Mid Ulster English (Ulster Anglo-Irish) is the dialect of most people in Ulster, including those in the two main cities. It represents a cross-over area between Ulster Scots and Hiberno-English. It is an English-based dialect spoken across mid Ulster between the Lagan and Clogher valleys in areas historically planted by settlers, the majority of which came from the West Midlands. The dialect has enjoyed higher social prestige than the Ulster Scots dialects that have influenced it to varying degrees. The dialect is currently encroaching on the Ulster Scots area, especially in the Belfast commuter belt, and may eventually consume it. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... This is a list of varieties of the English language. ... British English (BrE) is a term used (especially by Americans) to differentiate between the form of the English language used in the United Kingdom and those used elsewhere. ... East Anglia - the easternmost area of England - was probably home to the first-ever form of language which can be called English. ... English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England. ... Estuary English is a name given to the form of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the river Thames and its estuary. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Highland English is the variety of Gaelic influenced Scottish English spoken in the Scottish Highlands. ... Manx English, or more commonly Anglo-Manx, is the dialect of English spoken by the people of the Isle of Man. ... Midlands English is a group of dialects of the English language. ... Northern English is a group of dialects of the English language. ... Received Pronunciation (RP) is a form of pronunciation of the English language, sometimes defined as the educated spoken English of southeastern England. ... Scottish English is taken by some to include Scots and by others to exclude it. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... American English (AmE) is the dialect of the English language used mostly in the United States of America. ... African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular (BEV), is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. ... Appalachian English is a common name for the Southern Midland dialect of American English. ... Baltimorese, sometimes phonetically written Bawlmerese, is a dialect of American English which originated among the white blue-collar residents of southern Baltimore. ... The Boston accent is the dialect of English not only of the city of Boston itself, but more generally of all of eastern Massachusetts; it shares much in common with the accents of New Hampshire and Southern Maine. ... California English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the U.S. state of California. ... Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos (persons of Mexican descent in America). ... General American is a notional accent of American English based on speech patterns common in the Midwest of the United States and those used by many American network television broadcasters. ... Hawaiian English is the standard of the English language as used in the State of Hawaii, and is—along with the Hawaiian language—an official language of the state. ... For the region within the United States, see: Mid-Atlantic States Mid-Atlantic English describes a version of the English language which is neither predominantly American or British in usage. ... The variety of the English language spoken in the New York City and North Jersey region is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within American English. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Pacific Northwest English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the Pacific Northwest. ... Southern American English is a group of dialects of the English language spoken throughout the Southern region of the United States, from central Kentucky and northern Virginia to the Gulf Coast and from the Atlantic coast to central Texas. ... Spanglish, a portmanteau of the words Spanish and English, is a name used to refer to a range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic population of the United States, which is exposed to both Spanish and English. ... Canadian English (CaE) is the national variety of English used in Canada. ... 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Indian English refers to the dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in the Republic of India (estimates of the total number of speakers of English in India vary from around 10 to 20 percent of the population), and also by Indian diaspora elsewhere in the world. ... It has been suggested that British and Malaysian English differences be merged into this article or section. ... Burmese English is an English language dialect used in Myanmar (formerly Burma). ... Philippine English is the English language as it is used in the Philippines, where it is one of two official languages, the other being Filipino. ... Singlish, a portmanteau of the words Singaporean and English, is the English-based creole spoken colloquially in Singapore. ... Sri Lankan English (SLE) is the English language as spoken in Sri Lanka. ... Bermudian English is the variety of English spoken in Bermuda, a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic. ... 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Commonwealth English is a collective term for the perceived standard English language used in the Commonwealth of Nations1, applying in theory to Australian English, British English, Caribbean English, Canadian English, Hiberno-English (Irish English)2, Hong Kong English3, Indian English (includes Pakistani English), formal Malaysian English, New Zealand English, formal... Euro-English (also Euroenglish or Euro-Englisch) terms are English translations of European concepts that are not native to English-speaking countries. ... Globish is a neologism and a portmanteau of the words Global and English. ... -1... Llanito (IPA: ) is a mixed language spoken in Gibraltar. ... North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ... Plain English focuses on being a flexible and efficient writing style that readers can understand in one reading. ... 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Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) forms one of the four provinces of Ireland. ... Lagan Valley is an area of Ireland. ... Clogher is a small town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, situated on the River Blackwater in the Dungannon district 25 miles south of Omagh. ... The Plantation of Ulster was a planned process of colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster during the early 17th century in the reign of James I of England. ... The West Midlands is a geographical term describing the western half of central England, known as the Midlands. ... Ulster-Scots is a term used to refer to the people descended from Presbyterians of Scotland who live in Ulster (mostly in Northern Ireland but sometimes also including the Irish counties of Donegal, Monaghan and Cavan). ...

