History of Spain series
Prehistoric Iberia
Roman Hispania
Medieval Spain
- Visigoths & Suevi
- Al-Andalus
- Age of Reconquest
Kingdom of Spain
Age of Expansion
Age of Enlightenment
Reaction and Revolution
First Spanish Republic
The Restoration
Second Spanish Republic
Spanish Civil War
Spain under Franco
Transition to Democracy
Modern Spain
Topics
Economic History
Military History
Social History

The military history of Spain includes the history of battles fought in the territory of modern Spain, as well as her former and current overseas possessions and territories, and the military history of the Spanish people regardless of geography. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Alhambra-petit. ... This article describes the prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula from the appearance of the first human populations until the arrival of the Phoenicians and the first recorded contacts with other European cultures. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ... After the disorders of the passage of the Vandals and Alans down the Mediterranean coast of Hispania from 409, the history of Medieval Spain begins with the Iberian kingdom of the Arian Visigoths (507 – 711), who were converted to Catholicism with their king Reccared in 587. ... Migrations The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Conquista redirects here. ... During the reign of Emperor Charles V (Carlos I of Spain), who ascended the thrones of the kingdoms of Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand, Habsburg Spain controlled territory ranging from Philippines to the Netherlands, and was, for a time, Europes greatest power. ... The Age of Enlightenment came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the accession of King Philip V, the first Spanish king of the French Bourbon dynasty. ... History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain - Visigoths - Al-Andalus - Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social History Spain in the... Flag of the Spanish First Republic The First Spanish Republic lasted only two years, between 1873 and 1874. ... The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29, 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of Alfonso XII to the throne after a coup detat by Martinez Campos, and ended on April 14, 1931 with the proclamation of the Second... Anthem El Himno de Riego Capital Madrid Language(s) Spanish Government Republic President¹  - 1931 Niceto Alcalá-Zamora  - 1937-1939 Juan Negrín Legislature Congress of Deputies Historical era Interwar period  - Monarchy abolished April 14, 1931  - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939  - Surrender to Franco April 1, 1939 Currency Spanish peseta ¹ Formal... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Espa... The Spanish Civil War officially ended on 1 April 1939, the day Francisco Franco announced the end of hostilities. ... The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Economic history of Spain covers the development of the Spanish economy over the course of its history. ...

Carthaginian conquest

Spain before it was largely united under the rule of Carthage was a mix of tribal states, Celtic and Iberian, and trading ports, Greek and Phoenician. The largest state was the kingdom of Tartessus. With the eruption of war between Carthage, a Phoenician colony in North Africa, with the Greeks, the Carthaginians begin extending their influence in Iberia, creating the city of New Carthage (Cartageña), in hopes of crafting a trading empire. Following the First Punic War with Rome, in 237 BC, Hamilcar Barca, the famous Carthaginian general, begins the conquest of Turdetania (the successor state of Tartessus) and Gades to provide a springboard from which further attacks on Rome could be launched. Hamilcar entrusted the conquest and militarisation of the region to his son Hasdrubal the Fair. His other son, Hannibal, would march his troops across Hispania with elephants to lead them on Rome in the Second Punic War. During that war, in 218 BC, Rome declared Hispania to be a provincia. This began the century-long campaign to subdue the people of Iberia to Roman rule following the defeats of Carthage. Carthage (Greek: , from the Phoenician Kart-hadasht meaning new town, Arabic: ‎, Latin: ) refers both to an ancient city in North Africa located in modern day Tunis and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ... This article is about the European people. ... Iberia can mean: The Iberian peninsula of southwest Europe; That part of it inhabited by the Iberians, speaking the Iberian language. ... Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, Spain; now in Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. ... Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city on the south coast of Spain, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. ... Carthage (Greek: , from the Phoenician Kart-hadasht meaning new town, Arabic: ‎, Latin: ) refers both to an ancient city in North Africa located in modern day Tunis and to the civilization that developed within the citys sphere of influence. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, generally divided politically from Sub-Saharan Africa. ... For other places of the same name, see Cartagena. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Marcus Atilius Regulus Gaius Lutatius Catulus Gaius Duilius Hamilcar Barca Hanno the Great Hasdrubal Xanthippus The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three major wars fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. ... Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC - 230s BC - 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC Years: 242 BC 241 BC 240 BC 239 BC 238 BC - 237 BC - 236 BC 235 BC... Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (~270 – 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal. ... The Turdetani were an ancient (pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania), living in the valley of the Guadalquivir in what was to become the Roman Province of Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia, Spain). ... This article is about the Spanish city. ... Hasdrubal the Fair (d. ... Hannibal, the son of Hamilcar Barca, (247 BC – ca. ... Combatants Image:SPQR-Stone. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 223 BC 222 BC 221 BC 220 BC 219 BC - 218 BC - 217 BC 216 BC... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Iberian Peninsula. ... In Italy, the Province (in Italian: provincia) is an administrative division of an intermediate level, between municipality (comune) and region (regione). ...

