NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Michael Gambon

Sir Michael John Gambon, KBE (born October 19, 1940), is an acclaimed Irish-British actor who has worked in television, film and theatre. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ireland. ... Dublin city centre at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: DÃ¡il Ã‰ireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: 01, +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions; in decreasing order of seniority, these are Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GBE) Knight Commander... is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Biography

Early life

Gambon was born in Dublin during World War II. His father, Edward Gambon, an engineer, decided to seek work in the rebuilding of London, and so Gambon and his seamstress mother, Mary (née Hoare),^[1] moved to Mornington Crescent in north London, when he was five. Unbeknownst to Gambon, his father took out official papers for him, making him a British citizen — a decision that would later allow Michael to be awarded a substantive CBE and a knighthood. ^[2] (Although, under the British Nationality Act 1981 anyone born in Ireland before 1949 can still register as a British subject and, after five years' UK residence, as a British citizen.) Dublin city centre at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: DÃ¡il Ã‰ireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: 01, +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Mornington Crescent is a street in Camden, London, England. ... After the independence of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom in 1922, no specific problem of nationality existed. ... In British nationality law, the term British subject has at different times had different meanings. ... British Nationality Law ...

Raised a strict Catholic, he attended St Aloysius Boys' School in Somers Town and served on the altar. He then moved to St Aloysius' College in Hornsey Lane, Highgate, London, whose former pupils included Peter Sellers. He later attended a school in Kent, before leaving with no qualifications at fifteen. He then gained an apprenticeship with Vickers Armstrong as a toolmaker. By the time he was 21 he was a fully qualified engineer. He kept the job for a further year – acquiring a fascination and passion for collecting antique guns, clocks and watches, as well as classic cars. Somers Town is an area of London adjacent to the British Library at St Pancras and south of Camden Town. ... View of Highgate, John Constable, 1st quarter of 19th century. ... Richard Henry Peter Sellers, CBE (8 September 1925 â€“ 24 July 1980) was an English comedian, actor, and performer, who came to prominence on the BBC radio series The Goon Show and later became a film star. ... The Vickers corporation, founded as the Vickers company in 1828, was a British manufacturer, primarily of military equipment. ...

Early acting career

Aged 19 he joined the Unity Theatre in Kings Cross. Five years later he wrote a letter to Michael MacLiammoir, the Irish theatre impresario who ran Dublin's Gate Theatre. It was accompanied by a CV describing a rich and wholly imaginary theatre career – and he was taken on. The Unity Theatre was a theatre club based in a former chapel in Goldington Street, near St Pancras, in the London Borough of Camden. ... Kings Cross is an place in the London Borough of Camden. ... MicheÃ¡l MacLÃammÃ³ir (born Alfred Willmore) (October 25, 1899 â€“ March 6, 1978) was an Irish actor and dramatist. ... The Gate Theatre, in Dublin, was founded in 1928 by Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammoir, initially using the Abbey Theatres Peacock studio theatre space to stage important works by European and American dramatists. ... ...

Gambon made his professional stage début in the Gate Theatre's 1962 production of Othello, playing "2nd Gentleman". In 1963, he was chosen by Sir Laurence Olivier to be part of the original Royal National Theatre company, alongside Maggie Smith, Nicol Williamson and newcomers including Lynn Redgrave. The company initially performed at the Old Vic, their first production being Hamlet, directed by Olivier and starring Peter O'Toole. He played for four years in many NT productions, including Much Ado About Nothing, and Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, working with guest directors including Noel Coward and Franco Zeffirelli. Othello and Desdemona by Alexandre-Marie Colin. ... Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM (22 May 1907 â€“ 11 July 1989) was an Academy Award, Golden Globe, BAFTA and four-time Emmy winning English actor, director, and producer. ... The Royal National Theatre from Waterloo Bridge The Royal National Theatre is a building complex and theatre company located on the South Bank in London, England immediately east of the southern end of Waterloo Bridge. ... Dame Margaret Natalie Smith, DBE (born 28 December 1934), better known as Dame Maggie Smith, is a two-time Academy Award, and Emmy-winning English film, stage, and television actress. ... Nicol Williamson as Merlin in Excalibur Nicol Williamson (b. ... Lynn Rachel Redgrave OBE (born 8 March 1943 in London) is an English actress born into the famous acting Redgrave family. ... The exterior of the Old Vic from the corner of Baylis Road and Waterloo Road. ... Hamlet and Horatio in the cemetery by EugÃ¨ne Delacroix For other uses, see Hamlet (disambiguation). ... Peter Seamus OToole (Peter James OToole) (born August 2, 1932 (accepted but presumed date) is an eight-time Academy Award-nominated Irish actor. ... Title page of the first quarto (1600) Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy by William Shakespeare. ... Sir Tom Stoppard, OM, CBE (born as TomÃ¡Å¡ Straussler on July 3, 1937)[1] is an Academy Award winning British playwright of more than 24 plays. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Sir NoÃ«l Peirce Coward (December 16, 1899 â€“ March 26, 1973) was an Britain/British actor, playwright, and composer of popular music. ... Franco Zeffirelli (born Gianfranco Corsi on February 12, 1923), is an Italian film director. ...

