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Australian immigration has a chequered history. Initial Human migration to the continent now called Australia began over 50,000 years ago when the ancestors of Indigenous Australians arrived via the islands of the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea. From the early 1600s onwards the continent witnessed the first coastal landings and exploration by Europeans; however permanent European settlement started only from 1788 with the establishment of the British Crown colony of New South Wales. Image File history File links Flag_of_Australia. ...
The history of Australia began when people first migrated to the Australian continent from the north, at least 40,000-45,000 years ago. ...
The prehistory of Australia is a term which may be used to describe the period of approximately 40-45,000 years (or more, as is contended by some studies) between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the first definitive sighting of Australia by Europeans in 1606, which...
The first definite sighting of Australia by European explorers was in 1606. ...
The history of Australia from 1788-1850 covers the early colonies period of Australias history, from the first English settlement and penal colony at Port Jackson in 1788 to the establishment of other colonies and the spread of settlers. ...
The history of Australia from 1851 - 1900 continues Australias colonial history, the discovery of gold in 1851 which led to increased economic and political independence from Britain and a great debate about federation. ...
The history of Australia from 1901 - 1945 begins with the federation of the colnies to create the Commonwealth of Australia. ...
The history of Australia since 1945 has seen a move away from Britain in political, social and cultural terms to engagement with the United States and Asia. ...
This is a timeline of Australian history. ...
mtDNA-based chart of large human migrations. ...
Indigenous Australians or Aborigines[1][2] are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ...
World map depicting Malay Archipelago The Malay Archipelago is a vast archipelago located between mainland Southeastern Asia (Indochina) and Australia. ...
November 5, 1605 — The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament. ...
1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
A United Kingdom overseas territory (formerly known as a dependent territory or earlier as a crown colony) is a territory that is under the sovereignty and formal control of the United Kingdom but is not part of the United Kingdom proper (almost exclusively Great Britain and Northern Ireland). ...
Capital Sydney Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Professor Marie Bashir Premier Morris Iemma (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 50 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $305,437 (1st) - Product per capita $45,153/person (4th) Population (End of March 2006) - Population 6,817,100 (1st) - Density 8. ...
A reputation as a tolerant nation with strong humanitarian values is marred by past government policies excluding non-whites and, more recently, a succession of scandals resulting in much criticism of Australia’s refugee programmes. Humanitarianism is the view that all people should be treated with the respect and dignity they deserve as human beings, and that advancing the well-being of humanity is a noble goal. ...
Original inhabitants -
The history of Human habitation within the Australian continent begins with the first arrival of peoples ancestral to the present indigenous inhabitants. Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive waves and distinct peoples is still a matter for some academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely-accepted timeframe places this at 40,000 to 45,000 years Before Present (BP); the upper range supported by others is 60,000 years BP or earlier. The prehistory of Australia is a term which may be used to describe the period of approximately 40-45,000 years (or more, as is contended by some studies) between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the first definitive sighting of Australia by Europeans in 1606, which...
Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) under the family Hominidae (the great apes). ...
The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection. ...
Before Present (BP) years are the units of time (counted backwards to the past) used to report raw radiocarbon ages and dates referenced to the BP scale origin in the year AD 1950 (identical to 1950 CE). ...
In any event, this migration was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100-150 m. The continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a single landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait. It is theorised that these original peoples first navigated the shorter distances from and between the Sunda Islands to reach Sahul; then via the land bridge to spread out through the continent. Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation at the upper Swan River, Western Australia by about 40,000 years ago; Tasmania (also at that time connected via a land bridge) was reached at least 30,000 years ago. The Pleistocene epoch (IPA: ) is part of the geologic timescale. ...
A division of geologic time less than a period and greater than an age. ...
For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...
A glaciation (a created composite term meaning Glacial Period, referring to the Period or Era of, as well as the process of High Glacial Activity), often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. ...
The metre, or meter (U.S.), is a measure of length. ...
The Timor Sea (Indonesian: Laut Timor; Portugeuse: Mar Timor) is an arm of the Indian Ocean situated between the island of Timor, now split between the states of Indonesia and East Timor, and the Northern Territory of Australia. ...
Australia-New Guinea, also called Sahul or Meganesia, is made up of the continent of Australia and the islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Arafura Sea is the body of water that lies between Australia and New Guinea. ...
