NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов) (November 19 [O.S. November 8] 1711 – April 15 [O.S. April 4] 1765) was a Russian scientist, writer and polymath who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. The name Lomonosov may refer to: Mikhail Lomonosov, (1711-1765), a polymath and writer of Imperial Russia Iurii Vladimirovich Lomonosov, (1876-1952), Russian railway engineer Lomonosov, Russia, a city named for Mikhail Lomonosov (formerly Oranienbaum) Lomonosov Bridge, Lomonosov Ridge, Lomonosov Crater - also named after him Lomonosov Gold Medal, an annual... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... 1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... Year 1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Leonardo da Vinci, a polymath, is seen as the epitome of the related term, Renaissance Man A polymath (Greek polymathÄ“s, Ï€Î¿Î»Ï…Î¼Î±Î¸Î®Ï‚, having learned much)[1][2] is a person with encyclopedic, broad, or varied knowledge or learning. ... For other uses, see Literature (disambiguation). ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ...

From peasant to scholar

Lomonosov was born in the village of Denisovka (later renamed Lomonosovo in his honor), on an island not far from Kholmogory, in the Far North of Russia. When he was ten years old the young Lomonosov had to help his father, a fisherman, work, but the boy's thirst for knowledge was unbounded. He almost learned by heart the few books he had access to – and, seeing there was no chance of education at home, he decided to walk to Moscow. Cathedral Square in Kholmogory, 19th century Kholmogory (Russian: ) is a historic village (selo) and the administrative center of Kholmogorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

An opportunity occurred when he was nineteen, and by the intervention of friends he obtained admission into the Slavic Greek Latin Academy in 1731. There his progress was very rapid, over 5 years he completed a 12 year course, and in 1736 he was sent to St. Petersburg. There his proficiency, especially in physical science, again stood out and he was one of the young Russians chosen to complete their education in foreign countries. Slavic Greek Latin Academy (Ð¡Ð»Ð°Ð²ÑÐ½Ð¾-Ð³Ñ€ÐµÐºÐ¾-Ð»Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸Ð½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ñ in Russian) was the first higher education establishment in Moscow, Russia. ... Events January 26 - Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and...

Foreign education

He accordingly went to Marburg University in Hesse, Germany, then one of Europe's most important universities (at a time when universities in general were in some decay) because of the presence of the most eminent German Enlightenment philosopher of his time, Christian Wolff. Lomonosov studied with Wolff and became one of his personal students; both philosophically and as a science administrator (also a forte of Wolff), this connection would be most influential for the rest of his life. University of Marburg - Department of Social Sciences and University library The old university The University of Marburg (German: Philipps-UniversitÃ¤t Marburg Philips University, Marburg), was founded in 1527 by Landgrave Philipp I of Hesse (usually called the Magnanimous, although the updated meaning haughty is sometimes given) as the... Location Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Administration Country NUTS Region DE7 Capital Wiesbaden Largest city Frankfurt Minister-President Roland Koch (CDU) Governing party CDU Votes in Bundesrat 5 (from 69) Basic statistics Area 21,100 kmÂ² (8,147 sq mi) Population 6,077,000 (08/2006)[1] - Density... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ; Italian: ; Portuguese: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy â€” some classifications also include 17th century philosophy (usually called the Age of Reason). ... Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf; also known as Wolfius) (January 24, 1679 - April 9, 1754) was a German philosopher. ...

