The neutrality or factuality of this article or section may be compromised by unattributed statements. You can help Wikipedia by removing weasel worded statements.

Military of Pakistan
Joint Services Parade in 2005
Service branches	Pakistan Army Pakistan Air Force Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک فوج) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. ... Image File history File links Pakistani_Air_Force_Ensign. ... Pakistan Air Force (Urdu: پاک فضائیہ, Pak Fazaya) (PAF) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces and is responsible for defending Pakistani air-space from intrusions. ... Pakistan Navy Image File history File links Naval_Jack_of_Pakistan. ... Pakistan Navy (Urdu: پاک بحریہ) is the naval wing of the Pakistan military. ... Pakistan Coast Guard Paramilitary forces of Pakistan Pakistan Strategic Nuclear Command Military manpower Military age 16 years of age Availability 39,028,014 (2005) Males ages 16-49 Reaching military age males: 1,969,055 (2005) Active troops 620,000 (Ranked 7th) Military expenditures Dollar figure $3. ... National Command Authority (NCA) of Pakistan. ...
Headquarters	Rawalpindi
Leadership
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff	General Tariq Majid
Secretary of Defense	Kamran Rasool
Chief of Army Staff Chief of Air Staff Chief of Naval Staff	Ashfaq Parvez Kayani Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed Afzal Tahir
Military age	16-49 years old [1]
Available for military service	39,028,014 males, age 16-49 (2007 est.), 36,779,584 females, age 16-49 (2007 est.)
Fit for military service	29,428,747 males, age 16-49 (2007 est.), 28,391,887 females, age 16-49 (2007 est.)
Reaching military age annually	1,969,055 males (2007 est.), 1,849,254 females (2007 est.)
Active personnel	619,000 (ranked 7th)
Reserve personnel	528,500
Expenditures
Budget	$4.26 billion (ranked 39th)
Percent of GDP	4.5 (2006 est.)
Related articles
History	Military history of Pakistan UN Peacekeeping missions Weapons of mass destruction
Ranks	Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military

The military history of Pakistan can be viewed as the history of modern-day Pakistan, as the military of Pakistan has played and continues to play a vital role in the establishment and shaping of the country since its inception in 1947. Although Pakistan was founded as a democracy after the partition of the Indian sub-continent, the military has remained one of the country's most powerful institutions and has on occasion overthrown democratically elected governments on the basis of mismanagement and corruption. Successive governments have made sure that the military was consulted before they took key decisions, especially when those decisions related to the Kashmir Conflict. Political leaders know that the military has stepped into the political arena before at times of crisis, and could do so again.   (Urdu: راولپنڈی RāwalpindÄ«) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistans capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. ... General Tariq Majid or Tariq Majeed (born August 1950) is a Pakistani general and chairman-designate Joint Chiefs of Staff who will take over once the out-going General Ehsan ul Haq retires on October 7, 2007. ... General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani (born April 1952, Jhelum) is a Pakistani general and vice chief of army staff (VCOAS). ... Air Chief Marshal Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed (born 1952) is the current Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force. ... Number of active troops per country This is a list of countries sorted by the total number of active troops where the military manpower of a country is measured by the total amount of active troops within the command of that country. ... Military spending in 2005 Military spending This is a list of countries by military expenditures using the latest information available. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... Pakistan started focusing on nuclear development in January 1972 under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. ... Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military are military decorations which recognize a service members service and personal accomplishments while a member of the Pakistan armed forces. ... Military of Pakistan (Urdu: پاک عسکریہ) is the principal defence organization of Pakistan. ... The Indian subcontinent is the peninsular region of larger South Asia in which the nations of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka as well as parts of Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and some disputed territory currently controlled by China are located. ... The disputed areas of the region of Kashmir. ...

The Military was created in 1947 by division of the British Indian Army and was given units who had a long and cherished history during the British Raj such as the Khyber Rifles, and had seen intensive service in World War I and World War II. Since independence, the military has fought three major wars with India and several minor border skirmishes with Afghanistan. It has also fought a limited conflict at Kargil with India after acquiring nuclear capabilities. After 9/11, the military is engaged in a protracted low intensity conflict along Pakistan's western border with the Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants, as well as those who support or provide shelter to them. A group of native Indian Muslim soldiers posing for volley firing orders. ... Flag of the Khyber Rifles The Khyber Rifles is a para-military force forming part of the modern Pakistan Armys Frontier Corps. ... Kargil was a part of Gilgit-Baltistan before 1947, but now is a town in the Indian-controlled Kashmir. ... The date that commonly refers to the attacks on United States citizens on September 11, 2001 (see the September 11, 2001 Attacks). ... The Taliban (Pashto: - , also anglicised as Taleban) are a Sunni Islamist and Pashtun nationalist movement[2] that ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when their leaders were removed from power by a cooperative military effort between the Northern Alliance and NATO countries. ... Al-Qaeda (Arabic: القاعدة, the foundation or the base) is the name given to a worldwide network of militant Islamist organizations under the leadership of Osama bin Laden. ...

In addition, Pakistani troops have also participated in various foreign conflicts usually acting as United Nations peacekeepers. At present, Pakistan has the largest number of its personnel acting under the United Nations with the number standing at 10,173 as of 31 March 2007.^[2] UN redirects here. ...

Time line and major events

The roots of the Pakistan army traces back to the British Indian Army which included several personnel from present day Pakistan. In picture are troops of the famous Khyber Rifles striking a pose. ~1895.

Image File history File links Khyberrifles. ... Image File history File links Khyberrifles. ... A group of native Indian Muslim soldiers posing for volley firing orders. ... Flag of the Khyber Rifles The Khyber Rifles is a para-military force forming part of the modern Pakistan Armys Frontier Corps. ...

Origin

On June 3, 1947, the British Government announced its plan to divide British India between India and Pakistan and the subsequent transfer of power to the two countries. The division of the British Indian Army occurred on June 30, 1947 in which Pakistan received six armored, eight artillery and eight infantry regiments compared to the forty armored, forty artillery and twenty one infantry regiments that went to India.^[3] The Partition Council which chaired by the Viceroy of India Lord Mountbatten, the leaders of the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress had agreed that the British Indian Army of 11,800 officers and 500,000 enlisted personnel, be divided to the ratio of 64% for India and 36% for Pakistan.-1... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Anthem God Save The Queen/King British India, circa 1860 Capital Calcutta (1858-1912), New Delhi (1912-1947) Language(s) Hindi, Urdu, English and many others Government Monarchy Emperor of India  - 1877-1901 Victoria  - 1901-1910 Edward VII  - 1910-1936 George V  - January-December 1936 Edward VIII  - 1936-1947 George... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize... Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (June 25, 1900 – August 27, 1979) was a British admiral and statesman and an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ... The All India Muslim League (Urdu: مسلم لیگ), founded at Dhaka in 1906, was a political party in British India that developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state from British India on the Indian subcontinent. ... Indian National Congress, Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. ...

Pakistan was forced to accept a smaller share of the armed forces as most of the military assets such as weapons depots, military bases were located inside India and those that were in Pakistan were mostly obsolete and it also had a dangerously low ammunition reserve of only one week.^[3] By August 15, 1947, both India and Pakistan had operational control over their armed forces. This article is about the day of the year. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Pakistani armed forces initially numbered around 150,000 men, many scattered around various bases in India and needing to be transferred to Pakistan by train. The Partition of India created large scale communal violence in the subcontinent. Armed bands of militants detained and attacked the trains and massacred Indian military personnel and their families in Pakistan.^[4] In total, around seven million Muslims migrated to Pakistan and 5 million Sikhs and Hindus to India with over a million people dying in the process. This article is under construction. ...

Of the estimated requirement of 4,000 officers for Pakistani armed forces, only 2,300 were actually available. The neutral British officers were asked to fill in the gap and nearly 500 volunteered as well as many Polish and Hungarian officers to run the medical corps.^[5] Military of Pakistan (Urdu: پاک عسکریہ) is the principal defence organization of Pakistan. ...

By October 1947, Pakistan had raised four divisions in West Pakistan and one division in East Pakistan with an overall strength of ten infantry brigades and one armored brigade with thirteen tanks. Many brigades and battalions within these divisions were below half strength, but Pakistani personnel continued to arrive from all over India, the Middle East and North Africa and from South East Asia. Mountbatten and Supreme Commander Claude Auchinleck had made it clear to Pakistan that in case of war with India, no other member of the Commonwealth would come to Pakistan's help. West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955–1970) name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing (East Pakistan) became independent as Bangladesh. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas George Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, DSO, PC (25 June 1900–27 August 1979) was a British admiral and statesman and an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. ... Field Marshal Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck, GCB, GCIE, CSI, DSO, OBE (June 21, 1884 - March 23, 1981), nicknamed The Auk, was a British army commander during World War II. // Born in Aldershot, he grew up in impoverished circumstances, but was able through hard work and scholarships to graduate from... The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2008. ...