Roman conquest

After the expulsion of the Carthaginians from Hispania in the Second and Third Punic Wars, Rome warred with the native tribes in an attempt to subdue them. In the northeasterly province of Hispania Citerior, the Celtiberian Wars occupied governing forces for the better part of the second century. In Hispania Ulterior, the Lusitanian War did the same. The resistance of the Lusitani under Viriathus became legendary across the Empire. The Conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 B.C. and ended with the conclusion of the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Caesar Augustus in 17 B.C., including all of the events that occurred in the... Combatants Image:SPQR-Stone. ... The First Celtiberian War was the first of a series of three wars known as the Celtiberian Wars. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Hasdrubal the Boetarch Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Third Punic War (149 to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic. ... The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and... The Numantine War[1] (from Bellum Numantinum in Appians Roman History) was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro. ... Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC), Roman statesman and general. ... The Cantabrian Wars (29 BC-19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient province of Cantabria. ... Combatants Roman Republic Carthage Commanders Scipio Aemilianus Hasdrubal the Boetarch Strength 40,000 90,000 Casualties 17,000 62,000 The Third Punic War (149 to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic. ... During the Roman Republic, Hispania Citerior was a region of Hispania roughly located in the northeastern coast and in the Ebro valley of modern Spain. ... The Celtiberian Wars[1] or Spanish Wars were a series of three wars lasting, off and on, from 181 to 133 BC. They were fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior. ... During the Roman Republic, Hispania Ulterior was a region of Hispania roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of modern Spain. ... The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War),[1] was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occassions (155 and again 146 BC) and... The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were a tribe, or various tribes, from the western Iberian peninsula (province of Lusitania), who spoke a Lusitanian language until the conquest of their territory by the Romans. ... Statue of Viriathus, at Viseu, Portugal Viriathus (known as Viriato in Portuguese and Castilian) (180 BC - 139 BC) was the most important leader of the Lusitanian tribe that resisted Roman expansion into the regions of Western Iberia, where the Roman province of Lusitania would be established (in the areas comprising... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ...

From 81 to 72 BC, Quintus Sertorius held most of Iberia as a de facto independent sovereign against the partisans of Sulla. His attitude towards the natives and his military reforms (he was a partisan of Marius) secured him the loyalty of the populace and the army and his general success until his assassination. Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC - 80s BC - 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC Years: 86 BC 85 BC 84 BC 83 BC 82 BC - 81 BC - 80 BC 79 BC 78... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC 80s BC - 70s BC - 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC Years: 77 BC 76 BC 75 BC 74 BC 73 BC - 72 BC - 71 BC 70 BC 69... Quintus Sertorius (died 72 BC), Roman statesman and general. ... Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (Latin: L·CORNELIVS·L·F·P·N·SVLLA·FELIX) ¹ (ca. ... Gaius Marius (Latin: C·MARIVS·C·F·C·N) (157 - January 13, 86 BC) was a Roman general and politician who was mostly known for his reform of Roman armies. ...