Success and acceptance

He made his film debut in the Laurence Olivier Othello in 1965. He then played romantic leads, notably in the early 1970s BBC television series, The Borderers, in which he was swashbuckling Gavin Ker. As a result, Gambon was asked by James Bond producer Cubby Broccoli to audition for the role in 1970, to replace George Lazenby. However, his craggy looks soon made him into a character actor, although he had a very great critical and popular success as Galileo in the John Dexter production of The Life of Galileo by Brecht at the National Theatre in 1980. It was not until Dennis Potter's The Singing Detective (1986) that he became a household name. After this success, for which he won a BAFTA, his includes films such as The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover which also starred Helen Mirren. The British Broadcasting Corporation, which is usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GBÂ£4 billion. ... Flemings image of James Bond; commissioned to aid the Daily Express comic strip artists. ... Albert Romolo Broccoli (April 5, 1909–June 27, 1996) known to millions of movie fans as Cubby Broccoli (a nickname used by a cousin), produced more than forty movies, but will be remembered by most for his contribution to one of the most successful film franchises in history, James... George Robert Lazenby (born September 5, 1939) is an Australian actor best known for portraying James Bond only once in the 1969 James Bond film, On Her Majestys Secret Service. ... A character actor is an actor, especially in motion pictures, who predominantly performs in similar roles throughout the course of a career. ... John Dexter (born 2 August 1925 in Derby, England - died 23 March 1990 in London) was an English theatre, opera and film director. ... For information on the German author, please see Bertolt Brecht. ... Liber Amoris Dennis Christopher George Potter (17 May 1935â€”7 June 1994) was a controversial British dramatist who is best known for several widely acclaimed television dramas which mixed fantasy and reality, the personal and the social. ... The Singing Detective The Singing Detective was a 1986 BBC television miniseries, written by Dennis Potter and starring Michael Gambon. ... The British Academy Television Awards, also known as the BAFTAs or, to differentiate them from the BAFTA Film Awards, the BAFTA Television Awards, are the most prestigious awards given in the British television industry, analogous to the Emmy Awards in the United States. ... The Cook, The Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is a 1989 film by director Peter Greenaway starring Richard Bohringer, Michael Gambon, Helen Mirren and Alan Howard in the titular roles. ... Dame Helen Mirren DBE (born on July 26, 1945) is an Academy Award-winning English stage, television and film actress. ...

In 1992 he played a psychotic general in the Barry Levinson film Toys and he also starred as Georges Simenon's detective Inspector Jules Maigret in an ITV adaptation of Simenon's series of books. He starred as Fyodor Dostoyevsky in the Hungarian director Károly Makk's movie The Gambler (1997) about the writing of Dostoyevsky's novella The Gambler. Barry Levinson Barry Levinson (born April 6, 1942 in Baltimore, Maryland) is a Jewish-American screenwriter, film director, actor, and producer of film and television. ... Toys is a 1992 surreal black comedy film directed by Barry Levinson. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Maigret featured on a postage stamp Jules Maigret, known as (Commissaire) Maigret to most people, including his wife, is a fictional police detective, created by writer Georges Simenon. ... Independent Television (generally known as ITV but also as ITV Network or Channel 3) is a public service network of British commercial television broadcasters, set up under the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide competition to the BBC. ITV is the oldest commercial television network in the UK. Since 1990... Fyodor Dostoevsky. ... KÃ¡roly Makk KÃ¡roly Makk (born December 22, 1925 in BerettyÃ³Ãºjfalu, Hungary) is a Hungarian film director and screenwriter. ... The Gambler is a novella by Fyodor Dostoyevsky about a youngish tutor in the employment of a formerly wealthy Russian civil servant. ...