The war of 1947

Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

Area shaded in Green is Pakistani controlled Kashmir and area shaded in Orange is Indian controlled Kashmir and the remainder is under Chinese control.

Pakistan had its first taste of war almost immediately in the First Kashmir War where it attacked India on the issue of Kashmir. Kashmir, had a Muslim majority population, but the choice of which country to join was given to the Hindu Maharaja of Kashmir who decided to accede into India. Fearing that India would take over Kashmir, the newly created Pakistani Army initially sent in regulars and pro-Pakistani tribal groups. Later, regular army units in large numbers joined the invasion but were pushed back by the Indians but not before occupying the northwestern part of Kashmir (roughly 40% of Kashmir) which Pakistan still controls, the rest remaining under Indian control except for the portion ceded by Pakistan to China Combatants India Pakistan Commanders General K M Cariappa, Lt Gen S M Shrinagesh, Maj Gen K S Thimayya, Maj Gen Kalwant Singh Maj Gen Akbar Khan Casualties 1,104 killed[1](Indian army) 684 KIA(State Forces)[2] [3] 3,152 wounded [1] 1,500 killed[4] (Pakistan army) The... The Disputed Territory : Shown in green is Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... The Disputed Territory : Shown in green is Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. ... The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 sometimes known as the First Kashmir War was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir from 1947 to 1949. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...

1947-1958

With the failure of the United States to persuade India to join an anti-communist pact, it turned towards Pakistan which in contrast with India was prepared to join such an alliance in return of military and economic aid and also to find a potential ally against India. By 1954, the Americans had decided that Pakistan along with Turkey and Iran would be ideal countries to counter Soviet influence. Therefore Pakistan and USA signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement and American aid began to flow in Pakistan. This was followed by two more agreements. In 1955, Pakistan joined the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Baghdad Pact later to be renamed as Central Asian Treaty Organization (CENTO) after Iraq left in 1959.^[6] Soviet redirects here. ... External links kamouflage. ... The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, as well as United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with... The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, as well as United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with...

Pakistan received over a billion dollars in military aid from United States between 1954 and 1965. This aid greatly enhanced Pakistan’s defense capability as new equipment and weapons were brought into the armed forces, new military bases were created and existing ones were expanded and upgraded and two new Corps commands were formed. Shahid M Amin, who has previously served in the Pakistani foreign service, writes in his book Pakistan's foreign policy: A reappraisal that "It is also a fact, that these pacts did undoubtedly secure very substantial US military and economic assistance for Pakistan in its nascent years and significantly strengthened it in facing India, as seen in the 1965 war.""^[7]

American and British advisers trained Pakistani personnel and the USA was allowed to set up bases within Pakistan’s borders to spy on the Soviet Union. In this period, many future Pakistani presidents and generals went to American and British military academies that lead to the development of the Pakistani army on Western models, especially the British one.

After Dominion status ended in 1956 with the formation of a Constitution and a declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic Republic, the military took control in 1958 and held power for more than 10 years. During this time, Pakistan had developed close military relations with many Middle Eastern countries to whom Pakistan sent military advisers and this relationship continues to the present day.

Martial law (1958-1971)

Field Marshal Ayub Khan became the leader of Pakistan and during his reign, relations with the United States and the West grew stronger. A formal alliance including Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey was formed and was called the Baghdad Pact (later known as CENTO), which was to defend the Middle East and Persian Gulf from Soviet designs. Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ... The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, the successor to the Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iraq, Turkey, Iran, as well as United States chose not to initially participate as to avoid alienating Arab states with... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ...

After the indecisive war of 1965, many people accused Ayub Khan of betraying the cause of Kashmir and he was forced to resign. He was replaced by the army chief of staff, Yahya Khan in 1969. Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ...

Yahya Khan presided over the disastrous 1971 War which resulted in the army being forced out of Pakistani politics and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto becoming the new civilian leader of Pakistan following an election. Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora G.G Bewoor K. P. Candeth Gul Hassan Khan Abdul Hamid Khan Tikka Khan A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 100,000 Mukti BahiniRebels 400,000+ troops Casualties and losses 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] Unknown... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: , IPA: ; Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ...

Pakistan-Afghanistan border clash of 1961

Armed tribal incursions from Afghanistan into Pakistan’s border areas began with the transfer of power in 1947 and became a continual irritant. Many Afghans regarded the 19th century Anglo-Afghan border treaties as void and were trying to re-draw the borders with Pakistan or trying to help create an independent state (Pashtunistan) for the ethnic Pashtun people. The Pakistan Army had to be continually sent to secure the country’s western borders. Afghan-Pakistan relations were to reach their nadir in 1955 when diplomatic relations were severed with the ransacking of Pakistan’s embassy in Kabul and again in 1961 when the Pakistan Army had to repel a major Afghan incursion in Bajaur region.^[3] Pashtunistan (Pashto, Persian: پشتونستان) or Pakhtunistan (Pashto, Persian: پختونستان), is what many Pashtun nationalists call the Pashtun-dominated areas of Pakistan. ... Language(s) Pashto Religion(s) Islam (predominantly Sunni) Pashtuns (Pashto: پشتون or پختون , also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns), also called Pathans (Urdu: پٹھان, Hindi: पठान ), ethnic Afghans,[10] or synonymously Afghans[11] (Persian: افغان ), are an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group with populations primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan and in the North-West... For other places with the same name, see Kabul (disambiguation). ...

Pakistan used American weaponry to fight the Afghan incursions but the weaponry had been sold under the pretext of fighting Communism and the USA was not pleased with this development, as the Soviets at that time became the chief benefactor to Afghanistan. Some sections of the American press blamed Pakistan for driving Afghanistan into the Soviet camp. This article is about the form of society and political movement. ...

1962-1965

After India’s defeat in the Sino-Indian War of 1962, India began a rapid program of reforming and expanding its military. A series of conferences on Kashmir was held from December 1962 to February 1963 between India and Pakistan. Both nations offered important concessions and a solution to the long-standing dispute seemed imminent. However, after the Sino-Indian war, Pakistan had gained an important new ally in China and Pakistan then signed a bilateral border agreement with China that involved the boundaries of the disputed state, and relations with India again became strained. Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified...

Fearing a communist expansion into India, the USA for the first time gave large quantities of weapons to India. The expansion of the Indian armed forces was viewed by most Pakistanis as being directed towards Pakistan rather than China. The US also pumped in large sums of money and military supplies to Pakistan as it saw Pakistan as being a check against Soviet expansionist plans.^[8]

The war of 1965

Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

In Pakistan, after the Sino-Indian War in 1962, the military of India was seen as being weakened. This analysis was proven true when a small border skirmish occurred between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch on April 1965 where the Indian Army was caught unprepared. The skirmish occurred between the border police of both countries due to poorly defined borders and later the Armies of both countries responded. The result was a decisive one for the Pakistan Army that was praised back home. Emboldened by this success, Operation Gibraltar, a covert infiltration attempt in Kashmir was launched later in the year. The plan was to start a rebellion among local Kashmiris and attack the rebuilding Indian Army thus capturing Kashmir by force, as the Pakistan Army Command believed that it had a qualitative superiority over their neighbours. However this proved over-ambitious as Indian Kashmiris did not support the intruding Pakistan Army and a full-fledged war across the international border (the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965) broke out between India and Pakistan. Despite the impressive performance of the Pakistan Air Force against their Indian counterparts,^[9] the Army could not achieve the goal of taking over Indian controlled Kashmir. Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri Harbakhsh Singh Ayub Khan Musa Khan Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800 killed[2] (September 6 - 22) 4,000 - 8,000 killed/ captured[3][4][5] (July to September 6) The Indo-Pakistani War... Combatants China India Commanders Zhang Guohua[4] Brij Mohan Kaul Strength 80,000[5][6] Casualties Killed 1,460 (Chinese sources)[7] None captured[8][9][10][11] Wounded 1,697[7] Killed 3,128 (Indian sources)[12] Captured 3,968[2] Wounded 548[13] The Sino-Indian War (Simplified... The military of India, officially known as the Indian armed forces, is the primary military organisation responsible for the territorial security and defense of India. ... Rann of Kutch on the Top Left. ... This article is about the post-independence Indian Army. ... Operation Gibraltar was the name given to the Military Plan by Pakistan to Liberate Jammu and Kashmir, Indian Occupied and bring the Dispute to a logical end. ... Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ... This article is about the post-independence Indian Army. ... Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri Harbakhsh Singh Ayub Khan Musa Khan Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800 killed[2] (September 6 - 22) 4,000 - 8,000 killed/ captured[3][4][5] (July to September 6) The Indo-Pakistani War... Pakistan Air Force (Urdu: پاک فضائیہ, Pak Fazaya) (PAF) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces and is responsible for defending Pakistani air-space from intrusions. ... The Indian Air Force is the air-arm of the Armed Forces of India and has the prime responsibility of conducting aerial warfare and securing the Indian airspace. ...