The Gulf of Carpentaria viewed from orbit. ...
The Torres Strait - Cape York Peninsula is at the top; several of the Torres Strait Islands can be seen strung out towards Papua New Guinea (North is downwards in this image) The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. ...
The Sunda Islands are a group of islands in west part of the Indonesian Archipelago. ...
The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by François-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ...
Capital Hobart Government Const. ...
The ancestral Australian Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and continued to develop, diversify and settle through much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus of the most recent glacial period some 10,000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a separated landmass. However, the newly-formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape York Peninsula. Several thousand years ago the Melanesian Torres Strait Islander peoples were established in the Torres Strait Islands, and commerce and contact was continued via this route although there is little evidence to suggest immediate influences extended much further south. A more sporadic contact along the northern Australian coast was maintained by seafarers across the Timor and Arafura Seas, with substantial evidence of Macassan contact with Australia in the centuries prior to European arrival, and also evidence of earlier contacts and exchanges by other groups. However, these exchanges do not appear to have involved any extended settlement or migrations of non-Aboriginal peoples to the region. There have been four major periods of glaciation in the Earths past. ...
km redirects here. ...
This article is about the peninsula located in the Australian state of Queensland; it should not be confused with either Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, or Cape York, Greenland. ...
Map showing Melanesia. ...
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. ...
The Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands which lie in Torres Strait, the waterway separating far northern continental Australias Cape York Peninsula and the island of New Guinea. ...
A Macassan wooden sailing vessel or prau. ...
18th and 19th centuries
Colonisation and settlement by Britain After the loss of the United States, Britain needed a new penal colony for the relocation of convicts in its overcrowded prisons. (The prisons were full mainly due to the unemployment created by the Industrial Revolution). In 1787 the First Fleet of 11 ships and about 1350 people under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip set sail for Australia. On January 26, 1788—(a date now celebrated as Australia Day)—a landing was made at Sydney Cove. The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on February 7. Thus European settlement began with a troupe of petty criminals, second-rate soldiers, and a crew of sailors. A Watt steam engine. ...
Year 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain in May 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. ...
Admiral Arthur Phillip (1786 portrait by Francis Wheatley, National Portrait Gallery, London) Admiral Arthur Phillip, RN (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British naval officer and colonial administrator. ...
January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Australia Day is Australias official national day, 26 January. ...
Sydney Cove is a small bay on the southern shore of Port Jackson (commonly but incorrectly called Sydney Harbour), on the coast of the state of New South Wales, Australia. ...
February 7 is the 38th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
From about 1815 the colony began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived and new lands were opened up for farming. Despite the long and arduous sea voyage, settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free Crown land. Many settlers occupied land without authority; they were known as squatters and became the basis of a powerful landowning class. As a result of agitation by the free settlers, transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840, although it continued to the smaller colonies of Van Diemen's Land (where settlement began in 1803) and Moreton Bay (founded 1824, and later renamed Queensland) for some years longer. The small settlement of Perth, founded in 1829 on the Swan River in Western Australia, failed to prosper and actually asked for convicts. April 5-12: Mount Tambora explodes, changing climate. ...
Throughout the Commonwealth Realms The Crown is an abstract concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government. ...
This article is about occupying land without permission. ...
1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...
1803 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
Moreton Bay from space, from a NASA photograph Moreton Bay is a large bay on the eastern coast of Australia 19 km from Brisbane, Queensland. ...
1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Peter Beattie (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 28 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $158,506 (3rd) - Product per capita $40,170/person (6th) Population (June Quarter Released Statistics 2006) - Population 4,053,444 (3rd) - Density 2. ...
The Perth skyline viewed from the Swan River This article is about the urban area of Perth, Western Australia. ...
The first detailed map of the Swan River, drawn by François-Antoine Boniface Heirisson in 1801 Black swan and family The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. ...
Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 15 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $100,900 (4th) - Product per capita $50,355/person (3rd) Population (December 2006) - Population 2,050,900 (4th) - Density 0. ...
Gold rush era: arrival of other Europeans and Chinese -
The discovery of gold, beginning in 1851 first near Bathurst in New South Wales and then in the newly formed colony of Victoria, transformed Australia economically, politically and demographically. The goldrushes occurred hard on the heels of a major worldwide economic depression. As a result, about two per cent of the population of Britain and Ireland emigrated to New South Wales and Victoria during the 1850s. There were also large numbers of continental Europeans, North Americans and Chinese. The Australian gold rushes started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hargraves proclaimed his discovery of gold near Bathurst, New South Wales, at a site Hargraves called Ophir. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ...