At Marburg, he also began to write poetry, imitating German authors, among whom he is said to have especially admired Günther. His Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks was composed in 1739, and attracted a great deal of attention at St. Petersburg. During his residence in Germany, Lomonosov married a native of that country, and found it difficult to maintain his growing family on the allowance granted to him by the St. Petersburg Academy, which was scanty and sent irregularly. His circumstances became desperate, and he resolved to leave the country and to return to St. Petersburg. In 1743, his wife joined him there. Poltava battle, fragment of mosaic, by Mikhail Lomonosov File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Poltava battle, fragment of mosaic, by Mikhail Lomonosov File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Combatants Swedish Empire Russian Empire Commanders Carl Gustaf RehnskiÃ¶ld # Peter the Great Strength 17,000 troops attacking, 7,000 besieging Poltava, 45,000 troops, 130 cannons (about 100 participated in the battle) 3,000 Kalmyks arrived at the end of battle Casualties 6,900 killed, wounded or missing 2760... This article is about the art form. ... Johann Christian GÃ¼nther Johann Christian GÃ¼nther (April 8, 1695 - March 15, 1723), German poet, was born at Striegau in Lower Silesia in 1695. ... Khotin fortress overlooks the Dniester river Khotyn (Хотин, Polish: Chocim; Romanian: Hotin; Russian: Хотин, Khotin) is a town in the Chernivetska oblast of Ukraine. ... // About the number 1739 1739 is the smallest integer that can be written as sum of three perfect cubes, in two ways. ... Russian Academy of Sciences (Росси́йская Акаде́мия Нау́к) is the national academy of Russia. ...

His achievements

When he arrived in Russia, he rapidly rose to distinction and was made chemistry professor at St. Petersburg University, where he ultimately became rector. Eager to improve Russian education, Lomonosov joined his patron Ivan Shuvalov in founding the Moscow State University (later named after him) in 1755. In 1764, Lomonosov was appointed to the position of a secretary of state. For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). ... Saint Petersburg State University (Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ‚-ÐŸÐµÑ‚ÐµÑ€Ð±ÑƒÑ€Ð³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ ÑƒÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑ€ÑÐ¸Ñ‚ÐµÑ‚) is one of the oldest educational institutions in Russia, situated in the city of Saint Petersburg. ... The word rector (ruler, from the Latin regere) has a number of different meanings, but all of them indicate someone who is in charge of something. ... Ivan Shuvalov in 1760, as painted by Fyodor Rokotov. ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: ÐœÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ ÑƒÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑ€ÑÐ¸Ñ‚ÐµÑ‚ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Ðœ.Ð’.Ð›Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°, often abbreviated ÐœÐ“Ð£, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... 1755 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1764 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1756, he tried to replicate Robert Boyle's experiment of 1673 and concluded that the commonly accepted phlogiston theory was false. Anticipating the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier, he wrote in his diary: "Today I made an experiment in hermetic glass vessels in order to determine whether the mass of metals increases from the action of pure heat. The experiments — of which I append the record in 13 pages — demonstrated that the famous Robert Boyle was deluded, for without access of air from outside the mass of the burnt metal remains the same". Robert Boyle (Irish: Robaird Ã“ Bhaoill) (25 January 1627 â€“ 30 December 1691) was an Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and chemistry. ... Phlogiston theory was a 17th century attempt to explain oxidation processes, such as fire and rust. ... Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 â€“ May 8, 1794), the father of modern chemistry [1], was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. ...

He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, contributed to the formulation of the kinetic theory of gases, and stated the idea of conservation of matter in the following words: "All changes in nature are such that inasmuch is taken from one object insomuch is added to another. So, if the amount of matter decreases in one place, it increases elsewhere. This universal law of nature embraces laws of motion as well, for an object moving others by its own force in fact imparts to another object the force it loses" (first articulated in a letter to Leonhard Euler dated 5 July 1748, rephrased and published in Lomonosov's dissertation "Reflexion on the solidity and fluidity of bodies", 1760). In 1748, he also created a mechanical explanation of gravitation. For other uses, see Heat (disambiguation) In physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. ... This article is about waves in the most general sense; a separate article focuses on ocean waves. ... For other uses, see Light (disambiguation). ... The kinetic theory of gases is a theory that explains the macroscopic properties of gases by consideration of their composition at a molecular level. ... The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov-Lavoisier law), states that the mass of a closed system of substances will remain constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system. ... Leonhard Paul Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA ) (April 15, 1707 â€“ September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. ... is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1748 (MDCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... The mechanical theories or explanations of gravitation are attempts to explain the law of gravity by aid of basic mechanical processes, such as pushes, and without the use of any action at a distance. ...

Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to hypothesize the existence of an atmosphere on Venus based on his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 in a small observatory near his house in Petersburg. Believing that nature is subject to regular and continuous evolution, he demonstrated the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber. In 1745, he published a catalogue of over 3,000 minerals, and in 1760, he explained the formation of icebergs. In physics and chemistry, freezing is the process whereby a liquid turns to a solid. ... This article is about the element. ... Atmosphere is the general name for a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass. ... (*min temperature refers to cloud tops only) Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 9. ... The 2004 transit of Venus A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the Suns disk. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Saint Petersburg listen (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991... This article is about evolution in biology. ... This article is about life in general. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For the American hard rock band, see SOiL. For the System of a Down song, see Soil (song). ... Peat in Lewis, Scotland Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal (pronounced ) is a fossil fuel formed in swamp ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... Petro redirects here. ... For other uses, see Amber (disambiguation). ... // Events May 11 - War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy - At Fontenoy, French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch June 4 â€“ Frederick the Great destroys Austrian army at Hohenfriedberg August 19 - Beginning of the 45 Jacobite Rising at Glenfinnan September 12 - Francis I is elected... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Iceberg (disambiguation). ...

As a geographer, Lomonosov got close to the theory of continental drift^[1], theoreticaly predicted the existence of Antarctica (he argued that icebergs of the South Ocean could only be formed on a dry land covered with ice)^[2], and invented sea tools which made writing and calculating directions and distances easier. A geographer is a crazy psycho whose area of study is geocrap, the pseudoscientific study of Earths physical environment and human habitat and the study of boring students to death. ... Plates in the crust of the earth, according to the plate tectonics theory Continental drift refers to the movement of the Earths continents relative to each other. ... For other uses, see Iceberg (disambiguation). ...

Lomonosov was proud to restore the ancient art of mosaics. In 1754, in his letter to Leonard Euler, he wrote that his three years of experiments on the effects of chemistry of minerals on their color led to him became very involved into the mosaics art. In 1763, he set up a glass factory that produced the first stained glass mosaics outside of Italy. There were forty mosaics attributed to Lomonosov, with only twenty-four surviving to the present day. Among the best is the portrait of Peter the Great and the Battle of Poltava, measuring 4.8 x 6.4 meters.^[3]^[4]^[5] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,200 Ã— 1,600 pixels, file size: 495 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (1,200 Ã— 1,600 pixels, file size: 495 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... View of the monastery in the early 19th century Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter the Great in 1710 at the southern end of the Nevsky Prospect in St Petersburg to house the relics of Alexander Nevsky, patron saint of the newly-founded Russian capital. ... This article is about a decorative art. ... 1754 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Leonhard Euler aged 49 (oil painting by Emanuel Handmann, 1756) Leonhard Euler (April 15, 1707 - September 18, 1783) (pronounced oiler) was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the material. ... This article is about a decorative art. ... Peter the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (Russian: ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€ I ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐµÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Pyotr I Alekse`yevich, ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€ Ð’ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Pyotr Veli`kiy) (9 June 1672 â€“ 8 February 1725 [30 May 1672â€“28 January 1725 O.S.][1]) ruled Russia from 7 May (27 April O.S.) 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his...

In 1755, he wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with the vernacular tongue. To further his literary theories, he wrote more than 20 solemn ceremonial odes, notably the Evening Meditation on the God's Grandeur. He applied an idiosyncratic theory to his later poems – tender subjects needed words containing the front vowel sounds E, I, YU, whereas things that may caused fear (like "anger", "envy", "pain" and "sorrow") needed words with back vowel sounds O, U, Y. That was a version of what is now called sound symbolism. Lomonosov published a history of Russia in 1760. Most of his accomplishments were unknown outside Russia until long after his death. 1755 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For the rules of English grammar, see English grammar and Disputes in English grammar. ... Russian ( , transliteration: , IPA: ) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages. ... Old Church Slavonic (also called Old Slavic[1]) is the first literary Slavic language, developed from the Slavic dialect of Thessalonica (modern Thessaloniki) by the 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries, Saints Cyril and Methodius. ... For other uses, see Ode (disambiguation). ... Sound symbolism or phonosemantics is a branch of linguistics and refers to the idea that vocal sounds have meaning. ... This article is about the study of the past in human terms. ... 1760 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