US had imposed an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan during the war and Pakistan was hurt more by the arms embargo as it had no spare parts for its Air Force, tanks, and other equipment while India's quantitative edge was taking a heavy toll on the Pakistan Army. With no spare parts to fix its damaged forces and as the theatre of war spread to the plains of western India, Pakistan lost the initiative and the war ended in a ceasefire. The Pakistani Defence Journal remarked that the war was a failure since the strategic objective of the war that Pakistan had initiated, namely the liberation of Kashmir was not achieved, resulting in a psychological gain for India.^[10] Pakistan Air Force (Urdu: پاک فضائیہ, Pak Fazaya) (PAF) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces and is responsible for defending Pakistani air-space from intrusions. ... The US M1A1 Abrams tank is a typical modern main battle tank. ...

1965-1971

The United States was disillusioned by a war in which both countries fought each other with equipment, which had been sold for defensive purposes and to stop the spread of communism. Pakistan’s claims that an Indian attempt to fully integrate Indian Controlled Kashmir into the union of India had compelled it to act fell on deaf ears in the Johnson Administration and by July 1967, the United States withdrew its military assistance advisory group. In response to these events, Pakistan declined to renew the lease on the Peshawar military facility, which ended in 1969. Eventually, United States-Pakistan relations grew measurably weaker as the United States became more deeply involved in Vietnam and as its broader interest in the security of South Asia waned.^[11] LBJ redirects here. ...   (Urdu: پشاور; Pashto: پښور) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ...

The Soviet Union continued the massive build-up of the Indian military and a US arms embargo forced Pakistan to look at other options. It turned to China, North Korea, Germany, Italy and France for military aid. China in particular gave Pakistan over 900 tanks, Mig-19 Fighters and enough equipment to fully equip 3 Infantry divisions. France supplied some Mirage aircraft, submarines and even the Soviet Union gave Pakistan around 100 T-55 tanks, Mi-8 helicopters but that aid was abruptly stopped under intense Indian pressure. Pakistan in this period was partially able to enhance its military capability . The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 (Russian: ) (NATO reporting name Farmer) is a Soviet second-generation, single-seat, jet-engined fighter aircraft. ... The T-54 and T-55 tank series was the Soviet Unions front-line main battle tank from 1947 until 1962, and remains in service throughout the world to this day, especially by former client states of the Soviet Union. ... The Mil Mi-8 (NATO reporting name Hip) is a medium twin-turbine transport helicopter that can also act as a gunship. ...

The war of 1971

Main articles: Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Faced with popular unrest and revolt in East Pakistan, the Army clamped down through violence. "Kill three million of them" said General Yahya Khan, "and the rest will eat out of our hands". The army crackdown and brutalities during the Operation Searchlight and the continued killings throughout the later months resulted in further resentment among the Bengalis of East Pakistan. With India assisting the Mukti Bahini, war broke out between the separatist supporters in Bangladesh and Pakistan(Indo-Pakistani War of 1971). The result was the Pakistan Army's surrender to the Indian forces upon which 45,000 Pakistani soldiers and 45,000 militants became POWs, the largest since World War II. The official war between India and Pakistan ended in just a fortnight on December 16, 1971, with Pakistan losing East Pakistan which became Bangladesh. Combatants Mukti Bahini India Pakistan Commanders Col. ... Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora G.G Bewoor K. P. Candeth Gul Hassan Khan Abdul Hamid Khan Tikka Khan A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 100,000 Mukti BahiniRebels 400,000+ troops Casualties and losses 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] Unknown... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... Combatants Bengali units of Pakistan Army and civilian volunteers Pakistan Armed Forces Commanders Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed (April 17 -December 16) Col(ret). ... For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ... Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ... Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora G.G Bewoor K. P. Candeth Gul Hassan Khan Abdul Hamid Khan Tikka Khan A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 100,000 Mukti BahiniRebels 400,000+ troops Casualties and losses 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] Unknown... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar, known as the year of cyclohexanol. ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...

The official Bangladesh Government claim puts the number of Bengali civilian fatalities at 3 million. However, other sources^[12] estimate the number to be between 300,000 and 1.5 million.

1971-1977

Pakistan’s defense spending rose by 200% during the Bhutto era but the military balance between India-Pakistan which was at a rough parity during the 1960s was growing decisively in India’s favor. The United States once again became a major source for military hardware following the lifting of the arms embargo in 1975 but by then Pakistan had become heavily dependent on China as an arms supplier. Heavy spending on defense re-energized the Army, which had sunk to its lowest morale following the debacle of the 1971 war. The high defense expenditure took money from other development projects such as education, health care and housing. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: , IPA: ; Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ...

Baloch Nationalist uprisings (1973-1978)

The Baloch rebellion of the 1970s, was the most threatening civil disorder to a United Pakistan since Bangladesh's secession. The Pakistan Army wanted to establish military garrisons in Balochistan which at that time was quite lawless and run by tribal justice. The ethnic Balochis saw this as a violation of their territorial rights. Emboldened by the stand taken by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1971, the Baloch and Pashtun nationalists had also demanded their "provincial rights" from then Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in exchange for a consensual approval of the Pakistan Constitution of 1973. But while Bhutto admitted the NWFP and Balochistan to a NAP-JUI coalition, he refused to negotiate with the provincial governments led by chief minister Ataullah Mengal in Quetta and Mufti Mahmud in Peshawar. Tensions erupted. Civil disorder is a broad term that is typically used by law enforcement to describe one or more forms of disturbance caused by a group of people. ... For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation). ... The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک فوج) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. ... Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ... Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangla: শেখ মুজিবর রহমান Shekh Mujibur Rôhman) (March 17, 1920 – August 15, 1975) was a Bengali political leader in East Pakistan and the founding leader of Bangladesh. ... The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning Grand Vizier, is the Head of Government of Pakistan. ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: , IPA: ; Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... There have been several documents known as the Constitution of Pakistan. ... Sardar Ataullah Mengal Sardar Ataullah Mengal (a. ...   (Urdu: کوئٹہ) also spelled Kwatah city is a variation of kwatkot, a Pashto word meaning “fort,”. It is the largest city and provincial capital and district of Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. ...   (Urdu: پشاور; Pashto: پښور) literally means City on the Frontier in Persian and is known as Pekhawar in Pashto. ...

Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors and forty-four MNAs and MPAs, obtained an order from the Supreme Court banning the NAP and charged them all with high treason , to be tried by a specially constituted Hyderabad Tribunal of handpicked judges. In time, a Baloch nationalist insurgency erupted and sucked the army into the province, pitting the Baloch tribal middle classes against Islamabad. The sporadic fighting between the insurgency and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September 1974 when around 15,000 Balochs fought the Pakistani Army and the Air Force. The Iranian military fearing a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran also aided the Bhutto-sent Pakistan military in brutally putting down the insurrection.^[13] After three days of fighting the Baloch tribals were running out of ammunition and so withdrew by 1976. The army had suffered 25 fatalities and around 300 casualties in the fight while the rebels lost 5,000 people as of 1977. Central government or the national government (or, in federal states, the federal government) is the government at the level of the nation-state. ... The Supreme Court (Urdu: عدالت عظمیٰ ) is the apex court in Pakistans judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes. ... {{main|Treason}} High treason, broadly defined, is an action which is grossly disloyal to ones country or sovereign. ... Hyderabad or Haydarābād (Urdu: حيدر آباد) is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan (formerly known as Neroon Kot نيرُون ڪوٽ). Formerly the capital of Sindh and known as the city of perfumes, it is now a regional headquarter of the district of Hyderabad. ... Location within Pakistan Coordinates: , Country Pakistan Province Constructed 1960s Union Council 40 UC (District Govt. ... “Insurrection” redirects here. ... // Introduction The Iranian Army is the national army of Iran and called the Artesh. ... Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. ...

