Michel Eugène Chevreul ( August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining, as the final day of August. Events 1000-1899 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora dies suddenly without children to succeed the throne, ending the Macedonian dynasty 1864 - American Civil War... August 31, 1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events May 21 - Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris August 8 - Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat. September 2 – Hurricane in England Choctaw Treaty Chickasaw... 1786 - April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). There are 266 days remaining. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans). 1241 - Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeats the Polish and German armies... April 9, Events January-April January 8 - Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his electric tabulating machine January 22 - Columbia Phonograph is formed in Washington, DC. February 11 - Japan adopted; 1st Diet convenes in 1890 January 30 ? Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Marie Vetsera commit a double suicide... 1889) was an important The French Republic or France ( French: République française or France) is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in western Europe, and which is further made up of a collection of overseas islands and territories located in other continents. France is a democracy organised as a... French A chemist is a scientist who specializes in chemistry. The word derives from the older term alchemist. Chemist is a relatively wide term in the Scientific world, as Chemists may specialise in different sub-fields of Chemistry, thus being re-named accordingly; for example, Organic Chemist, Inorganic Chemist, Analytical Chemist... chemist whose work with In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated. Most of the natural fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms, because they are made up of acetate which has two carbon... fatty acids led to early applications in the fields of art and science. He is credited with discovering Margarine is a generic term used to indicate any of a wide range of butter substitutes. In many parts of the world, margarine is now the best selling table spread, although butter and olive oil also command large market shares. It is used as an ingredient in the preparation of... margarine and designing an early form of This article is about a common cleaning mixture. For other uses of the word Soap, see Soap (disambiguation). Soap is a surfactant cleaning mixture used for personal or minor cleaning. It usually comes in solid moulded form. In the developed world, synthetic detergents have superseded soap as a laundry aid... soap made from animal fats and salt.

He was born in This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc.) If you can fix it, please remove this notice after doing so. For help, see Wikipedia:How to copy-edit. Location within France Angers is a city in France in the département of Maine-et-Loire... Angers, where his father was a The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. A physician is a person who practices medicine. In the United States the term physician is traditional and commonly used. In Britain and Australia, the term doctor is more common as physician... physician. His birth certificate kept in the registry book of the town bears the signature of his father, grandfather and a great-uncle, all of whom were surgeons.

At about the age of seventeen he went to The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a département, called Paris... Paris and entered Louis Nicolas Vauquelin. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (May 16, 1763 - November 14, 1829), was a French pharmacist and chemist. He was born at Saint-André-dHébertot in Normandy, France. His first acquaintance with chemistry was gained as laboratory assistant to an apothecary in Rouen (1777-1779), and after various... LN Vauquelin's chemical laboratory, afterwards becoming his assistant at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in the Jardin des Plantes. In 1813 he was appointed professor of chemistry at the Lycée Charlemagne, and subsequently undertook the directorship of the Gobelins tapestry works, where he carried out his researches on colour contrasts (De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs, 1839; the 1854 English translation is titled The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors). In Events February 11 - University College London is founded, under the name University of London. April 1 - Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine. June 14-15 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul July 26 - Last auto de fe... 1826 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in the same year was elected a foreign member of the The Royal Society of London is claimed to be the oldest learned society still in existence and was founded in 1660. The Royal Irish Academy, founded in 1782, is also closely affiliated with it. The Royal Society of Edinburgh (founded 1783) is a separate Scottish body. The premises of the... Royal Society of London — containing the City of London — is the capital of the United Kingdom and of England and a major world city. With over seven million inhabitants (Londoners) in Greater London area, it is amongst the most densely populated areas in Western Europe. Founded as Londinium, the capital of... London, whose The Copley Medal is a scientific award for work in any field of science, the highest award granted by the Royal Society of London. It is also the societys oldest award, the first medal being awarded in 1731. The award was created after a £100 bequest in 1709 to... Copley Medal he was awarded in 1857 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 9 - Earthquake at Fort Tejon, California with an estimated magnitude of 7.9 February 16 - The National Deaf Mute College (later renamed Gallaudet University) is established in Washington, DC becoming the first school for the advanced... 1857.

