References to Kambojas abound in ancient literature, and this may have been just the expansion of an Indo-Iranian tribe with both Persian and Indic affinities from their homeland in the Afghanistan-Turkistan region along the foothills of the Himalayas towards Bengal, along the coast to Gujarat, to Sri Lanka, and possibly further to Cambodia. Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Kamboja was ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Kamboja (or Kambuja) is the name of an ancient Indo-Iranian tribe of Indo-European family, believed to be located originally in Pamirs and Badakshan in Central Asia. ... The Kambojas peoples are referenced in numerous Sanskrit and Pali literature including Sama Veda, Atharvaveda, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas, Kautiliyas Arthashastra, Yasakas Nirukata, Buddhist Jatakas, Jaina Canons, ancient grammar books and plays etc. ... The profession of breeding, domesticating, training and utilizing the horses in warfare had originated in the vast Steppes of Central Asia. ... The Ashvakas or Ashvakans are very ancient people of north-east Afghanistan (Nuristan), modern Pakistan, including the Chitral-Valley and north-west India . ... Pāṇini (पाणिन) was an ancient Sanskrit grammarian born in Shalātura, modern Lahur of North-West Frontier province of Pakistan. ... The Manusmriti (Sanskrit मनुस्मृति), translated Laws of Manu is a foundational work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c. ... Ancient Sanskrit literature reveals that like the Madras/Uttara Madras and the Kurus/Uttara Kurus, the ancient Kambojas also had, at least two settlements. ... Map of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), its expansion into the Andronovo culture during the 2nd millennium BC, showing the overlap with the BMAC in the south. ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, thus belonging to the Indo-European family of languages. ... Türkistan (also spelled Turkistan or Turkestan) is a region in Central Asia, largely inhabited by Turkic people. ... For the movie Himalaya, see Himalaya (film). ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... This article is for the Indian state. ...

During second/first century BC, in their advance from their original home in Central Asia, one stream of the Kambojas, allied with the Sakas and Pahlavas had proceeded to Sindhu, Sauvira and Surastra; while the other stream allied with Yavanas appears to have moved to Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Saurashtra in between Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambat. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , IPA:  , translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ...

There are important references to the warring Mleccha hordes of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas etc in the Bala Kanda of the Valmiki Ramayana^[1]. Valmiki composes the Ramayana Valmiki (Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि, vālmīki) born as Ratnakar is a legendary Hindu sage (maharishi) traditionally regarded as the author of the epic, Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself[1]. He was the tenth child of Pracheta. ... For the television series by Ramanand Sagar, see Ramayan (TV series). ...

Indologists like Dr H. C. Raychadhury and others see in these verses the clear glimpses of the struggles of the Hindus with the mixed invading hordes of the barbaric Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Kambojas etc from north-west ^[2]. The time frame for these struggles is second century BCE downwards. Dr Raychadhury fixes the date of the present version of the Valmiki Ramayana around/after second century CE ^[3].

The invading hordes of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas, Abhiras etc from the north-west had entered Punjab, United Province, Sindhu, Rajasthan and Gujarat in large numbers, wrested political control of northern India from the Indo-Aryans and had established their respective kingdoms/principalities in the land of the Indo-Aryans ^[4] Look up Horde in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Yona, Yonaka or Yavana is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greeks. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... Ahir (a corruption of the word Abhir, fearless) is a subgroup of the Yadav caste of India. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... , Rājasthān (DevanāgarÄ«: राजस्थान, IPA: )   is the largest state of the Republic of India in terms of area. ... This article is for the Indian state. ... The Indo-Aryans are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic/Indian) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages. ...

There is also a distinct prophetic statement in the Mahabharata that the Mlechha (Barbaric) kings of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, Abhiras etc will rule unrighteously in Kaliyuga ^[5]. For other uses, see Prophecy (disambiguation). ... According to most inrepretations of Hindu scriptures, the Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at the end of Krishnas bodily lifespan (approximately 5100 years ago, 3102 BC) and will last exactly 432,000 years — placing its conclusion in the year AD 428,899 (it began with a year 0). ...

According to Dr H. C. Ray Chaudhury, this is too clear a statement to be ignored or explained away.

Silver coin depicting the "Yavana" Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius I of Bactria (r.c. 205-171 BCE), invader of India around 180 BCE.
Obv. Draped and wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquest of India.
Rev. Youthful, naked Heracles, crowning himself with right hand, with lion skin and upright club resting on his left arm. Greek legend: BASILEOS DIMITRIOU "King Demetrius".

This statement, couched in the form of prophecy in true puranic style, alludes to a historical situation (second/first century BC downwards) which followed the collapse of Maurya and Sunga dynasties in North India ^[6]. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Yona, Yonaka or Yavana is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greeks. ... Approximate extent of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom circa 220 BCE. The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion... Silver tetradrachm depicting the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius (r. ... Alcides redirects here. ... For other uses, see Prophecy (disambiguation). ... ... Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322–298 BC), known to the Greeks as Sandracottus, was the first emperor of the Mauryan empire. ... Approximate greatest extent of the Sunga empire (185 BCE-73 BCE) For other uses of the term Sunga see Sunga (disambiguation) The Sunga empire (or Shunga empire) controlled the eastern part of India from around 185 to 73 BCE. It was established after the fall of the Indian Mauryan empire. ...

This chaotic situation of Aryan India is said to have ended with the destruction of these Saka, Kamboja, Yavana, Parsika hordes by king Vikramaditya of Ujjaini (c. 60 BC) and the establishment of the Vikrama era ^{[7] [8] [9] [10]}. Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /ɑːrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Yona, Yonaka or Yavana is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greeks. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the Golden Age of India. ... , Ujjain   (Hindi:उज्जैन) (also known as Ujain, Ujjayini, Avanti, Avantikapuri) is an ancient city of central India, in the Malwa region of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River. ...

The Kambojas in Mathura

Sufficient evidence exists that around Christian era, Yavanas, Kambojas and the Sakas had occupied the heartland of India, that is, the modern state of Uttar Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , IPA:  , translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ...

Gargi-Samhita, Yuga Purana refers, in the form of a prophecy, to the invasion of Panchala, Mathura, Saketa and Pataliputra by the Yavanas ^[11]. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Panchala Kingdom. ... , Mathura   (Hindi: मथुरा, Urdu: متھرا) is a holy city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Ayodhya (अयोध्या) is an ancient city of India, the old capital of Awadh, in the Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. ... ...

Though the Kambojas are not specifically mentioned in this passage, it goes without saying that the term Yavanas in Yuga-Purana definitely included the Kambojas and probably also the Sakas. Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Saka is also the name of a town in Hiroshima, Japan; for information on this town, see Saka, Hiroshima. ...

It is notable that after massive intrusion of India by Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas around Christian era, the term Yavana had also become synonymous with Mlechcha and was a common designation for all foreign tribes irrespective of whether they were Yavanas, Sakas, Kambojas or others ^[12]. A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Yona, Yonaka or Yavana is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greeks. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Barbarian (disambiguation). ...