Recent career

In recent years, films such as Dancing at Lughnasa (1998) and Plunkett & Macleane (1998), as well as television appearances in series such as Wives and Daughters (1999) (for which he won another BAFTA), a made-for-TV adaptation of Samuel Beckett's Endgame (2001) and Perfect Strangers (2001) have revealed a talent for comedy. In 2004, he appeared in five films, including Wes Anderson's quirky comedy The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou; the British gangster flick Layer Cake; theatrical drama Being Julia; and CGI action fantasy Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow. Dancing at Lughnasa (see references to Lughnasa, or Lughnasadh, the ancient pagan ritual) is a play by Brian Friel set in Irelands County Donegal in August 1936. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Plunkett and MacLeane. ... Wives and Daughters is a novel by Elizabeth Gaskell, first published in the Cornhill Magazine as a serial from August 1864 to January 1866. ... Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 â€“ 22 December 1989) was an Irish dramatist, novelist and poet. ... Endgame is a one-act play for four characters by Samuel Beckett. ... Perfect Strangers is a British television drama first aired in 2001, produced by Talkback Thames for the BBC Two network. ... Wesley Wales Anderson (born May 1, 1969) is an American writer, producer, and director of films and commercials. ... The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou is Wes Andersons fourth feature length film and was released in the U.S. on December 25, 2004. ... For the novel, see Layer Cake (novel) Layer Cake (also spelled L4YER CAK3) is a 2004 British gangster thriller, directed by Matthew Vaughn. ... Being Julia is a 2004 film directed by IstvÃ¡n SzabÃ³. // Cast Annette Bening â€“ Julia Lambert Shaun Evans â€“ Tom Fennel Jeremy Irons â€“ Michael Gosselyn Lucy Punch â€“ Avice Crichton Plot Spoiler warning: Set in the world of the London stage in the late 1930s, reigning diva Julia Lamberts success and... Computer-generated imagery (commonly abbreviated as CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics (or more specifically, 3D computer graphics) to special effects in films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media. ... Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow is a film released on September 17, 2004 in the United States. ...

Perhaps his most significant role in 2004, however, was Albus Dumbledore, Hogwarts headmaster in the third installment of JK Rowling's franchise, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, taking over from fellow Irish actor Richard Harris, who had died of Hodgkins disease. (Harris had also played Maigret on television four years before Gambon took that role.) Gambon reprised the role of Dumbledore in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, which was released in November 2005 in the UK and U.S. He returned to the role again in the fifth movie, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, which was released in 2007. Gambon admits to not having read the Harry Potter novels and says that this is because he does not want to be upset by an extremely large change or death in the books. Similarly, he has also stated in an interview that, when playing Dumbledore, "I don't have to play anyone really. I just stick on a beard and play me, so it’s no great feat. I never ease into a role – every part I play is just a variant of my own personality. I’m not really a character actor at all..."^[3] Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character within the Harry Potter series written by British author J. K. Rowling. ... Joanne Rowling OBE (born July 31, 1965 in Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire), commonly known as J.K. Rowling (pronunciation: roll-ing; her former students used to joke with her name calling her the Rolling Stone), is a British fiction writer. ... Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third fantasy adventure film in the popular Harry Potter films series, based on the novel by J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. ... Richard Harris as Marcus Aurelius in Gladiator. ... Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson Produced by Chris Columbus et al. ... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic - President George Walker Bush (R) - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy adventure film, based on the novel of the same name, by J. K. Rowling. ... This article is about the Harry Potter series of novels. ...

Most recently, he was Joe in Beckett's Eh Joe, giving two performances a night at the Duke of York's Theatre in London. He currently does the voice over to the new Guinness ads with the penguins^[4]. He is currently filming The Cranford Chronicles. Eh Joe is a one-act, thirty-minute play written by Samuel Beckett. ... The Duke of Yorks Theatre in London, UK, opened on 10 September 1892 with Wedding Eve, was built for Frank Wyatt and his wife, Violet Melnotte. ... Guinness logo Guinness is Good for You - Irish language advertisement. ... Modern genera Aptenodytes Eudyptes Eudyptula Megadyptes Pygoscelis Spheniscus For prehistoric genera, see Systematics Some penguins are curious. ... Cranford Chronicles is a 2007 British television drama serial, adapted from Elizabeth Gaskells novel Cranford (novel), originally published in 1851. ...