Although major fighting had broken down, ideological schisms caused splinter groups to form and steadily gain momentum. Despite the overthrow of the Bhutto government in 1977 by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, calls for secession and widespread civil disobedience remained. The military government then appointed General Rahimuddin Khan as Martial Law Administrator and Governor over the province. The provincial government under the famously authoritarian Rahimuddin began to act as a separate entity and military regime independent of the central government. The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ... The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ... General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq محمد ضياء الحق (b. ... For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Civil disobedience (disambiguation). ... A military government is a form of government wherein the political power resides within the military and may either refer to a military dictatorship or to the government installed by a foreign power during belligerent occupation. ... Full General Rahimuddin Khan (Urdu: رحیم الدین خان) (born 21 July 1926) was the Governor of Balochistan, the largest province of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, for an unprecedented seven years (1978-1984), while simultaneously holding the military posts of Armoured Corps Commander as well as Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan, the latter... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal         For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ... This article is about the concept of an entity. ... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ... Central government or the national government (or, in federal states, the federal government) is the government at the level of the nation-state. ...

This allowed General Rahimuddin to act as a dictator, unanswerable to the central government. Both General Zia-ul-Haq and General Rahimuddin Khan supported the declaration of a general amnesty in Balochistan to those willing to give up arms. Rahimuddin then purposefully isolated feudal leaders such as Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Ataullah Mengal from provincial policy. He also militarily put down all civil disobedience movements, effectively leading to unprecedented social stability within the province. Due to Martial Law, his reign was the longest in the history of Balochistan (1977 - 1984). A dictator is an authoritarian, often totalitarian ruler (e. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Feudalism comes from the Late Latin word feudum, itself borrowed from a Germanic root *fehu, a commonly used term in the Middle Ages which means fief, or land held under certain obligations by feodati. ... Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti Sardar Akbar Shahbaz Khan Bugti is the Tumandar (head) a section of the Bugti tribe, and leader armed resistance against the Pakistan Army & Government, operating in the Dera Bugti retion of Balochistan, Pakistan. ... Sardar Ataullah Mengal Sardar Ataullah Mengal (a. ... This article is about the history of the Balochistan province of Pakistan. ...

Tensions have resurfaced recently in the province with the Pakistan Army being involved in attacks against an insurgency known as the Balochistan Liberation Army. Attempted uprisings have taken place as recently as 2005.^[14] Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ... The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک فوج) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. ... “Insurrection” redirects here. ... Main article: History of Balochistan The Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) is an organisation dedicated to fighting for the independence of Balochistan. ...

Martial law (1977-1985) and military dictatorship (1977-1988)

During the 1977 elections, there were rumors of wide spread voter fraud and as such the civilian government under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was overthrown in a bloodless coup (July 1977) and the new ruler General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq became President of Pakistan in 1978. Bhutto was executed in 1979 after the Supreme Court upheld the High Court's death sentence on charges of authorizing the murder of a political opponent.^[15] Under Zia's Martial Law military dictatorship (which was declared legal under the Doctrine of Necessity by the Supreme Court in 1978) the following initiatives were taken: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: , IPA: ; Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... A coup détat (pronounced ), or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government against the volonté générale formed by the majority of the citizen, usually done by a smaller supposedly weaker body that just replaces the top power figures. ... Gen. ... The President of Pakistan (Urdū: صدر مملکت Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the head of state of Pakistan. ... For specific national Supreme Courts, see Category:National supreme courts. ... There are four High Courts of Pakistan, these are based in the capital cities of the four provinces. ... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military; it is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. ... For specific national Supreme Courts, see Category:National supreme courts. ...

• Strict Islamic law was introduced into the country's legal system by 1978, contributing to current-day sectarianism and religious fundamentalism, as well as instilling a sense of religious purpose within the youth.
• Pakistan fought a war by proxy against the Communists in Afghanistan in the Soviet-Afghan War, greatly contributing to the eventual withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan.
• Secessionist uprisings in Balochistan were put down by the province's authoritarian Martial Law ruler, General Rahimuddin Khan, who ruled for an unprecedented seven years under Martial Law.
• The socialist economic policies of the previous civilian government, which also included aggressive nationalisation, were gradually reversed; and Pakistan's Gross National Product rose greatly to be among the highest in the world.

General Zia lifted Martial Law in 1985, holding party-less elections and handpicking Muhammad Khan Junejo to be the Prime Minister of Pakistan, who in turn rubber-stamped Zia remaining Chief of Army Staff until 1990. Junejo however gradually fell out with Zia as his political and administrative independence grew. Junejo also signed the Geneva Accord, which Zia greatly disliked. After a large-scale explosion at a munitions store in Ojhri, Junejo vowed to bring those responsible for the significant damage caused to justice, implicating several times the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Director-General Akhtar Abdur Rahman. Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... Sectarianism refers (usually pejoratively) to a rigid adherence to a particular sect or party or religious denomination. ... Fundamentalism is a movement to maintain strict adherence to founding principles. ... This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ... The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a 10-year war which wreaked incredible havoc and destruction on Afghanistan. ... Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ... The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal         For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... Full General Rahimuddin Khan (Urdu: رحیم الدین خان) (born 21 July 1926) was the Governor of Balochistan, the largest province of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, for an unprecedented seven years (1978-1984), while simultaneously holding the military posts of Armoured Corps Commander as well as Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan, the latter... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Nationalization is the act of taking assets into state ownership. ... Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... Muhammad Khan Junejo, Prime Minister of Pakistan Muhammad Khan Junejo (Urdu: محمد خان جونیجو ) (born August 18, 1932 died 1992) was former Pakistani Prime Minister. ... The Prime Minister of Pakistan, in Urdu وزیر اعظم Wazir-e- Azam meaning Grand Vizier, is the Head of Government of Pakistan. ... This article is about the Pakistani intelligence agency. ... Akhtar Abdur Rahman General Akhtar Abdur Rahman (Urdu: اختر عبد الرحمن) was the Director of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan during the 1980s and was the mastermind behind the Afghan Jihad against the Soviet Union with the support of USA. He was a close friend of CIA chief William Casey. ...

President Zia, infuriated, dismissed the Junejo government on several charges in May 1988. He then called for the holding of fresh elections in November. General Zia-ul-Haq never saw the elections materialize however, as he died in a plane crash on August 17, 1988, which was later proven to be highly sophisticated sabotage by unknown perpetrators. Capt. ... is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ...

Under Zia, real defence spending increased on average by 9 percent per annum during 1977-88 while development spending rose 3 percent per annum; by 1987-88 defence spending had overtaken development spending. For 1980s as a whole, defence spending averaged 6.5 percent of GDP. This contributed strongly to large fiscal deficits and a rapid build up of public debt.^[16]

Soviet-Afghan war (1979-1989)

Main article: Soviet war in Afghanistan

See also: Operation Cyclone

During the Soviet occupation of neighbouring Afghanistan, the alliance between USA and Pakistan was greatly strengthened as the USA needed Pakistan as a staging area from which to send weapons to the Mujahideens who were fighting the Soviets. Apprehensive of the threats on two front to Pakistan from India and from Soviet occupied Afghanistan, the USA in 1981 offered a military aid package of over $1.5 billion which included 40 F-16 fighters, 100 M-48 tanks, nearly 200 artillery guns and over 1,000 TOW anti-tank missiles which considerably enhanced Pakistan's defence capability. During the course of the war, Pakistan experienced several air intrusions by Afghan/Soviet pilots and claims to shooting down about 8 Afghan/Soviet aircraft over the years as well as losing one F-16 from its own fleet.^[17] Belligerents DRA USSR Mujahideen of Afghanistan Commanders Soviet 40th Army: Sergei Sokolov Valentin Varennikov Boris Gromov DRA: Babrak Karmal Mohammad Najibullah Abdul Rashid Dostum Abdul Haq Jalaluddin Haqqani Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Ismail Khan Ahmad Shah Massoud Strength Soviet forces: 80,000-104,000 Afghan forces: 329,000 (in 1989)[1] 45... Operation Cyclone was the code name for the US CIA program to arm Islamic mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, 1979-1989. ... Mujahideen (Arabic: ‎, , literally strugglers) is a term for Muslims fighting in a war or involved in any other struggle. ... The F-16 Fighting Falcon is a modern multi-role jet fighter aircraft built in the United States and used by dozens of countries all over the world. ... M46, M47, M48 and M60 Patton were the U.S armys principal main battle tanks of the Cold War, with models in service from the late 1940s to the 1990s. ...