Passages exist in the Mahabharata, Vayu Purana ^[13] and Matsya Purana ^[14] which include the Kambojas among the Yavanas and designate both as Yavanas. For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... The Vayu Purana is a Shaiva Purana, dedicated to Vayu (the wind), containing some 24,000 shlokas. ... It’s the sixteenth Purana. ...

There is another reason for this too. The culture of the Kambojas had been substantively altered due to their intimate contacts with the Yavanas. Both people are attested to follow common culture, social customs and manners like supporting short cropped hair ^[15], non-entertainment of Brahmanas in their countries ^[16] and observing two varna (Arya and Dasa) social system instead of chatur-varna observed by the Indo-Aryans etc ^[17]. For other uses, see Culture (disambiguation). ... ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... // In sociology, manners are the unenforced standards of conduct which show the actor to be cultured, polite, and refined. ... The Brahmana (Sanskrit ब्राह्मण) are part of the Hindu Shruti; They are composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and the period of their composition is sometimes referred to as the Brahmanic period or age (approximately between 900 BC and 500 BC). ... This article is about the city in Bulgaria. ... Ārya is a Sanskrit (आर्य) and Avestan word used by Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Buddhists. ... The Dāsa are a tribe identified as the enemies of the Aryan tribes in the Rigveda. ... The Indo-Aryans are a wide collection of peoples united by their common status as speakers of the Indo-Aryan (Indic/Indian) branch of the family of Indo-European and Indo-Iranian languages. ...

The Yonakambojesu expression in Ashoka's R.E XIII as well as in the Majjhima Nikaya ^[18] powerfully attest very close relations of the Kambojas with the Yavanas. Allegiance: Magadhan Empire Rank: Emperor Succeeded by: Dasaratha Maurya Reign: 273 BC-232 BC Place of birth: Pataliputra, India Battles/Wars Kalinga War Emperor Ashoka the Great (Devanagari: अशोक(:); IAST transliteration: , pronunciation: ) (304 BC–232 BC) (Imperial Title:Devanampiya Piyadassi ie He who is the beloved of the Gods who, in... The Majjhima Nikaya, or Middle-length Discourses of the Buddha, is the second of the five nikayas, or collections, in the Sutta Pitaka of the Tipitaka. ...

Thus, it is not unusual that the Kambojas have sometimes been indiscriminately included among the Yavanas and addressed as such, in the later Sanskrit literature.

According to Dr Buddha Parkash: "Along with the Sakas, the Kambojas had also entered India and spread into whole of North India, especially in Panjab and Uttar Pradesh. Mahabharata contains references to Yavanas and Kambojas having conquered Mathura (12/105/5)....There is also a reference to the Kambojas in the Lion Capitol inscriptions of Saka Satrap (Kshatrapa) Rajuvula found in Mathura " ^[19]. Dark green region marks the approximate extent of northern India while the regions marked as light green lies within the sphere of north Indian influence. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... , Uttar Pradesh (Hindi: , Urdu: , IPA:  , translation: Northern Province), [often referred to as U.P.], located in central-south Asia and northern India, is the most populous and fifth largest state in the Republic of India. ... , Mathura   (Hindi: मथुरा, Urdu: متھرا) is a holy city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Look up satrap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Coin of Rajuvula, AE. Obv: Bust of king Rajuvula, with Greek legend. ...

Coin of Rajuvula (1st century CE).

Dr Jayswal writes: "Mathura was under outlandish people like the Yavanas and Kambojas... who had a special mode of fighting" ^[20]. Coin of Rajuvula. ... Coin of Rajuvula. ... Coin of Rajuvula, AE. Obv: Bust of king Rajuvula, with Greek legend. ... , Mathura   (Hindi: मथुरा, Urdu: متھرا) is a holy city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... ... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ...

Prof Shashi Asthana comments: "Epic Mahabharata refers to the siege of Mathura by the Yavanas and Kambojas" ^{[21] [22]}.

The following verse from Mahabharata composed around the beginning of Christian era strongly attests the Kambojas and Yavanas in control of Mathura: For the film by Peter Brook, see The Mahabharata (1989 film). ... For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... An era is a long period of time with different technical and colloquial meanings, and usages in language. ...

tatha Yavana Kamboja Mathuram.abhitash cha ye.|

ete ashava.yuddha.kushaladasinatyasi charminah.|| 5 ||

(MBH 12/105/5, Kumbhakonam Ed).

The Mathura Lion Capital discovered in 1896 from Saptarsi mound in the south-eastern part of Mathura city housed in the British Museum, London, contains an epigraph in Kharoshthi characters which refers, among others, to Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio and Aiyasi Kamuia, the chief queen of the Great Satrap (Mahakshatrapa) Rajuvula. After fresh and thorough critical review of Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions, Dr S. Konow has arrived at results and conclusions which are different from the earlier scholars. The Mathura lion capital (British Museum). ... The British Museum in London, England is one of the worlds greatest museums of human history and culture. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... It has been suggested that Epigraphy, Epigrapher and Epigraphist be merged into this article or section. ... Coin of Kharahostes. ... Aiyasi Kamuia was the chief queen of Saka Mahaksatrapa Rajuvula of Mathura who finds mention in the Lion Capital inscriptions of Mathura. ... Coin of Rajuvula, AE. Obv: Bust of king Rajuvula, with Greek legend. ... The Mathura lion capital (British Museum). ...

According to Dr Konow's findings, Rajuvula's chief queen was Aiyasi Kamuia who was the daughter of Yuvaraja Kharaostas, himself also a Kamuia. Coin of Rajuvula, AE. Obv: Bust of king Rajuvula, with Greek legend. ... Aiyasi Kamuia was the chief queen of Saka Mahaksatrapa Rajuvula of Mathura who finds mention in the Lion Capital inscriptions of Mathura. ... ...

By rigorous linguistic analysis, Dr Konow has also established that name Kamuia/Kamuio of Lion Capital inscriptions is the Kharoshthised form of Sanskrit Kamboja, Kambojaka or Kambuja ^[23]. // Kamuia or Kamuio is the family name used by some members of king Maues or Moga’s family. ... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient alphabetic script used by the Gandhara culture of historic northwest India to write the Gandhari and Sanskrit languages (the Gandhara kingdom was located along the present-day border... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Look up Kambuja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Thus, there is both literary as well as inscriptional evidence which amply attests the presence of ancient Kambojas in Mathura. Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... , Mathura   (Hindi: मथुरा, Urdu: متھرا) is a holy city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ...

See also: [1] (India and Central Asia) and [2] (Yona)

King Moga: a Kamboj king

Scholars are at variance regarding the ethnic background of king Moga. According to scholars including Dr V. A. Smith, H. A. Rose, Chandra Chakravarty etc, Maues or Moga was a Parthian king ^[24]. Several other scholars believe that he was a Scythian king. An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ...

