The Middle Pennsylvanian is the second of three subepochs of the Pennsylvanianepoch of the Carboniferousperiod. It spans the time between 311.7 ± 1.1 Ma and 306.5 ± 1 Ma (million years ago). It has one faunal stage, the Moscovian. The word epoch can mean either an interval of time, or a particular point in time used as a reference point. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Pennsylvanian is a geologic (sub)period lasting from roughly 325 million years before the present (BP) to 286 million years BP. As with most other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified, but the exact date of the start and... Jump to: navigation, search The geologic time scale is used by geologists and other scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of the Earth. ... Jump to: navigation, search The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... Jump to: navigation, search The geologic time scale is used by geologists and other scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of the Earth. ... Mega-annum, usually abbreviated as Ma, is a unit of time equal to one million years. ... Faunal stages are a subdivision of geologic time used primarily by paleontologists who study fossils rather than by geologists who study rock formations. ...
The Kanawha Formation was deposited in West Virginia during the MiddlePennsylvanianPeriod, and yields 26 of the 62 minable coal seams officially identified in West Virginia.
During the PennsylvanianPeriod the continental plates of Africa, Europe, and North America were in collision, forming volcanic mountain ranges along their margins as oceanic crust was subducted under the relatively lighter continental crust.
The Pangean mountain- building supplied sediments which began forming deltas in southeastern West Virginia during the early PennsylvanianPeriod, and through continual shoreline accretion gradually pushed the coastline northwestward into northern West Virginia by the end of the PennsylvanianPeriod.
The identification of stomach ejecta pellets, which are probably of fish, reptilian, or amphibian origin, and the presence of insects, aquatic arthropods, molluscs, and crustaceans in the fossil record establish additional faunal diversity for this ancient environment.
This conclusion agrees with other middlePennsylvanian studies in the Illinois Basin (Baird et al., 1985; Utgaard and Givens, 1978) and is supported by the geographical location of the North American portion of the Laurasia supercontinent 305 Ma.
This conclusion is in agreement with paleontology and paleoecology studies of the middlePennsylvanian in Illinois (Weller, 1957; Utgaard and Givens, 1978; Palmer et al., 1979; Carpenter, 1979; Nitecki, 1979; Baird et al., 1985; Leary, 1988).