He died in St Petersburg in 1765, leaving no male heirs. A granddaughter married general and statesman General Nikolay Raevsky. A moon crater bears his name. In 1948, the underwater Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean was named in his honour – Russian submersibles planted a titanium version of the country's flag on the ridge in 2007, prompting international concerns about a rush for the rights to the minerals under the seabed.^[6] The Russian submersibles also left a time capsule, containing a message for future generations and a flag of United Russia – the party created to support President Vladimir Putin – on the seabed.^[7] The Arktika 2007 expedition, Russia said, was part of its research contribution to International Polar Year. Portrait by George Dawe in the Military Gallery For other uses, see Nikolay Raevsky (disambiguation). ... Lomonosov is a lunar crater that is located just behind the western limb of the Moon. ... Lomonosov Ridge (Ð¥Ñ€ÐµÐ±ÐµÑ‚ Ð›Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð° in Russian) is an underwater oceanic ridge in the Arctic Ocean. ... For other uses, see Time capsule (disambiguation). ... United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya, Russian Ð•Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ñ; the more correct translation is Unified Russia) is a political party in the Russian Federation which usually labels itself centrist. ... Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: ) (born October 7, 1952) is the current President of the Russian Federation. ... Arctic topography Arktika 2007 (Russian: ) was a 2007 expedition in which Russia performed the first ever crewed descent to the ocean bottom at the North Pole, as part of research related to the 2001 Russian territorial claim, one of many territorial claims in the Arctic. ... The International Polar Year (or IPY) was a collaborative, international effort researching the polar regions. ...

See also

The Lomonosov Gold Medal, named after Russian scientist and polymath Mikhail Lomonosov, is awarded each year since 1959 for outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and the humanities by the USSR Academy of Sciences and later the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: ÐœÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ð¹ ÑƒÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑ€ÑÐ¸Ñ‚ÐµÑ‚ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Ðœ.Ð’.Ð›Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°, often abbreviated ÐœÐ“Ð£, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ... Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (April 21, 1735 - August 11, 1818) was a Russian mechanic and inventor. ...