The Spanish Era, a dating system predominant in Iberia until the close of the Middle Ages, began in 38 BC, with Roman peace established over the whole peninsula. The last region of Hispania to be subjected was the northeast. The conquest was complete with the Cantabrian Wars ending in 19 BC. The Spanish era or Era of the Caesars refers to the dating system used in Hispania until the fourteenth century and the adoption of Anno Domini. ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 80s BC 70s BC 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC - 30s BC - 20s BC 10s BC 0s 10s 20s Years: 43 BC 42 BC 41 BC 40 BC 39 BC 38 BC 37 BC 36 BC 35 BC 34 BC... Roman Empire at its greatest extent with the conquests of Trajan Pax Romana (27 BCE-180 CE), Latin for the Roman peace, was the long period of relative peace experienced by the Roman Empire. ... The Cantabrian Wars (29 BC-19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient province of Cantabria. ... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - 1st century Decades: 60s BC 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC - 10s BC - 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s Years: 24 BC 23 BC 22 BC 21 BC 20 BC 19 BC 18 BC 17 BC 16 BC 15 BC 14 BC...

Barbarian conquest

During the third through sixth centuries, the Roman Empire was beset by numerous barbarian invaders, mostly Germanic, who migrated through her borders and began warring and settling in her territories. While the Vandals and Alans were fighting each other for supremacy in southern Gaul, the confederation of the Suevi crossed the Pyrenees and passing through Vasconia, entered Gallaecia. The year was 409. The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. ... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given, in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... The Suebi or Suevi were a Germanic people whose origin was near the Baltic Sea . ... Pic de Bugatetin the Néouvielle Natural Reserve Central Pyrenees The Pyrenees (Spanish: Pirineos; French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés; Basque: Pirinioak) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. ... Gascony (French: Gascogne, pronounced  ; Gascon: Gasconha, pronounced ) is an area of southwest France that constituted a royal province prior to the French Revolution. ... Gallaecia or Callaecia (from Gaulish *gal-laikos smoke?-hero/warrior) was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately the current Galicia of Spain and the north of Portugal). ... For the cleaning product 409®, see butoxyethanol. ...

Vandals and Alans

Main articles: Vandals and Alans

The Vandals soon followed the Suevi example in October and the Alans followed them. The Alans settled in Lusitania and Carthaginiensis and the Siling Vandals in Baetica, while the Asding Vandals vied with the Suevi for Gallaecia. For the following decades, Hispania was beset by the internecine feuding of the Teutons. The Visigoths crossed the Pyrenees to expand their kingdom in 416. They pushed the Vandals and Alans back, defeating and killing the Alan king Attaces in 426 and forcing the two tribes to amalgamate and cross the Straits of Gibraltar into Africa. The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. ... The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of varied backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and to a large extent shared a common culture. ... In red is the province of Lusitania within the Roman Empire, 120 AD Lusitania was an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal, except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho (part of Hispania Tarraconensis), and part of modern day western Spain, the present autonomous communities of Extremadura... Roman theater at Mérida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 AD In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ... Migrations The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... Events Krakatoa undergoes a massive explosion. ... King Attaces was king of the western Alans who migrated away from the oncoming Hunnic horde. ... Events Saint Augustine of Hippo publishes the City of God. ... The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ...

Suevi

Main article: Suebi

In 438, the Suevi king Hermeric ratified a peace with the local Hispano-Roman population, which had been resisting the barbarians. Thus were the Suevi the first to settle down. Weary of fighting, Hermeric abdicated in favour of his son Rechila. Suebi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Events February 15 - The Codex Theodosianus, a collection of edicts of Roman law, is published. ... Hermeric (in Spanish, Hermerico) (d. ... Rechila (or Rechila I; in Spanish, Requila) was the Suevi king of Galicia from 441 until his death in 448. ...

During the expansion of the Visigothic kingdom into Iberia and the subsequent flight of the Vandals and Alans, the Suevi expanded their own realm as far south as Mérida. Mérida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. ...

In 456, the new Catholic king, Rechiar, died in battle with the Visigoth king Theodoric II and the Suevi kingdom began to diminish under Gothic pressure. Political division was rife when, in 585, the Suevi capitulated to the Visigoths. A rebellion was maintained for a few years, but soon the last of Suevi resistance was erased. Events Emperor Marcian quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier. ... Rechiar (or Rechiar I; in Spanish, Requiario) was the Suevi king of Galicia between the years 448 and 456. ... Theodoric II murdered his older brother Thorismund to become king of the Visigoths in 453 CE. Edward Gibbon writes that he justified this atrocious deed by the design which his predecessor had formed of violating his alliance with the empire. ... Events Famine in Gaul. ...