The Pakistani Military, aided by the United States and financed by Saudi Arabia, began helping the Mujahideen in setting up training camps and arming them. United States President Jimmy Carter had accepted the view that Soviet aggression could not be viewed as an isolated event of limited geographical importance but had to be contested as a potential threat to the Persian Gulf region. The uncertain scope of the final objective of Moscow in its sudden southward plunge made the American stake in an independent Pakistan all the more important. Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and Special Service Group now became actively involved in the conflict against the Soviets. Pakistan's SSG created a unit called the Black Storks who were SSG men dressed as Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan war. They were then flown into Afghanistan and provided the Mujahideen with support. After Ronald Reagan became the new United States President in 1980, aid for the Mujahideen through Zia's Pakistan significantly increased. In retaliation, the KHAD, under Afghan leader Mohammad Najibullah, carried out (according to the Mitrokhin archives and other sources) a large number of terrorist operations against Pakistan, which also suffered from an influx of weaponry and drugs from Afghanistan. Pakistan also took in 3 million Afghan refugees (mostly Pashtun) who were forced to leave their country due to heavy fighting including genocide by the communist forces of Soviet Union. Although the refugees were controlled within Pakistan's largest province, Balochistan, then under martial law ruler General Rahimuddin Khan, the influx of so many refugees - believed to be the largest refugee population in the world^[18] - into several other regions had a heavy impact on Pakistan and its effects continue to this day. This article is about the Pakistani intelligence agency. ... Special Services Group Logo outside their headquarters. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Ethnic groups of Afghanistan (1980 map)  42% Pashtun  27% Tajik  9% Hazara  9% Uzbek         3% Turkmen  2% Baloch        Languages of Afghanistan (1980 map)  50% Dari dialect of Persian  35% Pashto  8% Uzbek  3% Turkmen  2% Baloch        The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed. ... Reagan redirects here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... KHAD or KhAD is an abbreviation for Khedamat-e Eteleaat-e Dawlati, the Afghanistan Marxist regimes secret police, also known as the State Information Agency. ... Dr. Mohammad Najibullah (Pashto/Persian: ‎ ; born 1947, died September 27, 1996) was the fourth and last President of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Muhajir or Mohajir Afghans are the Afghan refugees that fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979. ... The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ... A province is a territorial unit, almost always a country subdivision. ... Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal         For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... Full General Rahimuddin Khan (Urdu: رحیم الدین خان) (born 21 July 1926) was the Governor of Balochistan, the largest province of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, for an unprecedented seven years (1978-1984), while simultaneously holding the military posts of Armoured Corps Commander as well as Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan, the latter...

PLO and Lebanese weapons captured by the Israelis in their invasion of Lebanon in June 1982 were of Soviet origin and were then covertly transferred into Afghanistan through Pakistan. Later, when American support for the Mujahideen became obvious, Stinger Missiles and other high-technology American weaponry were transferred through Pakistan into Afghanistan. However some of these weapons may have been siphoned off by the ISI for reverse engineering purposes. The arrival of the new high-technology weaponry proved to be quite helpful in organizing stiff resistance against the Soviet Union. Many Army regulars fought in Afghanistan along with the resistance and were partly instrumental in the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan in 1989. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, with an intent to destroy Israel. ... Combatants Israel South Lebanon Army LF (nominally neutral) PLO Syria Amal (switched sides) LCP Commanders Menachem Begin (Prime Minister) Ariel Sharon, (Ministry of Defence) Rafael Eitan, (CoS) Yasser Arafat Strength Israel: 76,000 troops 800 tanks 1,500 APCs 634 aircraft Syria: 22,000 troops 352 tanks 300 APCs 450... The FIM-92 Stinger is a personal portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile developed in the United States and used by all the U.S. armed services, with whom it entered service in 1981. ... This article is about the Pakistani intelligence agency. ... Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device, an electrical component, a software program, etc. ...

Kashmir operations (1984-present)

Siachen Glacier

After the 1971 war, another border flare-up occurred between India and Pakistan in 1984. The area of the dispute was the Siachen Glacier - the world's highest battlefield. The Glacier was under territorial dispute, but in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Pakistan began organizing several tourist expeditions to the Glacier. India, irked by this development, mounted Operation Meghdoot, and captured the top of the Glacier by establishing a military base which it still maintains to this day at a cost of more than US$1 million per day.^[19] Pakistan on the other hand spends just under US$1 million per day, though as a percentage of GDP Pakistan spends 5 times as the Indian Military does to maintain its share of the glacier.^[20] Pakistan tried in 1987 and in 1989 to retake the whole Glacier but was unsuccessful. A stalemate has arisen where India controls the top part of the glacier and Pakistan the bottom. The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border at approximately . ... Combatants India Pakistan Operation Meghdoot was the name given to the preemptive attack launched by the Indian Military to capture most of the Siachen Glacier, in the disputed Kashmir region, precipating the Siachen Conflict. ... GDP is an acronym which can stand for more than one thing: (in economics) an abbreviation for Gross Domestic Product. ... Perito Moreno Glacier Patagonia Argentina Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland Icebergs breaking off glaciers at Cape York, Greenland This article is about the geological formation. ...

Aiding Kashmir separatists

Pakistan has maintained that when it comes to dealing with the Kashmiri separatists, they have always provided moral support whereas India maintaines that Pakistan provides military support to separatists. Indian premiers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi both alleged throughout the 1980s that General Zia-ul-Haq diverted excess financial aid for the Mujahideen fighting in the Soviet-Afghan War to the Kashmiri insurgency, as well as that Pakistan trained India-destabilizing Sikh terrorists under General Zia. A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in... Rajiv Ratna Gandhi राजीव गाधीं (IPA: ), born in Mumbai, (August 20, 1944 – May 21, 1991), the eldest son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi, was the 7th Prime Minister of India (and the 2nd from the Gandhi family) from his mothers death on 31 October 1984 until his resignation on December 2... Gen. ... Financial aid refers to funding intended to help students pay tuition or other costs, such as room and board, for education at a college, university, or private school. ... Mujahideen (Arabic: ‎, , literally strugglers) is a term for Muslims fighting in a war or involved in any other struggle. ... The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a 10-year war which wreaked incredible havoc and destruction on Afghanistan. ... Religions Sikhism Scriptures Guru Granth Sahib Languages English, Punjabi] A Sikh (English: or ; Punjabi: , , IPA: ) is an adherent to Sikhism. ...

Kargil war (April 1999 - July 1999)

Main article: Kargil War

After the failure of the 1989 attempt to re-take the glacier, a new and much more daring plan was developed by the Pakistan Army to re-take the glacier by blocking the Indian supplies reaching the Indian base at the top of the glacier. The plan was ready in the late 1980s but was put on hold due to the fear that this operation could lead to an all out war with India. Pakistan had recently been placed under US military sanctions for developing Nuclear weapons and the Pakistani military hierarchy believed that they did not have the proper military deterrent if the situation escalated into an all out war with India. Combatants  India  Pakistan, Kashmiri secessionists, Islamic militants (Foreign Fighters) Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties Indian Official Figures: 527 killed,[1][2][3] 1,363 wounded[4] 1 POW Pakistani Estimates: 357-500 killed[5][6] (Pakistan troops) 665+ soldiers wounded[5] 8 POW.[7] The Kargil War, also known... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ...

In the winter of 1998, a modified version of the plan was approved due to the fact that months earlier both India and Pakistan had conducted nuclear tests. Pakistan believed that it now had a deterrent to prevent all out war with India and believed that once it had taken the Kargil hills, the international community, fearing a nuclear war, would urge a secession of hostilities. Pakistan would emerge with an improved tactical advantage along the LOC and bring the Siachen Glacier conflict to the forefront of international resolution.

Some elements of the Pakistani SSG Commandos, Northern Light Infantry Forces as well as Indian Kashmiri militants planned to take over the abandoned Indian bunkers on various hills that overlooked the vital Srinagar-Leh highway that serviced the logistics base from which supplies were ferried through helicopter to the Indian Army at the top of the Siachen Glacier. The Indian Army routinely abandoned the bunkers in the winter due to the cold and snow and re-occupied them in the spring. Military manpower Military age 16 years of age Availability 39,028,014 (2005) Males ages 16-49 Reaching military age males: 1,969,055 (2005) Active troops 620,000 (Ranked 9th) Military expenditures Dollar figure $3. ... For Srinagar in Uttarakhand, see Srinagar, Uttarakhand. ... View of Leh from Namgyal hill Leh Bazaar prior to 1871 Leh is the capital of the former Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh, which is now a district in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. ...

The Pakistani backed forces took over the bunker complex around April and May 1999 but the winter snows had melted earlier than usual and an Indian reconnaissance team which was sent to inspect the bunkers was wiped out by them. The Indian Army, alerted to the presence of these militants, responded quickly, forcefully and massed a huge force of around 30,000 men to re-take the Kargil hills. The Pakistani backed forces were detected very early in the operation and were not adequately prepared as they still needed another month or so before they properly established themselves on the Kargil hills, as they were short on heavy weaponry, ammunition, food, shelter, and medicine.