He succeeded his master, Vauquelin, as professor of Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. History Organic chemistry as a science is generally agreed to have started in 1828 with Friedrich Woehlers synthesis of the organic, biologically significant compound urea by accidentally evaporating an aqueous solution of... organic chemistry at the natural history museum in 1830, and thirty-three years later assumed its directorship also; this he relinquished in 1879, though he still retained his professorship. A gold medal was minted for the occasion of Chevreul's A centenarian is a person who has attained the age of 100 years or more. The term is associated with longevity due to the fact that average life expectancies across the world are still far from 100. Much rarer, a supercentenarian is a person who has lived to the age... 100th birthday in 1886, and it was celebrated as a national event. Chevreul received letters of commendation from many heads of state and monarchs, including Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria) (24 May 1819–22 January 1901) was a Queen of the United Kingdom, reigning from 20 June 1837 until her death. Her reign lasted more than sixty-three years—longer than... Queen Victoria. Overall, it was a fitting tribute to a man who lived through the entire The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years... French Revolution and lived to see the unveiling of the Eiffel tower.

Ironically, Chevreul began to study the effects of ageing on the human body shortly before his death at the grand A centenarian is a person who has attained the age of 100 years or more. The term is associated with longevity due to the fact that average life expectancies across the world are still far from 100. Much rarer, a supercentenarian is a person who has lived to the age... age of 102 which occurred in The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is also a département, called Paris... Paris on the 9th of April 1889. He was honoured with a public funeral. In 1901 a statue was erected to his memory in the museum with which he was connected for so many years.

His scientific work covered a wide range, but his name is best known for the classical researches he carried out on animal fats, published in 1823 (Recherches sur les corps gras d'origine animale). These enabled him to elucidate the true nature of soap; he was also able to discover the composition of Stearine is a glyceryl ester of stearic acid, derived from animal fats and used as tallow in the manufacture of candles and soap. ... stearin, a white substance found in the solid parts of most animal and vegetable fats, and olein, the liquid part of any fat, and to isolate stearic and oleic acids, the names of which were invented by him. This work led to important improvements in the processes of candle-manufacture. Chevreul was a determined enemy of charlatanism in every form, and a complete sceptic as to the "scientific" psychical research or Spiritualism is a religion in which contact with the spirits of the dead through a medium is central. Spiritualism in its modern incarnation started in the mid-nineteenth century in the United States and essentially grew out of Christianity. It is still perceived as largely Christian in its broadest sense... spiritualism which had begun in his time (see his De La baguette divinatoire, et des tables tournantes, 1864).

Interestingly, Chevreul was also influential in the world of art. After being named director of Gobelin was the name of a family of dyers, who in all probability came originally from Reims, and who in the middle of the 15th century established themselves in the Faubourg Saint Marcel, Paris, on the banks of the Bièvre. The first head of the firm was named Jehan... Gobelin Tapestry Works in Paris, he received many complaints about the dyes being used there. In particular, the blacks appeared different when used next to blues. He determined that the yarn's perceived color was influenced by other surrounding yarns. This led to a concept known as simultaneous contrast.

Chevreul's work addressed painting with the aim of reproducing nature as closely as possible, by separating effects of light and An element in art, chiaroscuro (Italian for lightdark) is defined as a very high contrast between light and dark. The term is best used with reference to a technique which finds its best expressions in xylography and in china (ink) drawing (especially for prints). The technique requires a skilled knowledge... chiaroscuro, which the artist must repeat, from those of color contrast, which would apply to the paint's own color and so be exaggerated. Yet the color principle subsequently had a great influence on the birth of One of Seurats sketches for Grand Jatte, 1888 Pointillism is a style of painting in which non- primary colors are generated, not by the mixing of pigments in the palette nor by using pigments directly, but by the visual mixing of points of primary colors, placed in close proximity... neo-impressionism and Orphism or Orphic cubism, is a term coined in 1912 France by the poet Guillaume Apollinaire. He used the French term Orphisme to label the paintings of Robert Delaunay, relating them to Orpheus, the poet and symbol of the arts of song and the lyre in Greek mythology. The term... Orphism.

Works

The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors and their Applications to the Arts ISBN 0887400906

References

• This article incorporates text from the The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. (Proprietary interest is typically represented by a copyright or patent.) Such works and inventions are considered part of... public domain The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. The edition is still often regarded as the greatest edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, with many articles being up to 10 times the length of... 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

External links

• Chevreul on cyberlipid.org (http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/chevreul.htm)