Visigoths

Main article: Visigoth

Visigothic kingdom at its height.

The Visigoths, after expelling the Vandals and Alans, turned their warmaking against the Suevi of Gallaecia. The Suevi king Hermeric, a foederatus of Rome, made peace with the Hispano-Roman population in 438 and abdicated, tired from incessant warfare. The Visigoths consolidated a kingdom spanning most of Iberia and Gaul. For the next two centuries, they warred not only amongst themselves at times of succession crises (which followed every royal death, because their kings were not hereditary but elected), but also against the Byzantine Empire trying to regain territory in the south, the Arian Suevi trying to hang on to Gallaecia, and the Franks expanding against them in southern Gaul. Migrations The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... Download high resolution version (599x611, 80 KB)Map drawn by Lupo, published here under the terms of the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (599x611, 80 KB)Map drawn by Lupo, published here under the terms of the GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hermeric (in Spanish, Hermerico) (d. ... Foederatus early in the history of the Roman Republic identified one of the tribes bound by treaty (foedus), who were neither Roman colonies nor had they been granted Roman citizenship (civitas) but were expected to provide a contingent of fighting men when trouble arose. ... Events February 15 - The Codex Theodosianus, a collection of edicts of Roman law, is published. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Arian may refer to one of the following. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ...

At the Battle of Vouillé in 507, the Franks under Clovis I wrested control of Aquitaine from the Visigoths. The Visigoths lost all of their territory north of the Pyrenees except the province of Gallia Narbonensis. The first half of the sixth century was largely a failure for the Visigoths. They failed to hold onto their Gallic possessions, they failed to oust the Suevi, and they failed to repulse the Byzantine Empire when it first endeavoured to reassert control over its Iberian provinces. In 554, Granada and southernmost Hispania Baetica were lost to the Byzantines. The Battle of Vouillé or Campus Vogladensis was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at a small place near Poitiers, (Gaul) in the spring 507. ... Events Battle of Vouillé: Clovis I defeats the Visigoths near Poitiers, ends Visigothic power in Gaul. ... Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French Louis and modern German Ludwig) (c. ... Location Administration Capital Bordeaux Regional President Alain Rousset (PS) (since 1998) Départements Dordogne Gironde Landes Lot-et-Garonne Pyrénées-Atlantiques Arrondissements 18 Cantons 235 Communes 2,296 Statistics Land area1 41,309 km² Population (Ranked 6th)  - January 1, 2005 est. ... Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis, 120 AD Gallia Narbonensis was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... Events The Byzantine general Narses reconquers all of Italy. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 CE In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ...

Under the last Arian king, Leovigild, the Suevi kingdom was annexed (585) and war of reconquest against the Byzantines was begun. Under King Suintila, it was completed in 624. The Visigoths faced no serious external threat from then on until the sudden Moorish invasion of 711. Liuvigild (Leuvigild, Leuvigildo, Leovigild, Leovigildo, Leogild) reigned 569/572—April 21, 586 CE. He was one of the more effective Visigothic kings of Spain, the restorer of Visigothic unity, ruling from his capital newly established at Toledo, where he settled towards the end of his reign. ... Events Famine in Gaul. ... Statue in Madrid (J. Bustos, 1750-53). ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711–718) commenced when an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Moors, the Muslim inhabitants of Northwest Africa, invaded Visigothic Christian Hispania (Portugal and Spain) in the year 711. ... See also: phone number 711. ...

The Visigoth military structure was highly decentralised. The great territorial magnates, the duces (dukes), maintained their own armies (as in all the great Germanic kingdoms of Europe at the time). These armies rarely cooperated in common and, due to the lack of an external threat, rarely had reason to. They instead wasted themselves in wars for the throne. When the Moors of Africa finally invaded, few dukes came to the aid of their technical sovereign and the entire Visigothic nation was quickly divided and subdued. The Misspeling of Ducks ...