The Kargil War lasted for around eight weeks and both sides suffered casualties. After suffering reverses and heavy international pressure to withdraw and end the conflict, primarily from the USA, the Pakistani backed forces withdrew by July 1999. Combatants  India  Pakistan, Kashmiri secessionists, Islamic militants (Foreign Fighters) Strength 30,000 5,000 Casualties Indian Official Figures: 527 killed,[1][2][3] 1,363 wounded[4] 1 POW Pakistani Estimates: 357-500 killed[5][6] (Pakistan troops) 665+ soldiers wounded[5] 8 POW.[7] The Kargil War, also known... Motto: (traditional) In God We Trust (official, 1956–present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City Official language(s) None at the federal level; English de facto Government Federal Republic  - President George W. Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence - Declared - Recognized...

1989-1999

Development of nuclear weapons

In 1972, Pakistani intelligence learned that India was close to developing a nuclear bomb. Partially in response, defence spending under then-Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto increased by 200 percent. The foundations were laid down to develop a military nuclear capability. This includes the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons design, development and testing programme. The fuel cycle program included the uranium exploration, mining, refining, coversion and Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) production, enrichment and fuel fabrication and reprocessing facilities. These facilities were established in the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) by chairman Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan. Bhutto had appointed Munir Khan, a nuclear engineer, who till then was serving as Director of Nuclear Power and Reactors,IAEA, as PAEC chairman on January 20, 1972, at the Multan Conference of senior scientists. He was credited to be the technical "father" of Pakistan's atomic bomb by a recent International Institute of Strategic Studies, London, (IISS) Dossier on Pakistan's nuclear programme. After General Zia-ul-Haq came to power, further advancements were made to enrich uranium and consolidate the nuclear programme. On March 11, 1983, PAEC carried out the first successful cold test of a working nuclear device. By the late 1980s, it was common knowledge that Pakistan had developed nuclear weaponry. To compound further matters, the Soviet Union had withdrawn from Afghanistan and the strategic importance of Pakistan to the USA was gone. Once the full extent of Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme was revealed, economic sanctions were imposed on the country by several other countries. Having been developed under both Bhutto and Zia, the nuclear programme had fully matured by the late 1980s. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgical engineer, greatly contributed to the uranium enrichment programme under both governments, and is generally considered to be the founder of Pakistan's uranium enrichment programme. By 1986 PAEC chairman Munir Ahmad Khan had begun work on the 50 MW plutonium and tritium production reactor at Khushab which became operational by 1998. After India successfully tested 5 nuclear missiles underground in 1998, Pakistan under Nawaz Sharif, to the distaste of the international community, successfully carried out six underground nuclear tests, proving Pakistan's nuclear capability. These tests were carried out by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. This article is about the Pakistani intelligence agency. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ... Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: , IPA: ; Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ... Gen. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ... Economic sanctions are economic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries) on another for a variety of reasons. ... Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, NI & BAR, HI (Urdu: عبدالقدیر خان) (born April 1, 1936 in Bhopal, British India) is a Pakistani Scientist and metallurgical engineer widely regarded as the founder of Pakistans nuclear program. ... Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: میاں محمد نواز شریف ) (born December 10, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan)[1] is a Pakistani politician. ...

US sanctions

U.S. Senator Pressler, introduced the Pressler Amendment which imposed an embargo on all economical and military aid to Pakistan for developing nuclear weapons.^[21] This whole episode caused very negative publicity in Pakistan towards the USA as many people in Pakistan as well as the military believed they had risked a great deal in helping the USA give the Soviet Union its own Vietnam in Afghanistan and when the task was done, Pakistan was promptly abandoned.^[22] Pakistan was hosting a very large Afghan refugee population and drugs from Afghanistan had infiltrated Pakistan and the use of heroin was growing to be a very widespread problem that further compounded the situation. Larry Lee Pressler (b. ...

The embargo continued for five years and in 1995, the Brown Amendment authorised a one-time delivery of US military equipment, contracted for prior to October 1990, worth US$368 million. However, the additional 28 F-16 aircraft costing US$658 million and already paid for by Pakistan were not delivered. Unable to purchase American or NATO weaponry, Pakistan tried to develop an indigenous weapons industry, which has yielded some successes such as the development of the Al-Khalid Tank and JF-17 Strike Fighter. This article is about the military alliance. ... MBT 2000, or Al-Khalid, is the newest main battle tank (MBT) of the Pakistan Army. ... The Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder, also known as the Fighter China-1 (FC-1) Fierce Dragon [1] in China, is a single-seat multirole fighter aircraft developed by China and Pakistan. ...

Taliban takeover of Afghanistan

After the Soviet withdrawal, Pakistan for the first time since 1947, was not concerned about a threat on two fronts. Further, the emergence of five independent Muslim republics in Central Asia raised hopes that they might become allies and offer Pakistan both the political support and the strategic depth it lacked. As long as Afghanistan was in chaos, Pakistan would lack direct access to the new republics.

Fighting between the Communist government in Kabul and the Mujahideen forces continued until 1992 when the Mujahideen forces, led by Ahmed Shah Massoud, removed the Soviet-backed government of Mohammad Najibullah. By 1993, the rival factions who were vying for power agreed on the formation of a government with Burhanuddin Rabbani as president, but infighting continued. Lawlessness was rampant and became a major hindrance to trade between Pakistan and the newly independent Central Asian states. Pakistan appointed the Taliban to protect its trade convoys because most of the Taliban were Pashtun and were trained by the ISI and CIA in the 1980s and could be trusted by Pakistan.^[23] With Pakistan's backing, the Taliban emerged as one of the strongest factions in Afghanistan. Pakistan then decided to the end the infighting in Afghanistan and backed the Taliban in their takeover of Afghanistan to bring stability to its western border and establish a pro-Pakistan regime in Kabul.

Pakistan solicited funds for the Taliban, bankrolled Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranged training for Taliban fighters, recruited skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planned and directed offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and on several occasions senior Pakistani military and intelligence officers help planned and execute major military operations.^[24] By September 1996, the Taliban under the leadership of Mullah Muhammad Omar seized control of Kabul. However, the stability in Afghanistan led to Osama bin Laden and Zawahiri to come to Afghanistan which caused the Talbian to implement a very strict interpretation of Islamic law. The Taliban continued to capture more Afghan territory until by 2001 they controlled 90% of the country.^[23]

Military Takeover (1999-2001)

See: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Peter Pace (center), U.S. Marine Corps, reviews the Pakistani Honor Guard upon his arrival at the Joint Forces Command in Islamabad, Pakistan, on March 20, 2006. Since 9/11, Pakistan and USA have established close military ties.

Many people in Pakistan blamed Sharif for retreating from Kargil under American pressure. Growing fiscal deficits and debt-service payments mainly due to American sanctions after Pakistan tested its Nuclear Weapons in May 1998 as a response to India had led to a financial crisis. When asked about his reason for backing down from Kargil, Sharif said that Pakistan had only enough fuel and ammunition for 3 days and the nuclear missiles were not ready. This comment made many Pakistanis brand Nawaz Sharif a traitor as Army doctrine called for having at least 45 days of fuel and ammunition and to have stand by nuclear missiles ready. In October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf, Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan army launched a coup to topple Nawaz Sharif, then Prime Minister of Pakistan. ... Image File history File links Peterpaceinpakistan. ... Image File history File links Peterpaceinpakistan. ... Peter Pace (born November 5, 1945 in Brooklyn, New York) was the 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the first Marine appointed to the United States highest-ranking military office. ... United States Marine Corps Emblem The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is the second smallest of the five branches of the United States armed forces, with 170,000 active and 40,000 reserve Marines as of 2002. ...

Fearing that the Army might take over, Sharif attempted to dismiss the head of the Pakistan military, General Pervez Musharraf and install ISI director Ziauddin Butt in his place. Musharraf, who was out of the country, boarded a commercial flight to return to Pakistan. Senior Army generals refused to accept Musharraf's dismissal. Sharif ordered the Karachi airport to prevent the landing of the aeroplane, which then circled the skies over Karachi. In a coup d'état, the generals ousted Sharif's administration and took over the airport. The plane landed with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf assumed control of the government. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was put under house arrest and later exiled. Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: ) (born 11 August 1943, Delhi) is the current President of Pakistan, Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: میاں محمد نواز شریف ) (born December 10, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan)[1] is a Pakistani politician. ...   (Sindhi: , Urdu: ) is the largest city in Pakistan and is the provincial capital of Sindh province. ...

The coup d'état in Pakistan was condemned by most world leaders but was mostly supported by Pakistani populace.^[25] The new military government of Pervez Musharraf was heavily criticized in the USA and when President Bill Clinton went on his landmark trip to South Asia, he only made a last minute stop in Pakistan for a few hours but spent more than five days touring and visiting India.^[26] Pakistan was also suspended from the Commonwealth while Musharraf pledged to clean corruption out of politics and stabilise the economy. The Commonwealth of Nations as of 2008. ...