External links

References

Categories: 1711 births | 1765 deaths | Enlightenment scientists | Russian inventors | Russian astronomers | Russian physicists | Russian chemists | Russian historians | Russian artists | Russian poets | Moscow State University faculty Alfred Wegener, around 1925 Alfred Lothar Wegener (Berlin, November 1, 1880 â€“ Greenland, November 2 or 3, 1930) was a German interdisciplinary scientist and meteorologist, who became famous for his theory of continental drift (Kontinentalverschiebung or die Verschiebung der Kontinente in his words). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ; Italian: ; Portuguese: ) was an eighteenth century movement in European and American philosophy â€” some classifications also include 17th century philosophy (usually called the Age of Reason). ... Joseph II (full name: Joseph Benedikt August Johannes Anton Michel Adam; March 13, 1741 â€“ February 20, 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. ... Leopold II (born Peter Leopold Joseph) (May 5, 1747 â€“ March 1, 1792) was the penultimate Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand Duke of Tuscany. ... Not to be confused with Maria Theresa of Austria (1816-1867). ... The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, consisting of Denmark and Norway, including Norways possessions Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a term used for the two united kingdoms after their amalgamation as one state in 1536. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Jens Schielderup Sneedorff (1724-1764), Danish author, professor of political science and royal teacher. ... Johann Friedrich Struensee By Jens Juel, 1771, Collection of Bomann Museum, Celle, Germany. ... {{unreferenced|article|date=March 2007]] Copper engraving depicting Eggert Ã“lafssons death. ... Hobbes redirects here. ... For other persons named John Locke, see John Locke (disambiguation). ... Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 â€“ 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 â€“ 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist. ... For other persons named Samuel Johnson, see Samuel Johnson (disambiguation). ... For other persons of the same name, see Thomas Paine (disambiguation). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Edward Gibbon (1737â€“1794). ... Jeremy Bentham (IPA: ) (26 February [O.S. 15 February 15] 1748) â€“ June 6, 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. ... Mary Wollstonecraft (circa 1797) by John Opie Mary Wollstonecraft (27 April 1759 â€“ 10 September 1797) was a British writer, philosopher and feminist. ... Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (February 26, 1671 â€“ February 4, 1713), was an English politician, philosopher and writer. ... Pierre Bayle. ... For other uses of Fontenelle, see Fontenelle (disambiguation). ... Montesquieu redirects here. ... FranÃ§ois Quesnay (June 4, 1694 - December 16, 1774) was a French economist of the Physiocratic school. ... For the singer of the same name, see Voltaire (musician). ... Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, by FranÃ§ois-Hubert Drouais (1727-1775). ... Rousseau redirects here. ... Portrait of Diderot by Louis-Michel van Loo, 1767 Denis Diderot (October 5, 1713 â€“ July 31, 1784) was a French philosopher and writer. ... Claude Adrien HelvÃ©tius (February 26, 1715 - December 26, 1771) was a French philosopher and litterateur. ... Jean le Rond dAlembert, pastel by Maurice Quentin de La Tour Jean le Rond dAlembert (November 16, 1717 â€“ October 29, 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist and philosopher. ... Baron dHolbach Paul-Henri Thiry, baron dHolbach (1723 â€“ 1789) was a German-French author, philosopher and encyclopedist. ... Portrait of the Marquis de Sade by Charles-AmÃ©dÃ©e-Philippe van Loo (c. ... â€œCondorcetâ€ redirects here. ... Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 â€“ May 8, 1794), the father of modern chemistry [1], was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. ... Ã‰tienne Bonnot de Condillac. ... Olympe de Gouges (born Marie Gouze; December 31, 1745, â€“ November 3, 1793) was a playwright and journalist whose feminist writings reached a large audience. ... Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (Georgian: ) (November 4, 1658 in Tandzia, Georgia; â€ January 26, 1725 in Moskow) was a famous Georgian prince, writer, monk and religious zealot. ... David Bagrationi (Georgian: áƒ“áƒáƒ•áƒ˜áƒ— áƒ‘áƒáƒ’áƒ áƒáƒ¢áƒ˜áƒáƒœáƒ˜, Davit Bagrationi) also known as David the Regent (Georgian: áƒ“áƒáƒ•áƒ˜áƒ— áƒ’áƒáƒ›áƒ’áƒ”áƒ‘áƒ”áƒšáƒ˜, Davit Gamgebeli) (1 July 1767, Tbilisi, Georgia, - 13 May 1819, St Petersburg, Russia), a Georgia prince (batonishvili), writer and scholar, was a regent of the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti, eastern Georgia, from December 28, 1800 to January 18... Solomon Dodashvili (May 17, 1805-August 20, 1836) was a famous Georgian scientist and public benefactor, founder of the Georgian scientific school of Logic, founder of the Georgian professional journalistic, philosopher, historian and linguist. ... Erhard Weigel (1625â€“1699) was a German mathematician, astronomer and philosopher. ... Leibniz redirects here. ... 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Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss or GauÃŸ ( ; Latin: ) (30 April 1777 â€“ 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, electrostatics, astronomy, and optics. ... Moses Mendelssohn Moses Mendelssohns glasses, in the Berlin Jewish Museum Moses Mendelssohn (Dessau, September 6, 1729 â€“ January 4, 1786 in Berlin) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the renaissance of European Jews, Haskalah, (the Jewish enlightenment) is indebted. ... Adamantios Korais (April 27, 1748 - April 6, 1833) was a graduate of the University of Montpellier in 1788 and he spent most of his life as an expatriate in Paris. ... Rigas Feraios Rigas Feraios or Rigas Velestinlis (Greek: Î¡Î®Î³Î±Ï‚ Î’ÎµÎ»ÎµÏƒÏ„Î¹Î½Î»Î®Ï‚-Î¦ÎµÏÎ±Î¯Î¿Ï‚, born Î‘Î½Ï„ÏŽÎ½Î¹Î¿Ï‚ ÎšÏ…ÏÎ¹Î±Î¶Î®Ï‚, Antonios Kyriazis; also known as ÎšÏ‰Î½ÏƒÏ„Î±Î½Ï„Î¯Î½Î¿Ï‚ Î¡Î®Î³Î±Ï‚, Konstantinos or Constantine Rhigas; Serbian: Ð Ð¸Ð³Ð° Ð¾Ð´ Ð¤ÐµÑ€Ðµ, Riga od Fere; 1757â€”June 13, 1798) was a Greek revolutionary and poet, remembered as a Greek national hero, the forerunner and first victim of the uprising against the Ottoman Empire... Ferenc Kazinczy (October 27, 1759 - August 22, 1831) was a Hungarian author, the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration of the Magyar language and literature at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. ... JÃ³zsef KÃ¡rmÃ¡n (1769-1795), Hungarian author, was born at Losoncz on the 14th of March 1769, the son of a Calvinist pastor. ... JÃ¡nos BatsÃ¡nyi by Friedrich Heinrich FÃ¼ger, 1808 (Hungarian National Museum, Budapes) BatsÃ¡nyi JÃ¡nos (May 11, 1763 - May 12, 1845) was a Hungarian poet, born in Tapolca. ... MihÃ¡ly Fazekas (1766-1828) is a famous Hungarian writer from Debrecen. ... Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729[1] â€“ July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ... Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift (November 30, 1667 â€“ October 19, 1745) was an Irish cleric, satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for Tories), and poet, famous for works like Gullivers Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, The Drapiers Letters, The Battle of the Books, and... John Toland (November 30, 1670 - March 11, 1722) Very little is known about his true origins other than the fact that he was born in Ardagh on the Inishowen Peninsula, a predominantly Catholic and Irish speaking region, in north west Ulster. ... Giambattista Vico or Giovanni Battista Vico (June 23, 1668 â€“ January 23, 1744) was an Italian philosopher, historian, and jurist. ... Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria-Bonesana (March 15, 1738 â€“ November 28, 1794) was an Italian philosopher and politician best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty and was a founding work in the field of criminology. ... Detail of Pietro Verri monument in Milan. ... Alessandro Verri (November 9, 1741 - September 23, 1816) was an Italian author. ... Giuseppe Parini (Bosisio, now in Lecco province, May 23, 1729 - Milan, 1799) was an Italian satirist and poet. ... Carlo Goldoni Carlo Osvaldo Goldoni (25 February 1707 - 6 February 1793) was a celebrated Italian playwright, whom critics today rank among the European theatres greatest authors. ... Vittorio Alfieri painted by Davids pupil FranÃ§ois-Xavier Fabre, in Florence 1793. ... Giuseppe MarcAntonio Baretti (April 24, 1719 - May 5, 1789) was an Italian critic. ... Hugo Grotius (Huig de Groot, or Hugo de Groot; Delft, 10 April 1583 â€“ Rostock, 28 August 1645) worked as a jurist in the Dutch Republic and laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law. ... Baruch de Spinoza (â€Ž, Portuguese: , Basque: , Latin: ) (November 24, 1632 â€“ February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. ... Franciscus van den Enden (Antwerp ca. ... Reign From 1704 until 1709 and from 1733 until 1736 