Islamic conquest

Main article: Umayyad conquest of Hispania

Battle of Guadalete.

The Islamic invasion of Iberia was sudden and unexpected. Due to provocations that will never be known for certain, the varied Moorish tribes of Morroco united under the leadership of Arab generals sent by the reigning Umayyad caliph and crossed the Straits of Gibraltar on 30 April 711 under the leadership of the Berber Tariq ibn Ziyad. Tariq won a swift victory at the Guadalete and defeated and killed the reigning Gothic king, Roderic. The next year, he was joined by the troops of Musa ibn Nusair. In a campaign lasting eight years, the whole of Iberia was subjected to Umayyad authority, except for the Asturias mountain range in the far northwest and the pockets of Basque resistance in the Navarre. The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711–718) commenced when an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Moors, the Muslim inhabitants of North and West Africa, invaded Visigothic Christian Hispania (Portugal and Spain) in the year 711 CE. Under the authority of the Umayyad caliph at Damascus, and led... Combatants Visigoths Muslim forces of the Ummayad Commanders Roderic Tariq ibn Ziyad Strength 20,000-30,000 7,000-9,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Guadalete took place July 19, 711, at the Guadalete River (or La Janda Lake) in the southern extreme of the Iberian peninsula. ... Combatants Aquitanians Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Odo of Aquitaine Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani The Battle of Toulouse (721) was a victory of a Frankish army led by Duke Odo of Aquitaine over an Umayyad army besieging the city of Toulouse, and led by the governor of Al-Andalus, Al... Combatants Kingdom of Asturias Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Pelayo of Asturias Munuza † Alqama † Strength 300[1] 800 Casualties 289 dead 600 dead The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Muslim Moors conquest of that region in 711. ... Combatants Carolingian Franks Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Charles Martel ‘Abd-al-Raḥmān al-Ghāfiqī† Strength Unknown, possibly 20,000 to 30,000 [1] Unknown, but the earliest Muslim sources, still after the era of the battle[2] mention a figure of 80,000. ... The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711–718) commenced when an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Moors, the Muslim inhabitants of North and West Africa, invaded Visigothic Christian Hispania (Portugal and Spain) in the year 711 CE. Under the authority of the Umayyad caliph at Damascus, and led... Image File history File links Battle_of_Guadalete. ... Image File history File links Battle_of_Guadalete. ... The Umayyad conquest of Hispania (711–718) commenced when an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Moors, the Muslim inhabitants of North and West Africa, invaded Visigothic Christian Hispania (Portugal and Spain) in the year 711 CE. Under the authority of the Umayyad caliph at Damascus, and led... For the terrain type see Moor Moors is used in this article to describe the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, whose culture is often called Moorish. For other meanings look at Moors (Meaning) or Blackamoors. ... The Kingdom of Morocco is a country in northwest Africa. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Islam Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ); is a member of a Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to the... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... For main article see: Caliphate Khalif is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, or global Islamic nation. ... The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ... April 30 is the 120th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (121st in leap years), with 245 days remaining. ... See also: phone number 711. ... The Amazighs (also called Berber people or Imazighen (ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⴻⵏ), free men, singular Amazigh) are an ethnic group autochthonous to Northwest Africa and speak various Berber languages. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. ... Combatants Visigoths Muslim forces of the Ummayad Commanders Roderic Tariq ibn Ziyad Strength 20,000-30,000 7,000-9,000 Casualties Unknown Unknown The Battle of Guadalete took place July 19, 711, at the Guadalete River (or La Janda Lake) in the southern extreme of the Iberian peninsula. ... Roderic (Roderick; Rodrigo in Spanish and Portuguese, see Rurik for etymology. ... Musa bin Nusair (640 - 716) was a Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads. ... Anthem: Asturias, patria querida Capital Oviedo Official language(s) Spanish; Asturian have special status Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 10th  10,604 km²  2. ... Languages Basque - few monoglots Spanish - 1,525,000 monoglots French - 150,000 monoglots Basque-Spanish - 600,000 speakers Basque-French - 76,000 speakers [4] other native languages Religions Traditionally Roman Catholic The Basques (Basque: Euskaldunak) are an indigenous people[] who inhabit parts of both Spain and France. ... Capital Pamplona (Basque: Iruña) Official language(s) Spanish; Basque co-official in the north of community. ...

