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A military exercise is the employment of military resources in order to train for actual military operations, either exploring the effects of warfare or testing strategies without actual combat. Exercises in the 20th Century have often been identified by a unique code name in the same manner as military operations, ie Exercise Tiger. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3008x2000, 559 KB) Summary USS Kitty Hawk kicks off operation Valiant Shield. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3008x2000, 559 KB) Summary USS Kitty Hawk kicks off operation Valiant Shield. ...
The second USS Kitty Hawk (CVA-63) is an aircraft carrier in the United States Navy, actively serving as of 2005. ...
The United States Navy (USN) is the branch of the United States armed forces responsible for conducting naval operations. ...
Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 230,000 South Vietnamese wounded: 300,000 US dead...
Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...
The United States detonated an atomic bomb over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima (on August 6) immediately killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people and are the only known instances nuclear weapons have ever been used in war. ...
The exercise involved travelling through Lyme Bay to Slapton Sands Sherman DD tank at the memorial A plaque at the memorial, commemorating those who perished Exercise Tiger (also called Operation Tiger) was the code name for an eight-day practice run for the Utah Beach landings of the D-Day...
Types of Exercises
- Field Exercises
The more typically thought of exercise is the field exercise, or the full-scale rehearsal of military maneuvers as practice for warfare. Historical names for field exercies in the Commonwealth include 'schemes.' In a field exercise, the two sides in the simulated battle are typically called "blue" and "red", to avoid naming a particular adversary.[citation needed] - Simulations
Other types of exercise include the TEWT (Tactical Exercise Without Troops), also known as a sandtable, map or cloth model exercise. This type of exercise (in recent years assisted by computer simulation) allows commanders to manipulate models through possible scenarios in military planning. This is also called warfare simulation, (see also defense contractors) and in the past have been described as "war games", though this term today is used more frequenty to refer to recreational wargaming using either a playing board with physical pieces to represent units, or played with miniatures, or a genre of computer games. A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. ...
An abstract model (or conceptual model) is a theoretical construct that represents physical, biological or social processes, with a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them. ...
A defense contractor (sometimes called a military contractor) is a business organization or individual that provides products or services to a defense department of a government. ...
Wargaming is the play of simulated military operations in the form of games known as war games. ...
A board game is any game played on a board (that is, a premarked surface) with counters or pieces that are placed on, removed from, or moved across the board. ...
15mm British Camel Corps and Heliograph Team from Peter Pig A miniature figure -- also known as a miniature or just a mini -- is a small figurine commonly used in role playing games (RPGs) such as Dungeons & Dragons. ...
A computer game is a game composed of a computer-controlled virtual universe that players interact with in order to achieve a defined goal or set of goals. ...
History The modern use of military exercises grew out of the military need to study warfare and to 'reenact' old battles for learning purposes. Frederick the Great, King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, "put together his armies as a well-oiled clockwork mechanism whose components were robot-like warriors. No individual initiative was allowed to Frederick's soldiers; their only role was to cooperate in the creation of walls of projectiles through synchronized firepower." [1] This, of course, was in the pursuit of a more effective army, and such practices made it easier to look at war from a top-down perspective. Disciplined troops should respond predictably, allowing study to be confined to maneuvers and command. The United States detonated an atomic bomb over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, effectively ending World War II. The bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima (on August 6) immediately killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people and are the only known instances nuclear weapons have ever been used in war. ...
Frederick II of Prussia (January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786. ...
Flag of Prussia (1894 - 1918) The Kingdom of Prussia existed from 1701 until 1918, and from 1871 was the leading kingdom of the German Empire, comprising in its last form almost two-thirds of the area of the Empire. ...
Events May 31 - Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 - Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). ...
1786 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Gear with escapment mechanism In mechanical engineering, a clockwork is either a lightweight mechanical linkage, especially one involving multiple axles, or a complete mechanical device whose functioning relies on internal clockwork (in the preceding sense), especially where muscular effort is the sole source of operating power. ...
In philosophy, mechanism is a theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes. ...
ASIMO, a humanoid robot manufactured by Honda. ...
A maneuver (spelled manoeuvre in Commonwealth English) is a tactical or strategical move or action. ...
The phrase command and control is used in various fields: In telecommunications Command and control (C 2) is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. ...
The stunning Prussian victory over the Second French Empire in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) is sometimes partly credited to the training of Prussian officers with the game Kriegspiel, which was invented around 1811 and gained popularity with many officers in the Prussian army. These first wargames were played with dice which represented "friction", or the intrusion of less than ideal circumstances during a real war (including morale, meteorology, the fog of war, etc). Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: Prūsa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ...
The neutrality of this article is disputed. ...
Combatants France Prussia allied with German states (later German Empire) Commanders Napoleon III Helmuth von Moltke Strength 500,000 550,000 Casualties 150,000 dead or wounded 284,000 captured 350,000 civilian [citation needed] 100,000 dead or wounded 200,000 civilian [citation needed] The Franco-Prussian War (July...
Kriegspiel, from the German for wargame, was a system used for training officers in the Prussian army. ...