Elected In 1704 and 1733 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation On October 4, 1705 in the St. ... Stanislaw Konarski StanisÅ‚aw Konarski, real name: Hieronim Konarski (b. ... For other persons named StanisÅ‚aw Poniatowski, see StanisÅ‚aw Poniatowski. ... Ignacy Krasicki Ignacy Krasicki (February 3, 1735, in Galicia â€” March 14, 1801, in Berlin) was a Polish prince of the Roman Catholic Church, a social critic, a leading writer, and the outstanding poet of the Polish Enlightenment, hailed by contemporaries as the Prince of Poets. ... Noble Family KoÅ‚Å‚Ä…taj Coat of Arms Kotwica Parents Antoni KoÅ‚Å‚Ä…taj Marianna MierzeÅ„ska Consorts None Children None Date of Birth April 1, 1750 Place of Birth NiecisÅ‚owice Date of Death February 28, 1812 Place of Death Warsaw Hugo KoÅ‚Å‚Ä…taj (1750-1812) was a Polish Roman Catholic... Noble Family Potocki Coat of Arms Piława Parents Eustachy Potocki Marianna Kątska Consorts Elżbieta Lubomirska Children with Elżbieta Lubomirska Krystyna Potocka Date of Birth February 28, 1750 Place of Birth Radzyn Podlaski Date of Death August 30, 1809 Place of Death Vienna... StanisÅ‚aw Staszic. ... Jan Åšniadecki Jan Åšniadecki (August 28, 1756 in Å»nin - November 9, 1830 in Jaszuny near Wilno), greatest Polish mathematician, philosopher and astronomer at the turn of the 18th century. ... Categories: 1758 births | 1841 deaths | Polish writers | Polish nobility | People stubs ... JÄ™drzej Åšniadecki JÄ™drzej Åšniadecki (1768 - 1838) was a Polish writer, physician, chemist and biologist. ... SebastiÃ£o JosÃ© de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal, by Louis-Michel van Loo, 1766) SebastiÃ£o JosÃ© de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Count of Oeiras, 1st Marquis of Pombal (in Portuguese, MarquÃªs de Pombal, pron. ... John V, King of Portugal (Portuguese JoÃ£o pron. ... Joseph I (Portuguese JosÃ©, pron. ... IenÄƒchiÅ£Äƒ VÄƒcÄƒrescu (1740-1797) Romanian poet and boyar of Phanariote origin. ... Anton Pann (in the 1790s, Sliven, in Rumeliaâ€”November 2, 1854, Bucharest) born Antonie Pantoleon-Petroveanu (also mentioned as Anton Pantoleon), was a Wallachian poet and composer. ... Gheorghe Åžincai Gheorghe Åžincai (February 28, 1754 â€“ November 2, 1816) was an ethnic Romanian Transylvanian historian, philologist, translator, poet, and representative of the Enlightenment-influenced Transylvanian School. ... Catherine the Great redirects here. ... Ivan Shuvalov in 1760, as painted by Fyodor Rokotov. ... Portrait of Ivan Betskoy, by Alexander Roslin (1777). ... Portrait of Princess Dashkova by Dmitry Levitzky Princess Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova (Russian: ) (March 17, 1744â€“January 4, 1810) was the closest female friend of Empress Catherine the Great and a major figure of the Russian Enlightenment. ... Portrait of Nikolay Novikov, by Dmitry Levitzky. ... Portrait of Mikhailo Mikhailovich Shcherbatov Prince Mikhailo Mikhailovich Shcherbatov (July 22, 1733 - December 12, 1790) was a leading ideologue and exponent of the Russian Enlightenment, on the par with Mikhail Lomonosov and Nikolay Novikov. ... Portrait and signature of Alexander Radishchev Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radishchev (ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ°ÌÐ½Ð´Ñ€ ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°ÌÐµÐ²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÑ‰ÐµÐ²) (September 2, 1749 â€“ September 24, 1802) was a Russian author and social critic who was arrested and exiled under Catherine the Great. ... The Scottish Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in Scotland, running from approximately 1740 to 1800. ... This article is about the philosopher. ... James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (1714 - May 26, 1799) was a Scottish judge, scholar and eccentric. ... For other persons named Adam Smith, see Adam Smith (disambiguation). ... James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleckand 1st Baronet (October 29, 1740 - May 19, 1795) was a lawyer, diarist, and author born in Edinburgh, Scotland. ... James Hutton, painted by Abner Lowe. ... Adam Ferguson, also known as Ferguson of Raith (June 20, 1723 (O.S.) - February 22, 1816) was a philosopher and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment. ... George Turnbull (1698-1748) was a Scottish philosopher and writer on education. ... Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696 - December 27, 1782) was a Scottish philosopher of the 18th century. ... Francis Hutcheson (August 8, 1694â€“August 8, 1746) was an Irish philosopher and one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment. ... For the Scottish footballer, see Thomas Reid (footballer). ... Not to be confused with Republika Srpska. ... Dositej ObradoviÄ‡ Dositej (Dositheus) Dimitrije ObradoviÄ‡ (Ð”Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ‚ÐµÑ˜ ÐžÐ±Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ›) (February 17, 1742 - 1811) was a Serbian author, writer and translator. ... Jovellanos painted by Goya Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (5 January 1744 - 27 November 1811), Spanish statesman and author, was born at GijÃ³n in Asturias, Spain. ... Leandro FernÃ¡ndez de MoratÃn, born March 10, 1760 â€“ died June 21, 1828, was a Spanish dramatist and neoclassical poet. ... Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo (born Luis Chuzhig) (Royal Audience of Quito, 1747-1795) was a medical pioneer, writer and lawyer of mestizo origin in colonial Ecuador. ... Benito JerÃ³nimo Feijoo e Montenegro Benito JerÃ³nimo Feijoo y Montenegro (8 October 1676 - 26 September 1764) was a Galician (Spain) neoclassical monk and scholar noted for encouraging scientific thought in Galicia and Spain. ... Anders Chydenius Anders Chydenius (26 February 1729 â€“ 1 February 1803) was the leading classical liberal of Nordic history. ... Peter ForsskÃ¥l (sometimes also Pehr ForsskÃ¥l, Peter Forskaol, Petrus ForskÃ¥l or Pehr ForsskÃ¥hl) (born in Helsinki, 11 January 1732, died in Yemen, 11 July 1763), Swedish explorer, orientalist and naturalist. ... Gustav III, King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vends, etc. ... Field Marshal and Count Arvid Bernhard Horn (April 6, 1664 â€“ April 17, 1742) was a statesman and a soldier of the Swedish empire during the period of Sweden-Finland). ... Johan Henrik Kellgren Johan Henrik Kellgren (1 December 1751-1795), Swedish poet and critic, was born at Floby in West Gothland. ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... Civil liberties is the name given to freedoms that protect the individual from government. ... are you kiddin ? i was lookin for it for hours ... For other uses, see Ceremonial Deism. ... In philosophy generally, empiricism is a theory of knowledge emphasizing the role of experience, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, while discounting the notion of innate ideas. ... Enlightened absolutism (also known as benevolent or enlightened despotism) is a form of despotism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... Haskalah (Hebrew: ×”×©×›×œ×”; enlightenment, education from sekhel intellect, mind ), the Jewish Enlightenment, was a movement among European Jews in the late 18th century that advocated adopting enlightenment values, pressing for better integration into European society, and increasing education in secular studies, Hebrew, and Jewish history. ... See also the specific life stance known as Humanism For the Renaissance liberal arts movement, see Renaissance humanism Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualities... Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism[1] and laissez-faire liberalism[2]) is a doctrine stressing the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitations of government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of Adam... Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature, known in Latin as philosophia naturalis, is a term applied to the objective study of nature and the physical universe that was regnant before the development of modern science. ... Rationality as a term is related to the idea of reason, a word which following Websters may be derived as much from older terms referring to thinking itself as from giving an account or an explanation. ... For other uses, see Reason (disambiguation). ... Sapere aude is a Latin phrase meaning Dare to know or Dare to be wise. Most famously, it is found in Immanuel Kants essay What Is Enlightenment?. The original use seems to be in Epistle II of Horaces Epistularum liber primus [1], line 40: Dimidium facti qui coepit... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... This article is about secularism. ... The EncyclopÃ©distes were a group of 18th century writers in France who compiled the EncyclopÃ©die (Encyclopedia) edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond dAlembert. ... Weimar Classicism is, as many historians and scholars argue, a disputed literary movement that took place in Germany and Continental Europe. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and...

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