Micrococcus
Micrococcus mucilaginosis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Actinobacteria Class: Actinobacteria Subclass: Actinobacteridae Order: Actinomycetales Suborder: Micrococcineae Family: Micrococcaceae Genus: Micrococcus Cohn 1872
Species
Micrococcus antarcticus Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus lylae Micrococcus mucilaginosis Micrococcus roseus Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ... Subclasses Acidimicrobidae Actinobacteridae Coriobacteridae Rubrobacteridae Sphaerobacteridae The Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. ... Subclasses Acidimicrobidae Actinobacteridae Coriobacteridae Rubrobacteridae Sphaerobacteridae Actinobacteria is a class of bacteria, in the phylum of Actinobacteria. ... Orders Actinomycetales Bifidobacteriales Actinobacteridae is a subclass of bacteria, in the class of Actinobacteria. ... Suborders Actinomycineae Corynebacterineae Frankineae Glycomycineae Micrococcineae Micromonosporineae Propionibacterineae Pseudonocardineae Streptomycineae Streptosporangineae Actinomycetales is an order of Actinobacteria. ... MicroCoccaceae The family MicroCoccaceae are a family of gram positive cocci that inhabit the air and skin. ... Binomial name Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 Micrococcus luteus is a gram positive spherical saprophyte bacterium that belongs to the Micrococcaceae bacterial family. ...

Micrococcus (mi’ krō kŏk’ Əs) is a genus of bacteria in the Micrococcaceae family. Micrococcus occurs in a wide range of environments, including human skin, water, dust, and soil. Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and are typically arranged in clusters. Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall, which may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. The genome of Micrococcus is rich in guanine and cytosine (GC), typically exhibiting 65 to 75% GC-content. Micrococci often carry plasmids (ranging from 1 to 100MDa in size) that provide the organism with useful traits. For other uses of the word, please see Genus (disambiguation). ... Phyla Actinobacteria Aquificae Chlamydiae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Lentisphaerae Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Verrucomicrobia Bacteria (singular: bacterium) are unicellular microorganisms. ... MicroCoccaceae The family MicroCoccaceae are a family of gram positive cocci that inhabit the air and skin. ... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining, in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which are not affected by the stain. ... A cell wall is a fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell located outside of the cell membrane that provides the cell with structural support and protection. ... Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; the others being adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. ... Cytosine is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at... In genetics, the guanine-cytosine content (GC content) is the ratio of guanine and cytosine to the total number of nucleotides of a given genome. ... Figure 1: Schematic drawing of a bacterium with plasmids enclosed. ...

Species

Some species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus (yellow) and M. roseus (red) produce yellow or pink colonies when grown on solid media. Isolates of M. luteus have been found to overproduce riboflavin when grown on toxic organic pollutants like pyridine.^[1] Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as %50 sequence homology. This suggests that some Micrococcus species may, on the basis of ribosomal RNA analysis, eventually be re-classified into other microbial genera. Riboflavin (E101), also known as vitamin B2, is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in animals. ... In genetics, hybridisation is the process of mixing different species or varieties of organisms. ... In biology, two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry. ... A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is any RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein. ...

Environmental

Micrococci have been isolated from human skin, animal and dairy products, and beer. They are found in many other places in the environment, including water, dust, and soil. M. luteus on human skin transforms compounds in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odor. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations. Most are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus (found in Antarctica) are psychrophiles. A mesophile is an organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither too hot nor too cold, typically between 25 and 40 °C (68 and 113 °F). ... Psychrophiles are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in cold temperatures. ...

Though not a spore former, Micrococcus cells can survive for a extended period of time: unprotected cultures of soil micrococci have been revived after storage in a refrigerator for 10 years.^{[citation needed]} This article is about a biological reproductive structure; for the video game, see Spore (video game). ...

Pathogenesis

Micrococcus is generally thought to be a saprophytic or commensal organism, though it can be an opportunistic pathogen, particularly in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as HIV patients.^[2] It can be difficult to identify Micrococcus as the cause of an infection, since the organism is a normally present in skin microflora, and the genus is seldom linked to disease. In rare cases, death of immunocompromised patients has occurred from pulmonary infections caused by Micrococcus. Micrococci may be involved in other infections, including recurrent bacteremia, septic shock, septic arthritis, endocarditis, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia (immunosuppressed patients). In medicine, immune deficiency (or immunodeficiency) is a state where the immune system is incapable of defending the organism from infectious disease. ... Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. ...

Industrial uses

Micrococci, like many other representatives of the Actinobacteria, can be catabolically versatile, with the ability to utilize a wide range of unusual substrates, such as pyridine, herbicides, chlorinated biphenyls, and oil.^[3][4] They are likely involved in detoxification or biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants.^[5] Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain (C21-C34) aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils. Anabolism is the aspect of metabolism that contributes to growth. ... Pyridine is a chemical compound with the formula C5H5N. It is a liquid with a distinctively sour odour. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Labelling transformers containing PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms are attached to biphenyl and a general structure of C12H10-xClx. ... Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Ignacy Łukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ...

References

External link

• Profile at Kenyon College