However, another view is that king Maues belonged to Kamuia clan which fact is born out by Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions. Arta is said to be the elder brother of king Maues ^[25]. Yuvaraja Kharaosta Kamuio was son of Arta as is attested from Kharaosta’s own coins ^[26]. Princess Aiyasi Kamuia, the chief queen of Kshatrapa Rajuvula, was the daughter of this Crown prince (Yuvaraja) Kharaosta Kamuio ^[27]. Many scholars including Dr S. Konow recognise the names Kamuia & Kamuio (q.v) of the Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions as the Kharoshthi/Prakritic forms of Sanskrit/Pali Kambojika or Kamboja ^[28]. Thus, according to Dr Konow and his line of scholars, king Moga, his brother Arta, Yuvaraja Kharaostas (Kharoshtha) Kamuio, and princess Aiyasi Kamuia were all from the Kamuiá or Kamboja/Kambojaka or Kambuja lineage ^[29]. // Kamuia or Kamuio is the family name used by some members of king Maues or Moga’s family. ... The Mathura lion capital (British Museum). ... Coin of Kharahostes. ... For other uses, see Princess (disambiguation). ... Aiyasi Kamuia was the chief queen of Saka Mahaksatrapa Rajuvula of Mathura who finds mention in the Lion Capital inscriptions of Mathura. ... Cleopatra is one of the most well-known queens regnant A queen regnant (plural queens regnant) is a woman monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchal powers of a king, in contrast with a queen consort, who is the wife of a reigning king, and in and of her... Coin of Rajuvula, AE. Obv: Bust of king Rajuvula, with Greek legend. ... // Kamuia or Kamuio is the family name used by some members of king Maues or Moga’s family. ... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Pali (IAST: ) is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ... ... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Princess (disambiguation). ... Aiyasi Kamuia was the chief queen of Saka Mahaksatrapa Rajuvula of Mathura who finds mention in the Lion Capital inscriptions of Mathura. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Look up Kambuja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Indian-standard coin of King Moga or Maues. The obverse shows a rejoicing elephant holding a wreath, symbol of victory. The Greek legend reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΜΑΥΟΥ (Great King of Kings Maues). The reverse shows a seated king, or possibly Buddha. Kharoshthi legend: RAJATIRAJASA MAHATASA MOASA (Great King of Kings Maues).

Some scholars insist that Moga was of Saka extractions, but there is absolutely no evidence so far to link Moga to Saka ethnicity. Scholars link Moga to the Sakas merely based on his so-called Saka-sounding names like Maues, Muki or Mevake which are said to be variants of Scythian name 'Mauekes'^{[30] [31]}. This Saka-name criteria is not a very convincing reasoning to identify king Maues as of Saka extractions. Coin of Maues. ... Coin of Maues. ... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ... Media:Example. ... The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient alphabetic script used by the Gandhara culture of historic northwest India to write the Gandhari and Sanskrit languages (the Gandhara kingdom was located along the present-day border... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ...

As is well known, during few centuries preceding the Christian era, there had occurred extensive social and cultural admixture among the Kambojas and Yavanas; the Sakas and Pahlavas; and the Kambojas, Sakas, and Pahlavas. ... such that their cultures and social customs had become almost identical. The culture of Kambojas was modified as a result of their contacts, first with the Yavanas and later, it went further modification as a result of their contacts with the Sakas and Pahlavas etc ^[32]. This extensive social and cultural admixture due to time and space proximity had led to adoption of similar customs, dress mode, language and social manners among the various frontier peoples of north-west. While ruling over middle and lower Indus valley--Drangiana and Archosia--, both the Sakas and Pahlavas were closely associated and no wonder it is not always possible to distinguish between them. The close association of the Sakas and Pahlavas etc in this period is demonstrable from various sources and it is highly probable that the tribes from eastern Iran invading or entering India contained diverse elements including Iranians ^[33]. It is therefore, little more than a convenient nomenclature which labels the princes of the family of Maues as Sakas and those of the family of Vonones as Pahlavas ^[34]. Thus, we see that the identification of Maues as Saka prince is solely a CONJECTURE and is based merely on so-called SAKA-SOUNDING name which is no conclusive evidence at all. If one accepts above argument, then how to explain surname Kamuia used after the names of king Moga's family members? Is Kamuia also attested as a clan name among the ancient Sakas/Scythians anywhere? The answer is no. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Yona, Yonaka or Yavana is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greeks. ... Saka is also the name of a town in Hiroshima, Japan; for information on this town, see Saka, Hiroshima. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ...

As stated before, there is no unanimity on the ethnicity of king Moga and his family.

Greek-standard silver tetradrachm of Maues. The obverse shows Zeus standing with a sceptre. The Greek legend reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΜΑΥΟΥ ((of the) Great King of Kings Maues). The reverse shows Nike standing, holding a wreath. Kharoshthi legend. Taxila mint.

Scholars like Dr V. A. Smith say that he was a Parthian king^[35]. H. A Rose also agrees with Dr Smith and regards king Maues as an Indo-Parthian king ^[36]. Dr Chandra Chakravarti, though accepts Kamuia as Kambojika or Kambojika, regards Moga as of Parthian ethnicity ^[37]. Others say that he was Saka king. Dr S. Konow and some later scholars like Dr R K. Mukerjee, Dr J.L. Kamboj, K. S. Dardi and others following Dr Konow think that king Moga belonged to the Kambojika or Kambuja ethnicity. Maues coin. ... Maues coin. ... Silver tetradrachm of Maues. ... For other uses, see Zeus (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient alphabetic script used by the Gandhara culture of historic northwest India to write the Gandhari and Sanskrit languages (the Gandhara kingdom was located along the present-day border... Taxila is an important archaelogical site in Pakistan containing the ruins of the Gandhāran city and university of Takshashila (also Takkasila or Taxila) an important Vedic/Hindu[1] and Buddhist[2] centre of learning from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. In 1980, Taxila was declared... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Look up Kambuja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

According to Dr Thomas, the epigraphs of Mathura Lion Capital exhibit a mixture of Saka and Persian nomenclature. This tells us that Aiyasi Kamuia and Kharaosta Kamuio were from the Persian/Iranian denominations hence more likely from Kamboja ethnicity. It has been suggested that Epigraphy, Epigrapher and Epigraphist be merged into this article or section. ... The Mathura lion capital (British Museum). ... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Farsi redirects here. ... Aiyasi Kamuia was the chief queen of Saka Mahaksatrapa Rajuvula of Mathura who finds mention in the Lion Capital inscriptions of Mathura. ... Coin of Kharahostes. ... This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ...

" The nomenclature of the early Sakas in India shows an admixture of Scythian, Parthian and Iranian elements. .... " ^[38]. Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf...

Even the northern Kshatrapas are stated to be of mixed Saka/Persian ethnicities.

Dr Thomas: " It would seem probable that the tribes from eastern Iran who had invaded India included diverse elements mingled indistinguishably together, so that, it is not possible to assert that one dynasty was Parthian while another was Saka. .." etc ^[39]. Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf...