Personal life

Gambon married Anne Miller when he was 22, but has always been secretive about his personal life, responding to one interviewer's question about her: "What wife?" The couple lived together in a country house near Gravesend in Kent, where potter Anne has her workshop. Gambon was invested by Prince Charles as a Knight Bachelor on 17 July 1998 for services to drama (Queen Elizabeth II's approval for the award was notified in New Years Day 1998 Honours List) and his wife thus became Lady Gambon.^[5]^[6] The couple have a son, Fergus, who appears as an expert on the BBC's Antiques Roadshow. Gravesend can refer to: Gravesend, Kent, England Gravesend, New York, USA This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Kent coat of arms For other uses, see Kent (disambiguation). ... The dignity of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. ... Antiques Roadshow is a British human interest television show in which antique appraisers travel to various regions of the United Kingdom and appraise antiques brought in by local residents. ...

While filming Gosford Park, Gambon brought Philippa Hart on to the set and introduced her to co-stars as his girlfriend. When the affair was revealed in 2002, he moved out of the marital home, but rather than moving in with his lover, he bought himself a bachelor pad. Philippa, who worked with Gambon on the film Sylvia in 2003, in late 2006 moved into a £500,000 terraced home in Chiswick, West London with her pet pug dog. Gambon and Philippa often lunch with restaurant critic A. A. Gill, writer Nicola Formby and Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson. In February 2007, it was revealed that Philippa was pregnant with Gambon's child, and was due to give birth in May 2007.^[7] This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Chiswick (IPA pronunciation: ) is a district of West London, covering the eastern part of the London Borough of Hounslow. ... Satellite image of the inner part of West London Ayad Dibis is the best in West London. ... A. A. (Adrian Anthony) Gill (born June 28, 1954) is a British newspaper columnist and writer. ... The current format of Top Gear is a BAFTA[1] and Emmy Award-winning BBC television series about motor vehicles, mainly cars. ... Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson (born 11 April 1960) is an English broadcaster and writer who specialises in motoring. ...

Gambon is a qualified amateur pilot, and his love of cars led to his appearance on the BBC's Top Gear programme. Gambon raced the Suzuki Liana and was driving so aggressively that it was launched into the air on the last corner of his timed lap. The final corner of the Dunsfold Park track has been named "Gambon" in his honour. He reappeared on the programme on the June 4, 2006, and set a time in the Chevrolet Lacetti of 1:50.3, a significant improvement on his previous time of 1:55. He clipped his namesake corner the second time, and when asked why by Jeremy Clarkson, replied that 'I dunno - I just don't like it'. The British Broadcasting Corporation, which is usually known as the BBC, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world in terms of audience numbers, employing 26,000 staff in the United Kingdom alone and with a budget of more than GBÂ£4 billion. ... The current format of Top Gear is a BAFTA[1] and Emmy Award-winning BBC television series about motor vehicles, mainly cars. ... 2002 Suzuki Aerio sedan Suzuki Aerio wagon The Suzuki Aerio (called the Liana in Europe) is a car built by Suzuki Motor Corporation for the lower midsize segment in the Japanese and European markets and for the subcompact segment in the North American market. ... Dunsfold is a village in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, fourteen kilometres south of Guildford. ... June 4 is the 155th day of the year (156th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link displays full 2006 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 Daewoo Lacetti The Chevrolet Lacetti is a compact 5-door hatchback made by South Korean GM Daewoo. ... Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson (born 11 April 1960) is an English broadcaster and writer who specialises in motoring. ...