Typical role-playing dice, showing a variety of colors and styles. ...
Morale is a term for the capacity of people to maintain belief in an institution or a goal. ...
Satellite image of Hurricane Hugo with a polar low visible at the top of the image. ...
The fog of war is the lack of knowledge that occurs during a war. ...
21st century militaries still use wargames to simulate future wars and model their reaction. According to Manuel de Landa, after World War II the Command Control Communication (C3) was transferred from the military staff to the RAND Corporation, the first think tank. Von Neumann was employed by the RAND Corporation, and his game theory was used in wargames to modelize nuclear dissuasion during the Cold War. Thus, the US nuclear strategy was defined using wargames, SAM representing the US and IVAN the Soviet Union. Early game theory included only zero-sum games, which means that when one player won, the other automatically lost. The Prisoner's dilemma, which models the situation of two prisoners in which each one is given the choice to betray or not the other, gave three alternatives to the game: A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe the behaviour of a system. ...
Manuel DeLanda, (born 1952 in Mexico City), is a writer, artist and distinguished philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975. ...
Combatants Allies: United Kingdom, France/Free France, Soviet Union, United States, Canada, China, India, Australia, Poland, New Zealand, South Africa, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, and others Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8 million Civilian dead: 4 million...
C4ISTAR is an acronym used to represent the following group of related military functions that enable the coordination of operations: Command Control Communications Computers Intelligence Surveillance Target Acquisition Reconnaissance Many subsets of these elements are used, or have been used in the past, as acronyms. ...
Alternate meanings: See RAND (disambiguation) The RAND Corporation is an American think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the U.S. military. ...
This article is about the institution. ...
John von Neumann in the 1940s. ...
Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that studies strategic situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns. ...
Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons. ...
The Cold War was the protracted geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that emerged after World War II between the global superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States, supported by their military alliance partners. ...
Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons. ...
Zero-sum describes a situation in which a participants gain (or loss) is exactly balanced by the losses (or gains) of the other participant(s). ...
Will the two prisoners cooperate to minimize total loss of liberty or will one of them, trusting the other to cooperate, betray him so as to go free? Many points in this article may be difficult to understand without a background in the elementary concepts of game theory. ...
- Neither prisoners betray each other, and both are given short-term sentences
- One prisoner betray the other, and is freed, while the other gets a long sentence
- Both prisoners betray each other, and both are given mid-sized sentences
While the first is their best overall choice, neither of them can be sure that the other wouldn't betray him (and thus be freed while he would get a long sentence). Thus, betrayal was considered as the most rational thing to do, i.e. minimaxing the losses (getting the possible loss to be the minimal possible). This modelization gave the basis for the massive retaliation nuclear doctrine. The zero-sum fallacy and cooperative games would be theorized only later, while the evolution of nuclear technology and missiles made the massive relatiation nuclear strategy obsolete.[2]. Minimax (sometimes minmax) is a method in decision theory for minimizing the maximum possible loss. ...
Possibility comprises that which one can achieve, or alternatively ones potential. ...
Massive Retaliation is a military doctrine in which an entity commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in the event of an attack. ...
This article or section should include material from Lump of labour fallacy A zero-sum fallacy is a logical error committed by assuming that some quantity is constant when it is not. ...
A cooperative game is a game where groups of players (coalitions) may enforce cooperative behaviour, hence the game is a competition between coalitions of players, rather than between individual players. ...
A residential smoke detector is for most people the most familiar piece of nuclear technology Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. ...
A missile (British English: miss-isle; U.S. English: missl) is, in general, a projectile—that is, something thrown or otherwise propelled. ...
Military wargaming was thus progressively improved, although according to Manuel de Landa it still suffers today from a systemic bias on conflict against cooperative behavior. Die, which were a rational way to represent chaos, were replaced by the Prussians by artillery range tables, and then by evaluation of each weapon's lethality, etc. Systemic bias is a neologism used to describe a bias which is endemic in or inherent to a system, especially a human system. ...
Conflict is a state of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more people or groups of people, which is sometimes characterized by physical violence. ...
This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...
See also Wooden mechanical horse simulator during WWI. A simulation is an imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. ...
An aggressor squadron is an aircraft squadron that is trained to act as an opposing force in military wargames. ...
During the September 11, 2001 attacks, the US was holding multiple annual and one-time war games with at least one resembling the actual attacks. ...
A M4 Carbine is in the forground and the M16A2 in the backround in the hands of these two Marines during a live fire exercise in 2003 A live fire exercise is any exercise in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is simulated. ...
Endnotes - ^ Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines, p.127, Swerve Editions, New York, 1991
- ^ Concerning the use of military wargames, see Manuel de Landa, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines
Manuel DeLanda, (born 1952 in Mexico City), is a writer, artist and distinguished philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975. ...
War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991) is a book by Manuel de Landa which traces the history of warfare. ...
Manuel DeLanda, (born 1952 in Mexico City), is a writer, artist and distinguished philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975. ...
External links - Complete 911 Timeline: Military exercises up to 9/11
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