Thus, the ethnic surnames Kamuia/Kamuio used with the names of princess Aiyasi and Yuvaraja Kharaosta (or Kharahostes) of Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions should give more than enough credibility to the view that king Moga and his family belonged to 'Kamuia' or 'Kamboja/Kambuja' clan. It is reasonable to think that the Kamboja clan of king Moga had become some what Scythianised in social customs, culture and mannerism due to its extensive exposure to the next-door vast community of Central Asian tribes which had followed Scythian culture. Under such a scenario, it is absolutely not unusual for the Kamboja family of king Maues or Moga to have borne names which may sound somewhat Scythian or mixture of Scythian and Parthian. // Aiyasi Kamuia (Kambojaka) The Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions discovered in 1896 from Saptarsi mound in the south-eastern part of Mathura city in Uttar Pradesh, India presently housed in the British Museum London, contains an epigraph in Kharoshthi characters, which refers to princess Aiyasi Kamuia as the chief queen (Agra... ... The Mathura lion capital (British Museum). ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... Parthia[1] (Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was a civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf...

Probably, this is the clue to king Moga's ethnic identity.

Therefore, King Maues or Moga and his family were most probably from Kambojan rather than Scythian lineage ^[40]. Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by an Indo-Aryans known as the Scythians. ... The term lineage can refer to several things. ...

There are some European and India scholars who consider the Kambojas to be a clan of the Sakas ^[41]. If this view is accepted, it immediately blows off any mist and confusion about true ethnicity of king Moga and his family. But according to some Scholars, originally, the Kambojas may have been Aryan not Iranian/Scythian in culture ^[42]. The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. ... Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...

The Kambojas in West/Southwest India

Markendeya Purana Chapter ^[43] lists the Kambojas and Pahlavas among the countries of Udichya division i.e Uttarapatha, but another chapter of the same Markendeya Purana also refers to other settlements of the Kambojas and Pahlavas and locates them in the south-west of India as neighbor to Sindhu, Sauvira and Anarta (north Saurashtra) countries ^[44]. Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... Ancient Buddhist and Brahmanical texts reveal that Uttarapatha was the name of northern division of Jambudvipa of ancient Indian traditions. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ...

Brhatsamhita of Varaha Mihira (6th century CE) also locates one Kamboja and Pahlava settlement specifically in the South-west (nairrtyam dizi = south-west) of India as neighbors to Sindhu, Sauvira, Saurashtra and Dravida e.g. Varahamihira (505 – 587) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer born in Ujjain. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

nairrtyam dizi dezah Pahlava Kamboja Sindhu Sauvirah|
hemagiri Sindhu Kalaka Raivataka surastra Badara Dravidah|| ^[45].

Arthashastra of Barhaspatya ^[46] refers to the Kamboja as a great country (Mahavishaya) and locates it adjacent to the Dasrana country (eastern Malwa), east of Gujarat ^[47]. Distance between Kamboja and Dasarna country is stated to be 80 Yojna ^[48]. Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... This article is for the Indian state. ...

Vishnu Dharmottari (I.9.6) also includes the Kambojas in the list of Janapadas of south-west India ^[49].

Raajbilaas, a medieval era text also locates a Kamboj settlement in the neighborhood of Kachcha, Sorata or Saurashtra and Gurjara countries of SW India. e.g.

Sorata Gurjara Kachcha-Kamboja-Gauda rukha: ^[50].

Interestingly, Agni Purana locates two Kamboja settlements in India itself. ...... Kambhoja in south-west India and Kamboja in southern parts of India ^[51]. Agni Purana, one of the major eighteen Puranas, a Hindu religious text believed to be written and compiled in the 10th century, contains descriptions and details of various incarnations (avatars) of Vishnu. ...

The Garuda Purana which was composed comparatively late, also locates a Kamboj principality/settlement in the neighborhood of Ashmaka, Pulinda, Jimuta, Narashtra, Lata and Karnata countries, and also specifically informs us that this section of Kambojas were living in southern division of India (dakshina.path.vasinah) e.g. Garuda Purana is one of the Puranas which are part of the Hindu body of texts known as the smriti. ...

pulinda ashmaka jimuta narrashtara nivasinah
carnata kamboja ghata dakshinapathvasinah ^[52].

But like Agni Purana, some recensions of Garuda Purana mention two Kamboja settlements within India proper. ...one in south-west India and the second in southern India ^[53].

The above post-Christian Sanskrit references abundantly establish the historical fact that in wake of major events of second/first century BCE, some sections of Central Asian Kambojas in alliance with the Sakas and Pahlavas, had spread and settled into western and south-western parts of India ^[54]. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... A cataphract-style parade armour of a Saka royal from the Issyk kurgan. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ...

The Kambojas in/around west, south-west India are also attested from inscriptions of king Sahasiva Raya of Sangama Dynasty (1336-1478), kings Harihara & Deva Raya of Narasinga Dynasty (1496-1567), and from the references of king Vishnuvardhana of Hoiyasala Dynasty/Mysore (of 12th c CE). , For other uses, see Mysore (disambiguation). ...

Due to the above cited literary/inscriptional evidence, some historians like Dr Aiyangar, Dr Banerjee etc have located their Kamboja in Sindhu and Gujarat ^[55]. Obviously, their Kamboja refers to the post-Christian settlements of Kambojas in western/or south-western India and is not the original Kamboja of the Sanskrit/Pali literature.

According to History of Ceylon, 'the Kambojas who inhabited a region bordering upper Indus, had, at one time, established themselves in a country near Sind....It was from this people that a section had migrated to Ceylone and settled in the island during pre-Christian times' ^[56] According to Dr Fergusson: “The Cambojas seem to have been a people inhabiting the country between Candahar and Cabul, who when the nomadic tide was setting eastwards, joined the crowd, and sought settlements in the more fertile countries within the Indus ( or Sind)” ^[57] The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ... Le de de Sind de ou de Sindh de (Sindhi: ‎, Urdu: ‎, Hindi: ) peut se rapporter : * Sindh de le Pakistan (de 1970), retitré du ** de province de Sind dedans 1990 * [[provinces de |Sind] de province de Sind (1936-1955)] de lInde britannique (1936-04-01 - 1947-08-13) ** de le... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Kandahār (or Qandahār, قندهار) is a city in southern Afghanistan, the capital of Kandahar province. ... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...

Biography of Shankara Acharya based on his religious itineraries refers to Kambhoja located in Saurashtra comprising Girnar, Somnath, Prabhasa and other regions and a Kamboja located in Central Asia adjacent to Daradistan but lying north of Kashmir. This eighth-century reference clearly attests two Kamboja settlements, one of which specifically fixed in Saurashtra [3] ^[58]. Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

Some historians have also invested western Kshatrapas, especially the Kshahrata Kshatrapas with Kamboja ethnicity ^[59]. This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ...