1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...
Bathurst is a regional centre in the state of New South Wales, Australia approximately 200km west of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council Local Government Area. ...
Capital Melbourne Government Const. ...
In 1851 the Australian population was 437,655, of which 77,345, or just under 18%, were Victorians. A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628; just under 47% of the Australian total and a seven-fold increase. The rapid growth was predominantly a result of the gold rushes.[1]
20th century
White Australia Policy -
One of the motives for creating a federated Australia was the need for a common immigration policy. There was much resistance to Chinese immigration and the importing of indentured workers from New Caledonia to work in the Queensland sugar industry. This badge from 1906 shows the use of the expression White Australia at that time The White Australia policy is a generic term used to describe a collection of historical legislation and policies, intended to restrict non-white immigration to Australia, and to promote white immigration, from 1830 to 1973. ...
The White Australia Policy, the policy of excluding all non-white people from the Australian continent, was the official policy of all governments and all mainstream political parties in Australia from the 1890s to the 1950s, and elements of the policy survived until the 1970s. Although the expression 'White Australia Policy' was never in official use, it was common in political and public debate throughout the period.
Postwar immigration After World War II, Australia launched a massive immigration program, believing that having narrowly avoided Japanese invasion, Australia must 'populate or perish'. Hundreds of thousands of displaced Europeans, including for the first time large numbers of Jews, immigrated to Australia. More than two million people immigrated to Australia from Europe during the twenty years following the end of the war. Although Britain remained the predominant source of immigrants, other European countries such as Greece, Italy, Germany, Yugoslavia and the Netherlands also became major contributors. Australia actively sought these immigrants, with the government assisting many of them; they found work due to an expanding economy and major infrastructure projects such as the Snowy Mountains Scheme. This wave of immigration greatly changed the character of Australian society, which before the war had been monocultural, inward-looking, and conservative. Immigration was still restricted to Europeans in most circumstances, although the White Australia Policy was gradually eased from the 1950s onwards. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in Latin, ЈугоÑлавија in Cyrillic, English: Land of the South Slavs) describes four political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ...
The Snowy Mountains Scheme is a massive water diversion and storage scheme, taking water from the eastern slopes of the Australian Alps (part of the Great Dividing Range) in eastern Victoria and southern New South Wales through pipes, tunnels and aqueducts into a series of dams, for use in hydro...
This badge from 1906 shows the use of the expression White Australia at that time The White Australia policy is a generic term used to describe a collection of historical legislation and policies, intended to restrict non-white immigration to Australia, and to promote white immigration, from 1830 to 1973. ...
During the 1970s around 90,000 Indo-Chinese refugees were resettled in Australia. During that decade, Australia first began to adopt a policy of multiculturalism, with Minister of Immigration Al Grassby introducing the term "multiculturalism", and speaking of the merits of "ethnic pluralism", where "each ethnic group desiring it, is permitted to create its own cultural heritage indefinitely, while taking part in the general life of the nation". The development of Australia's multicultural policy was heavily influenced by the Galbally Report of 1978, which addressed various issues with living in and planning for a multicultural Australian society. The Hon Albert Jaime Grassby AM (12 July 1926 - 23 April 2005), Australian politician, was Minister for Immigration in the Whitlam Labor government. ...
Pauline Hanson In the 1996 election Pauline Hanson was elected to the federal seat of Oxley. In her maiden speech to the House of Representatives, which instantly made headlines and television news bulletins across Australia, she expressed her concern that Australia "will be swamped by Asians". This message exposed a population deeply divided on the issue of immigration. Pauline Hanson delivers her maiden speech to the Australian Federal Parliament (10 September 1996) Pauline Lee Hanson (born 27 May 1954) is an Australian politician who was the leader of One Nation Party, a party with an anti-immigration, nativist platform. ...
The Division of Oxley is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. ...
Hanson went on to form the One Nation Party, which subsequently won nearly one quarter of the vote in Queensland state elections. The name "One Nation" was meant to signify national unity, in contrast to what Hanson claimed to see as an increasing division in Australian society caused by government policies favouring migrants (multiculturalism) and indigenous Australians. One Nation is a nationalist and protectionist political group in Australia. ...
Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Peter Beattie (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 28 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $158,506 (3rd) - Product per capita $40,170/person (6th) Population (June Quarter Released Statistics 2006) - Population 4,053,444 (3rd) - Density 2. ...
The One Nation Party went into decline due to internal divisions, but it is accepted that one factor in its popularity was an underlying xenophobia in the Australian population. The main political parties picked up on this, hardening their immigration and refugee policies, and setting the stage for the refugee controversies of 2001-2005. Look up xenophobia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Prime Minister John Howard's campaigning on issues of 'border protection' at the 2001 federal election were widely seen as a successful effort to win One Nation voters back to the Liberal and National parties. John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939), Australian politician, is the Prime Minister of Australia. ...
In Australia, Pauline Hanson is not seen as representative of Australian views. Hanson is now no longer active in politics due to a variety of reasons, including prosecution for electoral fraud.
Refugee controversies In the early 1990s Australian immigration legislation was changed dramatically, introducing the concept of mandatory detention of unauthorized arrivals, who were popularly referred to as boat people. With a sharp rise in unauthorized boat arrivals in the late 1990s, mostly from war-torn countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan, the Howard government enforced mandatory detention with a new zeal, in addition to developing a new doctrine of preventing refugee boats from landing, by force if necessary. This came to international attention during the Tampa affair of 2001. Mandatory detention in Australia refers to the Australian federal governments policy and system of mandatory detention, under which all persons entering or remaining in the country without a valid visa are compulsorily detained[1]. Immigration detainees are incarcerated in one of the Australian immigration detention facilities on the Australian...
This article is about asylum seekers travelling by boat. ...
The MV Tampa is a Norwegian cargo ship that was at the center of a diplomatic dispute between Australia, Norway, and Indonesia off the coast of Christmas Island. ...
During the 2001 election campaign, immigration and border protection became the hot issue, as a result of incidents such as the Tampa affair, the Children overboard affair, and the sinking of the SIEV-X. This was a major factor contributing to the victory of the Coalition, deemed impossible only a few months earlier, and also marked the beginning of the controversial Pacific Solution. The asylum-seeker laden SIEV-4, the vessel at the centre of the children overboard affair. ...
SIEV-X stands for Suspected Illegal Entry Vessel X (the X means “unknown”). It is the name, coined by Tony Kevin, commonly used to refer to a dilapidated Indonesian fishing boat that was en-route to Christmas Island carrying over 400 asylum seekers. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Mandatory detention in Australia. ...
After the election, the government continued with its hard line on unauthorized arrivals of asylum seekers. Legislation was developed to excise certain islands from Australia’s migration zone meaning that if asylum seekers landed on an excised island, Australia was not required to provide access to the Australian courts or permanent settlement. Australia still adheres to its international obligations by considering such refugee applications offshore and providing temporary protection visas to those in genuine need of protection. The Australian migration zone refers to the parts of Australian territory where a non citizen must hold a visa to legally enter and remain. ...
By 2004, the number of unauthorized boat arrivals had been reduced dramatically. The government argued that this was the result of its strong policy towards asylum seekers. Others argued that the decrease was the result of global factors, such as changing circumstances in the primary source nations of Afghanistan and Iraq.
There are also growing concern in the Australian population about increased crime, especially violent crime, and the disproportionate amount of ethnic gangs involved in this. Tim Priest is one of the few police detectives to speak out against the taboo of not addressing this controversial subject related to race and culture.
See also Immigration to Australia began at least 40,000 years ago, when the ancestors of Australian Aborigines arrived via the islands of the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea. ...
The Australian label South Sea Islanders refers to the Australian descendants of people from the more than 80 islands in the Western Pacific: Melanesia: mainly the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) Polynesia and Micronesia: the Loyalty Islands, Samoa, Kiribati and Tuvalu) who were recruited (some by kidnapping or...
The history of Australia began when people first migrated to the Australian continent from the north, at least 40,000-45,000 years ago. ...
The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company placed the order for R.M.S. Mooltan with Harland and Wolff Ltd on 29 November 1918. ...
External links
References - ^ Caldwell, J. C. (1987). "Chapter 2: Population", in Wray Vamplew (ed.): Australians: Historical Statistics. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates, pages 23 and 26. ISBN 0-949288-29-2.
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