Filmography

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy adventure film, based on the novel of the same name, by J. K. Rowling. ... Amazing Grace is a 2007 film directed by Michael Apted about the campaign against the slave trade in 19th century Britain, led by famous abolitionist William Wilberforce, who was responsible for steering anti-slave trade legislation through the British parliament. ... The Good Shepherd is an Academy Award-nominated 2006 film directed by Robert De Niro (his second directorial effort after A Bronx Tale) and starring Matt Damon and Angelina Jolie, with an extensive supporting cast. ... The Omen (also known as The Omen: 666) is a 2006 remake of the 1976 horror film The Omen. ... Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 fantasy adventure film and the fourth in the popular Harry Potter films series. ... The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou is Wes Andersons fourth feature length film and was released in the U.S. on December 25, 2004. ... For the novel, see Layer Cake (novel) Layer Cake (also spelled L4YER CAK3) is a 2004 British gangster thriller, directed by Matthew Vaughn. ... Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow is a film released on September 17, 2004 in the United States. ... Being Julia is a 2004 film directed by IstvÃ¡n SzabÃ³. // Cast Annette Bening â€“ Julia Lambert Shaun Evans â€“ Tom Fennel Jeremy Irons â€“ Michael Gosselyn Lucy Punch â€“ Avice Crichton Plot Spoiler warning: Set in the world of the London stage in the late 1930s, reigning diva Julia Lamberts success and... Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third fantasy adventure film in the popular Harry Potter films series, based on the novel by J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. ... Angels in America is an award winning 2003 HBO miniseries adapted from the play of the same name by Tony Kushner. ... Categories: Movie stubs | 2003 films | British films | Drama films | Romance films ... Open Range is a 2003 movie based on the novel The Open Range Men by Lauran Paine. ... Miranda Richardson as Queen Mary in The Lost Prince The Lost Prince is an acclaimed two-part British television drama, produced by Talkback Thames for the BBC and originally broadcast on BBC One in January 2003. ... // Plot Production Featured cast Awards and nominations Official site External links Categories: | | | | | | | ... Ali G Indahouse: The Movie is a 2002 movie directed by Mark Mylod starring the fictional character Ali G, performed by the British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Perfect Strangers was an acclaimed British television drama first aired in 2001, produced for the BBC Two network. ... Snatch is a 2000 film by British writer-director Guy Ritchie. ... Sleepy Hollow (1999) is an historical horror film directed by Tim Burton, interpreting the legend of The Headless Horseman and based loosely around the Washington Irving story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. ... The Insider is a 1999 film which tells the true story of a 60 Minutes television series exposÃ© of the tobacco industry, as seen through the eyes of a real tobacco executive, Jeffrey Wigand. ... Wives and Daughters is a BBC miniseries adapted from the novel Wives and Daughters: An Everyday Story by Victorian author Elizabeth Gaskell. ... Dancing at Lughnasa (see references to Lughnasa, or Lughnasadh, the ancient pagan ritual) is a play by Brian Friel set in Irelands County Donegal in August 1936. ... Mary Reilly is a 1996 film directed by Stephen Frears. ... The Browning Version is a 1994 film directed by Mike Figgis and starring Albert Finney. ... A Man of No Importance is a 1994 comedy drama film directed by Suri Krishnamma and starring Albert Finney. ... Toys is a 1992 surreal black comedy film directed by Barry Levinson. ... Mobsters is a 1991 crime drama detailing the creation of the National Crime Syndicate. ... The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (punctuated onscreen as The Cook The Thief His Wife & Her Lover) is a 1989 film written and directed by Peter Greenaway starring Richard Bohringer, Michael Gambon, Helen Mirren and Alan Howard in the titular roles. ... A Dry White Season is a 1989 film starring Marlon Brando, Donald Sutherland, and Susan Sarandon. ... The Rachel Papers is a 1989 British film based on a novel by Martin Amis. ... The Singing Detective The Singing Detective was a 1986 BBC television miniseries, written by Dennis Potter and starring Michael Gambon. ... The Beast Must Die is a 1974 horror film directed by Paul Annett. ... Othello is a 1965 movie based on the Shakespeare play Othello; starring Laurence Olivier, Maggie Smith, Frank Finlay, and Joyce Redman. ...

Quotations

References

External links

Categories: 1940 births | Commanders of the Order of the British Empire | Irish film actors | Irish stage actors | Irish Roman Catholics | Irish television actors | Irish voice actors | Knights Bachelor | Living people | People from County Dublin | People of Irish descent in Great Britain | Royal National Theatre Company members The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an online database of information about movies, actors, television shows, production crew personnel, and video games. ... This article or section should be merged with Yahoo! Yahoo! Movies provides information on current movie theater releases, including showtimes, critical reviews and general popular opinion. ... Tiscali SpA (ISE: IT0001453924) is a European telecommunications company, based in Cagliari, Italy, and provides internet and telecommunications services to Italy, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic. ...

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