The Kambojas in South India

Interestingly, Kambhoja Raja Kathalu is very popular in Andhra traditions. The story deals with the militaristic exploits of a fierce and adventurous king of the Kambojas. It probably relates to some historical brush the Andhraites might have had with the intruding hordes of the Kambojas/Pahlavis around Christian era. The region extending from the southern bank of the Krishna river up to Kandukur of modern Andhra Pradesh was once called Kammanadu. Inscriptional evidence for Kammarashtram/Kammanadu exists since 3rd century CE. A part of Kammanadu is called Palnadu/Pallavanadu. Pallavas started their rule from the southern parts of the Telugu country and later extended it to Tamil country with Kanchi as their capital. This strongly points to a wave of Kambhoja/ Pallava migration to coastal Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధర దేశం), a state in South India, lies between 12°41 and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40E longitude . ... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... Krishna in Vijayawada in 2007 The River Krishna (meaning dark (feminine) in Sanskrit, also called the Krishnaveni, is one of the longest rivers of India (about 1300 km in length). ... Kandukur is a city and a municipality in Prakasam district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Kammanadu is an ancient geographical region in the present day South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... Palnadu is the northern region of Guntur District in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... , Kanchipuram, Kanchi, or Kancheepuram (also sometimes Conjeevaram) is a city and a municipality in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. ... Kamboja is ancient name of a country and the tribe settled therein. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... “Andhra” redirects here. ...

The Kamboja hordes of the second/first century BCE have left indelible foot prints in the names of mountains, rivers, and some geographical places in western India. The Kamb/Kambuh river and Kamboh/Kambo mountain in Sindh ( Sind, p 44, M. R. Lamrick) remind us of Sanskrit Kamboja. The Kamboi (ancient town/port) in district Patan, Khambhoj in district Anand, Kambay (port/town and Gulf) ... all in Saurashtra; Kumbhoj/Kambhoj (an ancient town) in Kolhapur in Maharashtra; and the Coimbatore city of Tamil Nadu in southern India carry unmistakable footprints of the Kambojas. There is also an ancient Kambhoj caste living near Nanded in Maharashtra (See links: [4] , [5] ) ^[60] which could be a dwindling remnant of the ancient Kambojas settled in South-west India. Look up Horde in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: سنڌ, UrdÅ«: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Kamboi is a an ancient village/town located in Limkheda taluka, in Patan district, in the modern Indian State of Gujarat. ... Ronda, Spain Main street in Bastrop, Texas, United States, a small town A town is a community of people ranging from a few hundred to several thousands, although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan areas. ... For other uses, see Port (disambiguation). ... Patan is : a city in Nepal (Patan, Nepal) a city and district in Gujarat (Patan, Gujarat) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Look up Kamboja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Anand in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Cambay, also known as Khambhat, is a town in Gujarat state, India. ... The bay at San Sebastián, Spain A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. ... Kumbhoj (pronunced as kambhoj) is the name of an ancient town located in Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. ... Kumbhoj (pronunced as kambhoj) is the name of an ancient town located in Kolhapur district in Maharashtra. ... Kolhapur   (Marathi:कोल्हापुर) is a city situated in the south west corner of Maharashtra, India. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA:  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... , Coimbatore   (Tamil: ), also known as Kovai (Tamil: ), is a major industrial city in India. ... Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நாடு, Land of the Tamils) is a state at the southern tip of India. ... The geographical south of India includes all Indian territory below the 20th parallel. ... , Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र , IPA:  , translation: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in area and second largest in population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ...

Kambojas in Bengal

Main article: Kamboja Dynasty of Bengal

A third branch of these Central Asian Kambojas seems to have migrated eastwards along the Himalayan foothills, hence their notice in the chronicles of Tibet (Kam-po-ji/Kam-po-ce) and Nepal (Kambojadesa). Fifth century CE Brahma Purana <Brahma Purana v 53/16.</ref> mentions Kambojas with Pragjyotisas and Tamraliptikas. Sasanavamsa <Sasanavaqmsa, Pali Text Series ((P.T.S.), pp 64-65, 83 etc.</ref> also attests the Kambojas in/around Burma. They were probably a section of those Kambojas who figure in history of Bengal. They had made an unsuccessful bid to conquer Gauda during the reign of king Devapala. A latter attempt of Kambojas was crowned with success and they deprived the Palas of the suzerainty over Gauda and set up one of their chiefs as king ^[61]. Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 10th/11th century: Kamboja. ... Brahma Purana, one of the major eighteen Puranas, is a Hindu religious text. ...

Rajyapala, Narayanapala, Nayapala, Dharamapala and Kambojanvayjen Gaudapati, also known as Kunjarghatavarshayan, are the known Kamboja kings who ruled in north-east Bengal. Kamboja rule in north-east Bengal is attested from Dinajpore Pillar Inscription as well as from Irda Tamrapatra inscriptio found in Irda, District Balasor, Orissa, in 1931 ^[62]. , Orissa   (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା), is a state situated on the east coast of India. ...

Dinajpore Pillar inscription refers to a Kamboja king who is described as Kambojanvayjen Gaudapati.. i.e. the lord of Gauda born in a Kamboja family ^[63].

In the inscription, this Kamboja king is addressed as Kunjarghataversheyan, which may be his nick-name.

Irda-Tamrapatra inscription details generation after generation of kings belonging to Kamboja family. King Rajayapala, the founder father of Pala-Kamboja empire in Bengal specifically refers to himself as Kamboja.vamshatilaka.paramasaugata.maharajadhiraja.parameshvara.paramabhattaraka Rajyapala ^[64].

Jaganathaparkasha composed by Pandit Sura Misra in honor of Jagana Natha born in Kamboja family (Kamboja.kulavatansah.shri. Jagananatha iti prasidhah) refers to him as a famous king ruling in Bengal in 16th century:-

Ashesh.Kambojakula.vatansah Shri Jagana Natha iti parsidhah

Akaryad dharmanibandhmaytam dhradhipaiapayairkablai nreshe ^[65]

This shows that the Kamboja rule in some parts of Bengal must have continued, as late as 16th century AD.

Kambojas in Sri Lanka

Main article: Kamboja Colonists of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon or Lanka) is a tropical island nation off the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent, about 31 kilometres (18. ...

Inscriptional and Literary Evidence

One section of north-western Kambojas appears to have reached Sri Lanka via Gujarat/Saurashtra, several centuries prior to Christian era, thus contributing to the colonization of that island and influencing the social, cultural and economical lives of its people. This is evident from six or seven ancient cave inscriptions found in Anuradhapura which strongly attest the existence of one Kamboja Sangha (Goshatha) ^[66] and Grand Kamboja Guilds ^[67] in ancient Sinhala. This article is for the Indian state. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ... Anuradhapura, ( in Sinhala), is one of the ancient capitals of Sri Lanka, world famous for its well preserved ruins of the Great Sri Lankan Civilization. ... A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ... Sinhalese or Sinhala (සිංහල, ISO 15919: , IPA: [], earlier referred to as Singhalese) is the mother tongue of the Sinhalese, the largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. ...

For complete list of Ancient Inscriptions about Kambojas in Sri Lanka, please Click: [6]

These inscriptions are believed to belong to second century BCE (Dr S. Paranavitana).

According to scholars, there is evidence that the Kambojas who in ancient times, inhabited a region bordering upper Indus, had at one time established themselves in a country near Sind. The authors have also furnished references to the southwards migration of the Kambojas to a country near Sind^[68]. The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ... Le de de Sind de ou de Sindh de (Sindhi: ‎, Urdu: ‎, Hindi: ) peut se rapporter : * Sindh de le Pakistan (de 1970), retitré du ** de province de Sind dedans 1990 * [[provinces de |Sind] de province de Sind (1936-1955)] de lInde britannique (1936-04-01 - 1947-08-13) ** de le...