Phonology

Main article: phonemic differentiation.

Phonetics are in IPA. Phonemic differentiation is the phenomenon of a phoneme in a language splitting into two phonemes over time, a process known as a phonemic split. ... The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. ...

Vowels

• Vowels have phonemic vowel length with one set of lexically long and one of lexically short phonemes. This may be variously inluenced by the Scots system.
• /a/ in after /w/ e.g. want, what, quality.
• /ɑ/ and /ɔː/ distinction in cot, body and caught, bawdy. Some varieties neutralise the distinction in long environments, e.g. don = dawn and pod = pawed.
• like, light, meat and beard also with /e/ [lek], [let], [met], [berd]
• /i/ may occur before palatalized consonants, e.g. king, fish , condition, brick and sick.
• /e/ may occur in such words as beat, decent, leave, Jesus etc.
• Laggan Valley /ɛ/ before /k/ in take and make etc.
• /ɛ/ before velars in sack, bag, and bang etc.
• Merger of /a/ - /aː/ in all monosyllables e.g. Sam and psalm [sɑːm].
• /ɑ/ may occur before /p/ and /t/ in tap and top etc.
• /ʉ/ before /r/ in floor, whore, door, board etc.
• Vowel oppositions before /r/, e.g. /ɛrn/ earn, /fɔr/ for and /for/ four.

In spoken language, a phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words (i. ... In spoken language, a phoneme is a basic, theoretical unit of sound that can distinguish words (i. ... The Scots Vowel-Length Rule, also known as Aitkens Law after Professor A.J. Aitken who formulated it, describes how vowel length in Scots and Scottish English is conditioned by environment. ...

Consonants

• Rhoticity, that is, retention of /r/ in all positions.
• Palatalisation of /k, g, ŋ/ in the environment of front vowels.
• Clear /l/ in all positions.
• Aspiration in words beginning with dr and tr for example drum and tractor
• /b/ for /p/ in words like pepper
• /d/ for /t/ in words like butter
• /g/ for /k/ in words like packet
• /ʍ/ - /w/ contrast in which - witch.
• Dental realisations of /t, d, n, l/ may occur through Irish influence before /r/, e.g. ladder, matter dinner and pillar etc.
• Lenition of /d/ in hand [hɑːn], candle /'kanl/ and old [əʉl] etc.
• Lenition of /b, g/ in lamb [lam] and sing [sɪŋ], thimble, finger etc.
• /θ/ and /ð/ for th.
• /x/ for gh is retained in proper names and a few dialect words or pronunciations, e.g. lough, trough and sheugh.

English pronunciation is divided into two main accent groups, the rhotic and the non-rhotic, depending on when the phoneme (the letter r, equivalent to Greek rho) is pronounced. ... In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some obstruents. ... Look up Lough in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Please see also Loch A Lough is a body of water and either: a lake or; b sea lough, which may be perceived also as a fjord, estuary, bay or sea inlet. ...

Vocabulary

Much non-standard vocabulary found in Mid Ulster English and many meanings of standard English words peculiar to the dialect come from Scots and Irish. Some examples are shown in the table below. A nonstandard dialect is a dialect that does not have the institutional support or sanction that a standardized dialect has. ... Scots or Lallans (Eng: Lowlands), sometimes called Lowland Scots to distinguish it from the Gaelic language of the Highlands, is a West Germanic language used in Scotland, parts of Northern Ireland, and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known in official circles as Ulster Scots or...

Furthermore, speakers of the dialect conjugate many verbs according to how they are formed in Scots, eg. driv instead of drove as the past tense of drive, etc. Several senses of the word crack are largely restricted to Irish English, Scottish English, or Northern English: gossip or news[1] fun, enjoyment, or mischief; often in the context of drinking or music. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... A diminutive is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object named, intimacy, or endearment. ...

See also

• Ulster Scots language
• Ulster Irish
• West Midlands dialect

Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scotch-Irish, refers to the varieties of the Scots language spoken in parts of the province of Ulster, which spans the six counties of Northern Ireland and three of the Republic of Ireland. ... Ulster Irish is the dialect of the Irish language spoken in the province of Ulster. ... English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England. ...

External links

• South West Tyrone Dialect