Conflict in Tribal Agencies (2001-Present)

See: Waziristan War

After the 9/11 attacks, Pakistan joined the US-led War on Terror and helped the U.S. Military by severing ties with the Taliban and immediately deploying 72,000 troops along Pakistan's western border to capture or kill Taliban and al-Qaida militants fleeing from Afghanistan. The military continues to conduct operations against these foreign and local militants, especially around the Waziristan area. Combatants Pakistan, USA Waziristan tribesmen, al-Qaeda members Commanders Pervez Musharraf Ayman al-Zawahiri (probable) Strength 15,000? 8000-20,000? Casualties 500 Pakistanis, 50 Americans 2000 confirmed The Waziristan War (2004-present) is an ongoing armed conflict that began in 2004 when the Pakistani Army began its search for... The date that commonly refers to the attacks on United States citizens on September 11, 2001 (see the September 11, 2001 Attacks). ... The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States. ... Location of North and South Waziristan inside Pakistan. ...

The world has praised the Pakistani government's crackdown on extremism and terrorism. Pakistan was re-admitted to the Commonwealth and was declared a major non-NATO ally in 2004 and as a result of this is included in large defense deals with NATO and the USA.

General Pervez Musharraf has pledged to step down from his role as head of the military of Pakistan in 2007 and to hold democratic elections.^[27]

UN peacekeeping missions

Main article: Military of Pakistan - United Nations Peacekeeping missions

UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan covers a long and cherished history of Pakistani involvement with the United Nations. ... This article or section should be merged with Papua (Indonesian province) Map showing West New Guinea region The region of West New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea or Papua, and has also been known as Irian Jaya or West Papua. ... Kuwait City Kuwait City (also Al-Kuwait - الكويت), population 32,403 (2005 Census), is the capital of the emirate of Kuwait and part of the Al-Asimah governorate. ... This article is about the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Belligerents United Nations United States Malaysia Pakistan Somali National Alliance-affiliated militias Commanders William F. Garrison Sikandar Afzal Mohamed Farrah Aidid Strength 160 2,000-4,000 Casualties and losses U.S. 18 killed 73 wounded 1 captured Malaysia 1 killed 7 wounded Pakistan 2 wounded SNA Militia and civilians... Anthem:  A Toast Slovenia() – on the European continent() – in the European Union() [] Capital (and largest city) Ljubljana Official languages Slovenian, Italian1, Hungarian1 Demonym Slovenian, Slovene Government Parliamentary republic  -  President Janez DrnovÅ¡ek  -  President-elect Danilo Türk  -  Prime Minister Janez JanÅ¡a Independence from Yugoslavia   -  Declared June 25, 1991   -  Recognized...

Participation in foreign conflicts

Six-Day War

Main article: Six-Day War

Pakistan had sent numerous military advisers to Jordan and Syria to help in their training and military preparations for the coming war with Israel. When the war started Pakistan sent a contingent of its pilots and airmen to Egypt, Jordan and Syria. PAF pilots performed excellently and downed about 10 Israeli planes including Mirages, Mysteres, Vautours without losing a single plane of their own.^[17] Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ... In general context, airman can refer to any enlisted personnel in the U.S. Air Force or Other Ranks in the Royal Air Force (in which airwoman is also seen). ...

Jordan and Iraq decorated Pakistani Flight Lieutenant Saif-ul-Azam. Israelis praised the performance of PAF pilots too. Eizer Weizman, then Chief Of Israeli Air Force wrote in his autobiography about Air Marshal Noor Khan (Commander PAF at that time): "...He is a formidable person and I am glad that he is Pakistani not Egyptian..."^[29] No Pakistani ground forces participated in the war.

Yemeni civil war

Main article: North Yemen Civil War

In 1969, South Yemen, which was under a communist regime and a strong ally of the USSR, attacked and captured Mount Vadiya inside the province of Sharoora in Saudi Arabia. Many PAF officers as well Army personnel who were serving in Khamis Mushayt (the closest airbase to the battlefield), took active part in this battle in which the enemy was ultimately driven back.^[30] The North Yemen Civil War was a war fought between Royalist of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and Republican factions of the Yemen Arab Republic in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970. ...

Black September in Jordan

Main article: Black September in Jordan

After the end of the Six-Day War, Pakistani advisors had remained in Jordan and were training the Jordanian Forces. In 1970, King Hussein of Jordan decided to remove the PLO and its forces from Jordan by force after a series of terrorist acts attributed to the PLO which undermined Jordanian sovereignty. On September 16, King Hussein declared martial law. The next day, Jordanian tanks attacked the headquarters of Palestinian organizations in Amman. The head of Pakistani training mission to Jordan, Brigadier Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (later President of Pakistan), took command of the Jordanian Army's 2nd division and helped Jordan during this crisis. Combatants PLO Jordan Commanders Yasser Arafat King Hussein Casualties 7,000-8,000 killed[1] This article, Black September in Jordan, describes the events surrounding September, 1970 in Jordan. ... is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Gen. ... The President of Pakistan (Urdū: صدر مملکت Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the head of state of Pakistan. ...

Yom Kippur War

Main article: Yom Kippur War

During the Yom Kippur War, sixteen PAF pilots volunteered for service in the Air Forces of Egypt and Syria. The PAF contingent deployed to Inchas Air Base (Egypt) led by Wing Commander Masood Hatif and five other pilots plus two air defence controllers. During this war, the Syrian government decorated Flight Lieutenant Sattar Alvi when he shot down an Israeli Mirage over the Golan Heights.^[30]The PAF pilots then became instructors in the Syrian Air Force at Dumayr Air Base and after the war Pakistan continued to send military advisers to Syria and Jordan. Apart from military advisers, no Pakistani ground forces participated in this war. Combatants  Israel  Egypt,  Syria,  Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul Munim...

Sri Lankan civil war

Main article: Sri Lankan civil war

Pakistan and Sri Lanka enjoy a strong relationship and Pakistan International Airlines planes ferrying Pakistan Army reinforcements to East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, refueled in Colombo after India denied Pakistan overflight permissions before the actual outbreak of the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971. Pakistan has send military advisors, ammunition and other equipment to Sri Lanka during previous offensives against the LTTE. Many Sri Lankan officers are trained in Pakistan. While Pakistan has said that the conflict in Sri Lanka is an internal matter, the LTTE accuse Pakistan of directly getting involved in the conflict.^[31] Combatants Military of Sri Lanka Indian Peace Keeping Force Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Commanders Junius Richard Jayawardene (1983-89) Ranasinghe Premadasa (1989-93) Dingiri Banda Wijetunge (1993-94) Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994-2005) Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005-present) Velupillai Prabhakaran (1983-present) Strength 111,000[1] 11,000[1] The Sri...

Gulf War

Main article: Gulf War

The Pakistani government joined the international community in condemning the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Pakistan also joined the Coalition forces to expel Saadam Hussein's forces from Kuwait. However that was not an easy decision as the CoAS of the Pakistani Army was against sending Pakistani soldiers to fight the fellow Muslim nation of Iraq. This caused a rare strain in the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. Later on, Pakistan agreed to send forces to assist the coalition forces and most of these forces were deployed along the Saudi border with Yemen, which sided with Iraq during the conflict, and Pakistani forces were also stationed around various religious sites throughout Saudi Arabia. Pakistan suffered no casualties in the conflict and later joined the UN in rebuilding Kuwait's destroyed infrastructure. For other uses, see Iraq war (disambiguation). ... Saddam Hussein Saddām Hussein ʻAbd al-Majīd al-Tikrītī (Often spelled Husayn or Hussain; Arabic صدام حسين عبدالمجيد التكريتي; born April 28, 1937 1) was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. ...

Famous Soldiers and Units

Famous Units

• 25th Cavalry, Known as the "Men of Steel"; this regiment was distinguished itself during the crucial early hours of the Battle of Chawinda when it engaged and drove off a much larger force.
• PNS Hangor, A submarine which made the first submarine kill since World War II when it sunk the Indian Frigate, INS Khurki.

• 9 Heavy Regiment (Artillery) "GHAZIAN-E-CHAJJA",First artillery unit of Pakistan after independence acquired first "Sitara-e-Jurat" in 1949. This unit was awarded with "LAHORE 1971" as a Battle honour for its excellent performance in war zone.

• 4 Sind Regiment. For its outstanding performance in the Siachen sector.

Belligerents India Pakistan Commanders P.O Dunn Tikka Khan Strength 1,700 tanks 80,000 infantry initial 150,000 end of battle 600 tanks 30,000 infantry 1000 Tanks and 110,000 infantry end of battle The Battle of Chawinda was a tank battle, fought as part of the Sialkot... Sitara-e-Jurat, is the 3rd highest Military medal of Pakistan. ...