The Sihalavatthu, a Pali text of about the fourth century, also attests a group of people called the Kambojas in Rohana. The third story of this text, called Metteyya-vatthu, reveals that the Elder named Maleyya was residing in Kamboja-gama, in the province (Janapada) of Rohana on the Island of Tambapanni (Sri Lanka). Pāli is a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect or prakrit. ... Species Rohana macar Rohana nakula Rohana parisatis, Black Prince Rohana parvata Rohana rhea Rohana ruficincta Rohana tonkiniana Rohana is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. ... The political process among the ancient Aryans appears to have originally started with semi-nomadic tribal units called Jana (Sanskrit: Jana = tribe). ...

Sasanvamsa attests one Bhikshu Tamalinda thera, son of Kamboja, living in ancient Sinhala. It also attests a Kamboja king Srihamsyia, who came from Kamboja and took possession of Ratanapura in south-west Sinhala ^[69]. Categories: Buddhism-related stubs | Buddhist terms ...

Sri-Lanka, Ancient Sinhala

The second most referenced ethnic group following the Aryan Kambojas in the ancient cave inscriptions of Anuradhapura are the (Dravidian) Damedas or Tamils. Term Dameda occurs in four inscriptions. Term Mileka (Mlechcha) referring to the Aborigines of the island i.e the Veddas, occurs twice. Other three terms Muridi (=Murinda?), Meraya (Maurya?) and Jhavaka each occurs only once. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Dravidian Race is the name sometimes still given to the peoples of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Tamil (தமிழ்), Telugu (తెలుగు), Kannada and Malayalam. ... The term indigenous people has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ... The Wanniyala-Aetto, or forest beings (This is the name they call themselves; the commonly known name is Veddahs in Sinhalese) are an indigenous people of Sri Lanka, an island nation in the Indian Ocean. ... Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322&#8211;298 BC), known to the Greeks as Sandracottus, was the first emperor of the Mauryan empire. ...

There is no reference to the name Sinhala, in any of these ancient inscriptions. The first ever reference to Sinhala is noted in 4th century Dipavamsa. This proves that the Sinhala identity for the majority Sinhlese speaking Aryan population had evolved much later, down the road. Language(s) Sinhala Religion(s) Theravada Buddhism, Christianity, small groups of atheists, agnostics, Muslims, others Related ethnic groups Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Veddahs, Bengalis The Sinhalese are the main ethnic group of Sri Lanka. ... Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...

The above inscriptional and literary evidence shows that the Kamboja colonists from north-west had formed an important and pre-dominant section of ancient Sinhala society, perhaps from several centuries prior to Christian era. Therefore, they must have been the first Aryan colonists to have reached the island. Aryan (/eərjən/ or /ɑːrjən/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ... This article refers to a colony in politics and history. ...

The Sinhapura of Ancient Sinhalese

Mahavamsa traditions reveal that Vijay Simha and his 700 companions, the supposed ancestors of Sinhalese Aryan population, had migrated from some Simhapura country located in India proper ^[70]. The Mahavansha, also Mahawansha, (Pāli: great chronicle) is a historical record, often thought to be the oldest written record oh history, written in the Pāli language, of the Buddhist kings as well as Dravidian kings of Sri Lanka. ...

Mahabharata attests one Sinhapura principality located in north-west of India. This Sinhapura figures prominently in Arjuna's Digvijay of north-west countries. It is stated to be located contiguous to Ursa (modern Hazara, in Kashmir). For other uses, please see Arjun. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

After the Sinhapura, the Epic makes reference to Bahlikas (Panjab? or Bactrians?), Daradas and Kambojas, thus showing that the Sinhapura of Mahabharata was located in the north-west adjacent to Kambojas and Daradas of Upper Indus^[71] . Bactria (Bactriana, also Bhalika in Indian languages) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush (Caucasus Indicus) and the Amu Darya (Oxus); its capital, Bactra (now Balkh), was located in what is now northern Afghanistan, southern Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. ... This article is about the geographical region. ... Bactria (Bactriana) was the ancient Greek name of the country between the range of the Hindu Kush (Caucasus Indicus) and the Amu Darya (Oxus), with the capital Bactra (now Balkh). ... Daradas were a people who lived north and north-east to the Kashmir valley. ... The Indus is a river; the Indus River. ...

Chetiya Jataka also locates one Simhapura in the west^[72].

Hiun Tsang, seventh century Chinese visitor also attests one Simhapura (Sang-ho-pu-lo) on east bank of river Indus about 115 miles east of Taxila, which localizes it in upper doab of Jhelum/Chenab ^[73]. Xuanzang, Dunhuang cave, 9th century. ...

Scholars have located this Sinhapura in upper Salt Range, north-west of Panjab ^[74].

Sinhala, as a personal name is also attested from two Kharoshthi inscriptions found from Loriyan Tangai and Taksashila in ancient Gandhara^[75]. Taxila is an important archaelogical site in Pakistan containing the ruins of the Gandhāran city and university of Takshashila (also Takkasila or Taxila) an important Vedic/Hindu[1] and Buddhist[2] centre of learning from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. In 1980, Taxila was declared... Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ...

The appellative terms Gamika (=Gamini=Gramini) and Parumaka (=Pramukha) and the corporational terms Puga (=Guild/Sangha) and Gote (=Goshati=corporation) etc have been used specifically in reference to Kambojas in the ancient inscriptions of Sinhala. As attested by Kautiliya's Arthashastra, these republican/corporational terms were applied to political, military and commercial Sanghas or Guilds of the Kambojas of Uttarapatha around 4th c BCE. Thus, this evidence suggests that Vijay Simha and his 700 companions, the ancestors of the ancient Sinhalas may have been from the Kambojan/Gandharan trade group. ... The Arthashastra (more precisely Arthaśāstra) is a treatise on statecraft and economic policy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya[1] and Viṣṇugupta,[2] who are traditionally identified with the Mauryan minister Cāṇakya. ... A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade. ... Ancient Buddhist and Brahmanical texts reveal that Uttarapatha was the name of northern division of Jambudvipa of ancient Indian traditions. ...

The 'shaved-headed tradition' about Vijay and his companions has been referred to in the Mahavamsa. This also alludes to their close connections with the north-west and especially with the shaved-headed Kambojan group. The Mahavansha, also Mahawansha, (Pāli: great chronicle) is a historical record, often thought to be the oldest written record oh history, written in the Pāli language, of the Buddhist kings as well as Dravidian kings of Sri Lanka. ...

Archeological Finds

The most famous and only known locale for lapis lazuli since ancient times was in Badakshan in north Afghanistan which has been mined for over 6000 years. The Badakshan province undoubtedly formed a part of ancient Kamboja as we have already proved above. Archeological finds of lapis lazuli (of Badakshan type) from Sri Lanka conclusively connect it to Badakshan in Afghanistan, the home of lapis lazuli. A block of lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli is one of the oldest of all gems, with a history of use stretching back 7,000 years. ... Afghanistan and of Tajikistan. ...

