte: Von A bis Z (Translated into English by Ralph Manheim as The Neverending Story)
  • children's book
  • Amereon Ltd., 1979, ISBN 0-8488-1306-5
  • Buccaneer Books, 1991, ISBN 0-89966-807-0
  • Puffin Books, 1993, ISBN 0-14-038633-5
  • NAL/Dutton, 1997, ISBN 0-525-45758-5

• 1981 Der Lindwurm und der Schmetterling oder Der seltsame Tausch (1981)
  • children's book

• 1982 - Die zerstreute Brillenschlange
  • a play

• 1982 - Die Schattennähmaschine
  • children's book

• 1982 - Das Gauklermärchen (The Juggler's Tale)
  • a play

• 1982 - Written with Erhnard Eppler and Hanne Taechl - Phantasie/ Kultur/ Politicts: Protokolleines Gesprächs, nonfiction. (Fantasy/Culture/Politics: the protocol of a conversation)

• 1982 - Die Ballade von Norbert Nackendick; oder das nackte Nashom
  • children's book

• 1984 - Norbert Nackendick; oder das nackte Nashom
  • children's book based on his play

• 1984 - Der Spiegel im Spiegel (1986)(Translated into English by J. Maxwell Brownjohn as Mirror in the Mirror: a labyrinth in 1986)
  • a collection of short stories for adults illustrated with Ende's father, Edgar Ende's engravings.

• 1984 - Filemon Faltenreich
  • children's book

• 1984 - Der Goggolori (1984)
  • wrote and illustrated
  • a play based on a Bavarian legend

• 1985 - Archäologie der Dunkelheit (Archaeology of Darkness)
  • nonfiction, about Edgar Ende and his work

• 1986 Trödelmarkt der Träume: Mitternmachtslieder und leise Balladen (Midnight songs and ballads)

• 1988 - Ophelias Schattentheater (Translated into English by Anthea Bell as Ophelia's Shadow Theater in 1989)
  • Overlook Press, 1989, ISBN 0-87951-371-3

• 1988 - Wrote the libretto for Die Jagd Nachdem der Schlarg
  • Opera adaptation of The Hunting of the Snark by Lewis Carroll

• Der satanarchäolügenialkohöllische Wunschpunsch (1989) (Translated into English by Heike Schwarzbauer and Rick Takvorian as The Night of Wishes: or, The Satanarchaeolidealcohellish Notion Potion in 1992)
  • children's novel
  • Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1992, ISBN 0-374-19594-3
  • Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1995, ISBN 0-374-45503-1

• 1989 - Die Vollmondlegende (1989) (The Legend of the Full Moon)

• 1990 - Die Geschichte von der Schüssel und vom Löffel
  • children's book.

• 1992 - Das Gefängnis der Freiheit
  • adult short stories.
  • Weitbrecht Verlag, 1992, ISBN 3522708504

• 1992 - Der lange Weg nach Santa Cruz (The Long Road to Santa Cruz)

• 1993 - Der Teddy und die Tiere
  • children's book.

• 1993 - Wrote the libretto for the opera Der Rattenfänger: ein Hamelner Totentanz Oper in elf Bildern

• 1998 - Der Niemandgsgarten
  • fiction

Most of the above information was retrieved from the following sources: Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver (original title: Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer) is a German children fantasy novel written by Michael Ende, published in 1960, where it scored a tremendrous success. ... Jim Button and the Wild 13 (original Title: Jim Knopf und die wilde 13)is a novel written by the german author Michael Ende. ... Momo, also known as The Grey Gentlemen or The Men in Grey, is a fantasy novel by Michael Ende, published in 1973. ... The Neverending Story (German: ) is a fantasy novel by Michael Ende, first published in Germany in 1979. ...

• Coby, Vineta, ed. "Michael Ende." World Authors 1980 - 1985. New York, New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1991. p.259.

• Haase, Donald P. "Michael Ende." Dictionary of Literary Biography: Contemporary German Fiction Writers, Second Series. Eds. Wolfgang D. Elfe and James Hardin. Vol 75. Detroit Michigan: Gale Research Inc, 1988. p.55, 57.

• "Michael Ende." Contemporary Authors Online. Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group. 2003. par. 16-17.

Article references

• Colby, Vineta, ed. "Michael Ende." World Authors 1980 – 1985. New York, New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1991.

• Haase, Donald P. "Michael Ende." Dictionary of Literary Biography: Contemporary

German Fiction Writers, Second Series. Eds. Wolfgang D. Elfe and James Hardin. Vol. 75. Detroit Michigan: Gale Research Inc, 1988.

• Hilbun, Janet. "Ende, Michael." The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature.

Eds. Bernice E. Cullinan and Diane G. Person. New York, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2001.

• "Michael Ende." Contemporary Authors Online. Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, 2003. <www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC> 3 Feb 2003.

• Senick, Gerard J., ed. "Michael Ende." Children's Literature Review. Vol. 14. Detroit, Michigan. Gale Research Compaany, 1988.

• Zipes, Jack, ed. "Ende, Michael." Donald Hasse. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. New York, New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2000.

External references

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Michael Ende

• Michael Ende personal web site (German) with extensive biographical information (in German) and photos.
• NES Online: About Michael Ende
• Works by and about Michael Ende in the German National Library catalogue
• Multi-lingual bibliography of Michael Ende
• Michael Ende's Last Words to the Japanese