Famous Personnel

• Ayub Khan, self-appointed Field Marshal during the mid-1960s, and the military ruler of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969.
• Yahya Khan, the President of Pakistan and Chief of Army Staff from 1969 to 1971. His rule was characterized by tensions in East Pakistan in the early 1970s that finally led to its secession following the Bangladesh Liberation War.
• Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Chief of Army Staff and President of Pakistan, following the overthrow of civilian government, from 1977 to 1988. His rule is the longest to date in the history of Pakistan, characterized by the introduction of controversially strict Islamic law, the successful rejuvenation of the economy, and the fighting of a war by proxy against the superpower USSR during the Soviet-Afghan War.
• Rahimuddin Khan, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Martial Law Governor of Balochistan and Sindh who is generally credited with stabilizing the secession-threatening Balochistan insurgency during his dictatorial tenure from 1978 to 1984.
• A.O. Mitha, founder of Pakistan's Special Services Group (SSG).
• General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, Director of ISI and administrative fighter of the Afghan jihad against the Soviets. Also famed for being kleptocratic.
• Aziz Bhatti, died defending the approaches to the city of Lahore from the Indian Army in 1965 and earned the Nishan-E-Haider for his valour.
• Muhammad Sarwar, fought and died in the war of 1947 and earned the Nishan-E-Haider for his valour.
• Akbar Khan, helped quell the Baloch insurgency of 1948 and was involved in the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case.
• General A. A. K. Niazi, Pakistani military commander who surrendered to Indian forces in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.
• Rao Farman Ali, architect of the plan to quell the Bengali uprisings in East Pakistan.
• Rashid Minhas, crashed his own plane rather than land in India after his plane was taken over by a Bengali pilot and earned the Nishan-E-Haider for his valour.
• Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, distinguished diplomat and career military officer
• Lalak Jan Shaheed, fought in the Kargil War of 1999 and earned the Nishan-E-Haider for defending his post and driving back numerous Indian attacks.
• Siddique Saliq, who was a Brigadier known for personal incorruptablity, was the trusted confidant of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq who was also on board fatal air-crash in 1988 caused by sabotage.
• Pervez Musharraf, former Chief of Army Staff who ousted Nawaz Sharif in 1999 in a military takeover. Currently serves as a civilian President of Pakistan.
• Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, named as one of the most influential people in the world by Time 100. Is the current Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan, one of the country's most powerful positions.

This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ... Note: This article is about the military usage of the word marshal. For other usages, see the end of this article. ... Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ... The President of Pakistan (UrdÅ«: صدر مملکت Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the head of state of Pakistan. ... Chief of Army Staff of Indian Army is the highest post in the Indian Army ... East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ... For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation). ... Combatants Mukti Bahini India Pakistan Commanders Col. ... General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq محمد ضياء الحق (b. ... Chief of Army Staff of Indian Army is the highest post in the Indian Army ... The President of Pakistan (UrdÅ«: صدر مملکت Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the head of state of Pakistan. ... A relief map of Pakistan showing historic sites. ... Sharia (Arabic شريعة also Sharia, Shariah or Syariah) is traditional Islamic law. ... Rejuvenation is the procedure of reversing the aging process, thus regaining youth. ... Superpowers redirects here. ... State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Soviet republics Area  - Total  - % water 1st before collapse 22,402,200 km² Approx. ... The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a 10-year war which wreaked incredible havoc and destruction on Afghanistan. ... Full General Rahimuddin Khan (Urdu: رحیم الدین خان) (born 21 July 1926) was the Governor of Balochistan, the largest province of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, for an unprecedented seven years (1978-1984), while simultaneously holding the military posts of Armoured Corps Commander as well as Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan, the latter... The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee of Pakistan is, in principle, the highest ranking military official in the country. ... Battlespace Weapons Tactics Strategy Organization Logistics Lists War Portal         For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ... Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ... Sindh (SindhÄ«: سنڌ, UrdÅ«: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ... For other uses, see Secession (disambiguation). ... Dictator was the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the state in times of emergency. ... Major General Abu Bakr Osman Mitha (1923–December 1999) was the pioneer of stay behind concept introduced and manifested in the creation of Pakistan Armys Commando Special Forces to carry out secret and covert operations. ... Military manpower Military age 16 years of age Availability 39,028,014 (2005) Males ages 16-49 Reaching military age males: 1,969,055 (2005) Active troops 620,000 (Ranked 9th) Military expenditures Dollar figure $3. ... Akhtar Abdur Rahman General Akhtar Abdur Rahman (Urdu: اختر عبد الرحمن) was the Director of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan during the 1980s and was the mastermind behind the Afghan Jihad against the Soviet Union with the support of USA. He was a close friend of CIA chief William Casey. ... This article is about the Pakistani intelligence agency. ... Kleptocracy (sometimes Cleptocracy) (root: Klepto+cracy = rule by thieves) is a pejorative, informal term for a government so corrupt that no pretense of honesty remains. ... Major Raja Aziz Bhatti (Urdu: عزیز بهٹی) was born in Hong Kong in 1928. ...   (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور, pronounced ) is the capital of the Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ... Nishan-e-Haider (Urdu: , translated as Order of the Lion, abbreviated as NH), is the highest military award given by Pakistan. ... Muhammad Sarwar was an officer of the newly formed Pakistani Army. ... Major General Akbar Khan, DSO also known as Mohammed Akbar Khan, fought as the Brigadier-in-charge in Kashmir on the Pakistan side in Indo-Pakistan war of 1948. ... Lt. ... Major General (R) Rao Farman Ali Maj Gen Rao Farman Ali Khan (1923 - January 21, 2004). ... Rashid Minhas Rashid Minhas or Rashid Minhas Shaheed (Urdu: راشد منہاس) (February 17, 1951–August 20, 1971) was a Pilot Officer in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. ... Sahabzada Yaqub Ali Khan Sahabzada Yaqub Khan (born 1920) was the International Face of Pakistan for many years. ... Lalak Jan Shaheed (1967–1999) (Urdu: لالک جان ) was born in Yasin, District Ghizer, in the Northern Areas, Pakistan. ... Brigadier Muhmmad Siddique Saliq (1921 - August 17, 1987) was a close associate of former Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. ... Brigadier (IPA pronunciation: ) is a military rank, the meaning of which has a considerable variation. ... General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq محمد ضياء الحق (b. ... For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ... Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: ) (born 11 August 1943, Delhi) is the current President of Pakistan, Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. ... Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu: میاں محمد نواز شریف ) (born December 10, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan)[1] is a Pakistani politician. ... The President of Pakistan (UrdÅ«: صدر مملکت Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the head of state of Pakistan. ... Time 100 cover for 2007 The Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, as assembled by Time. ...

See also

• Indo-Pakistani Wars
• Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

Since both nations achieved independence in August 1947, there have been three major wars and one minor war between India and Pakistan. ... Pakistan started focusing on nuclear development in January 1972 under the leadership of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. ...

Notes

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 81st day of the year (82nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 98th day of the year (99th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 100th day of the year (101st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Brian Cloughley (2001). A History of the Pakistan Army. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-579507-5. 
• Stephen P. Cohen (1998). The Pakistan Army. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577948-7. 
• Jessica Stern and Hassan Abbas (2004). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, The Army, And America's War On Terror. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-1497-9. 
• Gul Hassan Khan (1994). Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan : (The Last Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army) (The Last Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-577447-7. 

External links

• Pakistan Military Guide
• Fifty Years of the Pakistan Army
• The Evolution of The Pakistan Army

v • d • e Military of Pakistan Joint Services National Defence University · Paramilitary forces · Coast Guard · National Command Authority · Military history · UN peacekeeping missions · Weapons of mass destruction · Awards and decorations · Nuclear Doctrine · Inter-Services Intelligence · Arms industry · Inter Services Public Relations · Nuclear power · List of missiles Army Azad Kashmir Regiment · Baloch Regiment · Frontier Force Regiment · Northern Light Infantry · Punjab Regiment · Sindh Regiment · Governor General's Bodyguard · Military Academy · Command and Staff College · Special Service Group · Chief of Staff · XI Corps Air Force Academy · Special Service Wing · Air bases · List of aircraft · Chief of Staff · Sherdils · PAF Museum · Aeronautical Complex · Institute of Aviation Technology · Schools and colleges Navy War College · Special Service Group · PNS Ghazi · Engineering College · Academy · PNS Hangor · School of Logistics & Management · Strategic Institute for Maritime Affairs · P.N.S. Shifa · P.N.S. Rahat · PNS Behr Paima · Marines Wars Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 · Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 · Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 · Bangladesh Liberation War · Kargil War