Numerous coins, beads and the intaglios belonging to Bactria/Afghanistan have also been discovered in Sri Lanka. Apart from lapis lazuli, coins and intaglios, the contacts between Sri Lanka and the Kamboja/Gandhara/Bacteria region are further revealed by other articles of archaeological evidence from recent excavations at various sites. A fragment of a Gandhara Buddha statute in schist, (yet unpublished), was unearthed from the excavations at Jetavanarama in Anuradhapura. This article is about monetary coins. ... Beads Cloisonné beads Dichroic beads (10 mm) A bead is a small, decorative object that is pierced for threading or stringing. ... Intaglio is a printmaking technique in which the image is incised into a surface. ... Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ... Media:Example. ... The Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania A statute is a formal, written law of a country or state, written and enacted by its legislative authority, perhaps to then be ratified by the highest executive in the government, and finally published. ... Anuradhapura, ( in Sinhala), is one of the ancient capitals of Sri Lanka, world famous for its well preserved ruins of the Great Sri Lankan Civilization. ...

All these archaeological finds conclusively establish a very close relationship between Sri Lanka and the north-west communities, especially, the Kambojans/Gandharans of Afghanistan/Central Asia. Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words &#945;&#961;&#967;&#945;&#943;&#959;&#962; = ancient and &#955;&#972;&#947;&#959;&#962; = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार, Persian; Gandara, Waihind) (Urdu: گندھارا) is the name of an ancient Indian Mahajanapada, currently in northern Pakistan (the North-West Frontier Province and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir) and eastern Afghanistan. ... Map of Central Asia showing three sets of possible boundaries for the region Central Asia located as a region of the world Central Asia is a vast landlocked region of Asia. ...

A Merchant Lineage

In the Amarakosha^[76], a Sarthavaha is described as the leader of merchants who have invested an equal amount of capital and carried on trade with outside markets and are traveling in a caravan.

It is likely that Vijay Simha, the ancestor of the Sinhalese was the earliest one such Sarthavaha from the Simhapura of the Kamboja/Gandhara group in North-west India. According to Mahavamsa traditions, Vijay and his 700 companions had landed in Sri Lanka in 543 (or 483?) BCE, on the day of Buddha's heavenly departure. This may actually refer to Vijay's commercial visit to Sri Lanka for trade with the Daemedas/Tamils in Sinhala and then permanently settling there with his 700 merchant associates. The Daemeda/Tamil groups were already settled there with whom the trade was routinely carried on from the north-west following ancient Kamboja Dvaravati Caravan route and then via the west-coast sea-route starting from Bharukachcha (Bhroach) in Gujarat. Languages Tamil Religions Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism Related ethnic groups Dravidian people Brahui people Kannadigas Malayalis Tamils Telugus Tuluvas Gonds The Tamil people are a multi-ethnic group from the Indian subcontinent with a recorded history going back more than two millennia. ... Kamboja-Dvaravati Route was the name of an ancient high road running from the port of Dwarka in Anarta (Gujarat) in western India to Kamboja Mahajanapada located in parts of north-east Afghanistan and southern Tajikstan. ... This article is for the Indian state. ...

The north-west coast of Sinhala was famous for its fine variety of motis/gems and was known as Motimannar. The south-east coast was also known for its precious stones. The merchants from north-west Kamboja had an allurement for these specific products.

It is also significant that early Buddhist literary sources from north India refer to the northerners as being involved in trade in horses ^[77]. Evidence exists that horse merchants from Kamboja were in active trade as far as Ceylone. This trade had been going on with eastern, western and southern India as late as medieval ages. King Devapala (810-850 AD) of Bengal, King Vishnuvardhana of Hoysala (1106 - 1152 AD) of Mysore and king Vallabhadeva of Pandya kingdom (12th century AD), located in extreme southern tip of India, had powerful fleets of Kamboja horses in their cavalry. For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... , For other uses, see Mysore (disambiguation). ... The Pandyan kingdom was an ancient state at the tip of South India, founded around the 6th century BCE. It was part of the Dravidian cultural area, which also comprised other kingdoms such as that of the Pallava, the Chera, the Chola, the Chalukya and the Vijayanagara. ...

Dr Don Martino observes: The traders from north-west Kamboja had been conducting trade in horses with Sri Lanka following west coast of India since remote antiquity^[78].

Dr E. Muller also writes: "(with time) the Kambojas had adopted the Mussalman creed and used to trade all along the west coast of India from Persian Gulf down to Ceylone and probably further-east"^[79]. A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ...

More evidence exists which points to closer links of north-west Kambojas/Gandharas with the ancient Sinhalese.

Kambojas in Indo-China

Main article: Kambojas and Kambodia Cambodia or Kambodia is the English transliteration of the French name Kambodge, which name stands for Sanskrit Kamboja (Persian Kambujiya or Kambaujiya). ...

Some ambitious Kamboja families from Gujarat/Saurashtra or those from Sinhala appear to have ventured into Indo-China around third or fourth century CE, originally as merchants/traders, later joined by some Kshatriya Kamboja chieftain. They managed to found a small Kamboja colony north of Funan, which later grew into powerful Kamboja empire under the Varman kings. If the European traders, located thousands of miles away could do it in eighteenth century in India, the Kamboja adventurers from Gujarat/Surastra or Sri Lanka could have done it in fifth century in nearby Indo-China too. The Kambojas as traders and as ethnic community were already flourishing in Sri Lanka at this time as is evident from the archaeological evidence presented above. With one little step forward, they were in Indo-China. The ruling family of Varman kings of Cambodia proudly trace their lineage to the Kambujas or Kambojas. King Kambu (Sanskrit Kamboj), the legendary patriarch of Kambuja (Kamboja) ruling family of Cambodia was, to all probability, a warrior/scholar Kamboja chieftain from Sinhala or else from Gujarat. The tradition among north-Indian Kambojas lends adequate credibility to this view. This article is for the Indian state. ... “Ceylon” redirects here. ... Indochina, or French Indochina, was a federation of French colonies and protectorates in south-east Asia, part of the French colonial empire. ... For the Bollywood film of the same name see Kshatriya Kshatriya (Hindi: , from Sanskrit: , ) is one of the four varnas, or castes, in Hinduism. ... This article is about a type of political territory. ... Funan (Old Khmer Bnam, Modern Khmer Phnom (i. ... This article is about the political and historical term. ... An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ... A community is a social group of organisms sharing an environment, normally with shared interests. ... Kambojas are a very ancient Kshatriya tribe of the north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent and what is now Afghanistan, frequently mentioned in ancient texts, although not in the Rig Veda. ... Kamboja (Sanskrit: कम्बोज) was the ancient name of a Hindu country, and the Indo-Iranian Kshatriya tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. ... Look up Kamboj in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Warrior (disambiguation). ... Language(s) Sinhala Religion(s) Theravada Buddhism, Christianity, small groups of atheists, agnostics, Muslims, others Related ethnic groups Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Veddahs, Bengalis The Sinhalese are the main ethnic group of Sri Lanka. ... This article is for the Indian state. ...

This article is part of the History of Cambodia series
Early history of Cambodia
Migration of Kambojas
Funan (C.E. 1 - C.E. 630)
Chenla (C.E. 630 - C.E. 802)
Khmer Empire (C.E. 802 - C.E. 1432)
Rule over Isan
Dark ages of Cambodia (1432 - 1863)
Loss of Mekong Delta to Việt Nam
French Colonial Rule (1863-1953)
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Cambodian Civil War (1967-1975)
Coup of 1970
Việt Nam War Incursion of 1970
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Several noted scholars like Dr Buddha Parkash, Dr P. C. Bagchi, Dr B. R. Chatterjee, J. Fergussan, Dr R. K. Mukerjee, Bombay Gezetteer, Dr J. L. Kamboj, Chandra Chakraberty, Daniel George Edward, Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar, V Raghavan, Mahesh Kumar Sharana and several others have accepted a direct historical and political connection between the Indian Kambojas and Kambodia. G. Coedes, an unquestioned authority on ancient Cambodian history, has also accepted the probability of this connection ^[80]. This is the History of Cambodia series. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 557 pixelsFull resolution (900 × 627 pixel, file size: 146 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Angkor Wat (Cambodia) - seen from the west entrance. ... Prehistory and early kingdoms Archaeological evidence indicates that parts of the region now called Cambodia were inhabited during the first and second millennia BCE by a Neolithic culture may have migrated from southeastern China to the Indochinese Peninsula. ... References to Kambojas abound in ancient literature, and this may have been just the expansion of an Indo-Iranian tribe with both Persian and Indic affinities from their homeland in the Afghanistan-Turkistan region along the foothills of the Himalayas towards Bengal, along the coast to Gujarat, to Sri Lanka... Funan (Old Khmer Bnam, Modern Khmer Phnom (i. ... Chenla, known from Chinese records as Zhenla （真腊）, was an early Khmer kingdom. ... Map of Asia and Europe circa 1200 C.E. and the golden age of Khmer Empire. ... The history of Isan has been determined by its geography: situated between Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, it has been dominated by each in turn, although its relative infertility meant it was more often a battleground than a prize. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... The Khmer Krom (Khmer: ) are the indigenous ethnic Khmer minority living in southern Vietnam, especially in the Mekong River delta. ... In October of 1887, the French announced the formation of the Union Indochinoise (Union of Indochina), which at that time comprised Cambodia, already an autonomous French possession, and the three regions of Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina. ... // Norodom Sihanouk continues to be one of the most controversial figures in Southeast Asias turbulent, and often tragic, postwar history. ... Combatants Khmer Republic, United States, Republic of Vietnam Khmer Rouge, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLF) Strength ~250,000 FANK troops ~100,000 (60,000) Khmer Rouge Casualties ~600,000 dead, 1,000,000+ wounded[1] The Cambodian Civil War was a conflict that pitted... The Cambodian coup of 1970 refers to removal of Prince Norodom Sihanouk and the subsequent elevation of Lon Nol as head of state in Cambodia in 1970. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam, United States National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam Commanders Lu Lan (ARVN, II Corps), Do Cao Tri (ARVN, III Corps), Nguyen Viet Thanh (ARVN, IV Corps), Creighton W. Abrams (U.S.) Pham Hung (political), Hoang Van Thai (military) Strength 58... Flag Capital Phnom Penh Language(s) Khmer language Government Socialist republic Leader Pol Pot Historical era Cold War  - Civil War 1967-1975  - Established April 17, 1975  - Fall of Phnom Pehn January 7, 1979  - Monarchy restored 1993-09-24 Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer: Khmer: , French:Kampuchea démocratique, Vietnamese:Kampuchea Dân... Combatants Socialist Republic of Vietnam Democratic Kampuchea Commanders Văn Tiến DÅ©ng Pol Pot Strength 150,000+ Vietnamese troops, supported by around 20,000 KNUFNS 70,000+ Casualties 30,000? 30,000? The Cambodian-Vietnamese War, also known as Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia (Vietnamese: Chiến dịch... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... After the fall of Democratic Kampuchea, Cambodia was under Vietnamese occupation and in a civil war during the 1980s. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This is a timeline of Cambodian history. ... History is often used as a generic term for information about the past, such as in geologic history of the Earth. When used as the name of a field of study, history refers to the study and interpretation of the record of human societies. ... Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ... For the 1981 song by British singer Kim Wilde, see Cambodia (song) . Motto Nation, Religion, King Anthem Nokoreach Capital (and largest city) Phnom Penh Official languages Khmer Demonym Cambodian Government Constitutional monarchy  -  King Norodom Sihamoni  -  Prime Minister Hun Sen Independence  -  from France November 9, 1953  Area  -  Total 181,035 km...

One school of scholars including Dr V. A. Smith, Dr Joveau Dubreuil, Dr V. Venkayya, Dr B. L. Rice, Dr Cadambi Minakshi, G. Coedes etc is convinced that the Pallava rulers of Kanchi/Southern India were a section from the Iranian Pahlavas. The Pahlavas were a tribe closely allied to the Kambojas. Thus, some adventurous families from both the Pahlavas and the Kambojas who are attested to have settled in south-west India in post-Christian era ^[81] may indeed have founded the Pallava dynasty of Kanchi and the Kambuja dynasty of Cambodia respectively. The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... Coin of Gondophares (20-50 CE), first and greatest king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom. ... http://www. ... The Pallava kingdom (Tamil: பல்லவர்) was an ancient South Indian kingdom. ... Look up Kambuja in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

References

The Vishnu Purana is one of the oldest of the Puranas (dating to maybe the 5th century), containing some 23,000 shlokas, presented as a dialogue between Parasara with his disciple Maitreya. ... The Harivamsha (also Harivamsa; Sanskrit the lineage of Hari (Vishnu)) is an important work of Sanskrit literature, containing 16,375 verses. ... The Vayu Purana is a Shaiva Purana, dedicated to Vayu (the wind), containing some 24,000 shlokas. ... The Mathura lion capital (British Museum). ... Sanskrit ( , for short ) is a classical language of India, a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism, and one of the 23 official languages of India. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Chandragupta Maurya (ruled 322&#8211;298 BC), known to the Greeks as Sandracottus, was the first emperor of the Mauryan empire. ... Brhadrata was the last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty. ... Young Indian brahmachari Brahmin A Brahmin (less often Brahman) is a member of the Hindu priestly caste. ... Pusyamitra Sunga (also Pushyamitra Shunga) was the founder of the Indian Sunga dynasty (185-78 BCE). ...

Recommended reading

Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, by Bombay (India : State), pages 491 & 498 to 500. link

See also

• Kambojas
• Invasion of India by Scythian Tribes
• Asii
• Komedes
• Kamboja Colonists of Sri Lanka
• Kambojas and Kambodia
• Kambojas in Indian Traditions
• Etymology of Kamboja
• Pashtun
• Kamma