The nature of the Islamic conquest was complete, but the offensive was not sustained after losses in Frankland. Neither was it sustained after reverses were experienced during the push into the Asturias. For the next century, a small Christian kingdom under the rule of a Visigothic dynasty persisted in defiance of the caliphate in the Asturias. The Islamic conquest was only very slowly undone, however: over the course of seven centuries in what the Christians of Spain called the Reconquista. Frankland may refer to: Frankland, Western Australia Frankish Empire Category: ... The Caliphate (Arabic خلافة) is the theoretical federal government that would govern the Islamic world under Islamic law, ruled by a Caliph as head of state. ... Conquista redirects here. ...

The Arab methods of warfare were employed with great success against those inexperienced with them, but they made Moslem armies out to be no more raiding parties when confronted by well-prepared forces, as at Tours and Covadonga. The naturally fortress-like nature of the mountainous northern Iberian coast forbade any real attempt by Arab-led Berber armies to subdue the local populace. Combatants Carolingian Franks Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Charles Martel ‘Abd-al-Raḥmān al-Ghāfiqī† Strength Unknown, possibly 20,000 to 30,000 [1] Unknown, but the earliest Muslim sources, still after the era of the battle[2] mention a figure of 80,000. ... Combatants Kingdom of Asturias Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Pelayo of Asturias Munuza † Alqama † Strength 300[1] 800 Casualties 289 dead 600 dead The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Muslim Moors conquest of that region in 711. ...

Reconquista

Main article: Reconquista

Within years of the Islamic conquest, the conquerors were being aggressively opposed by three main forces: the Visigothic holdouts in the Asturias, the Basque holdouts in the Navarre and the Pyrenees, and the Franks of Aquitaine. It is with the former that the Christian Reconquista of Iberia begins. Conquista redirects here. ... Combatants Kingdom of Asturias Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Pelayo of Asturias Munuza † Alqama † Strength 300[1] 800 Casualties 289 dead 600 dead The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Muslim Moors conquest of that region in 711. ... Combatants Franks Basques Commanders Charlemagne Roland, Eginhard, Anselmus Unknown (speculated: Duke Lop of Vasconia) Strength Major army Unknown (guerrilla party) Casualties Massacre of the Frankish rearguard Unknown The Roncevaux Pass (French and English spelling, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in... Battle of Simancas was a military battle that took place in 939 AD in the Iberian Peninsula between the troops of the Christian king Ramiro II of Leon and Muslim caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III near the walls of the city of Simancas, in which was decided the control of... The Battle of Atapuerca was fought in 1054 in the valley of Atapuerca between brothers King García V, El de Nájera, of Navarre and King Ferdinand I, the Great, of Casile and León. ... The Battle of Graus (or Siege of Graus) was a battle of the early Spanish Reconquista in spring 1063 (some sources say the battle was in early May, possibly around May 8). ... Combatants Castile Almoravides Commanders Alfonso VI Yusuf ibn Tashfin Strength About 60,000 About 30,000 Casualties 59,500 dead Unknown The battle of az-Zallaqah الزلاقة (October 23, 1086) was a battle between the Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Castilian King Alfonso VI. Yusuf ibn Tashfin replied to the call... Combatants Almoravids Castile Commanders Yusuf ibn Tashfin Sancho, son of Alfonso VI Casualties Sancho The Battle of Ucles was fought on 29 May 1108 between the Kingdom of Castile and the Almoravids. ... The Battle of Ourique took place in July 26, 1139, in the countryside outside the town of Ourique, present-day Alentejo (southern Portugal). ... Combatants Portugal Crusaders Moors Commanders Afonso I of Portugal Arnold III of Aerschot Christian of Ghistelles Henry Glanville Simon of Dover Andrew of London Saher of Archelle Unknown Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Unknown Unknown The Siege of Lisbon, from July 1 to October 25 of 1147, was the military action... Battle of Alarcos (July 18, 1195), was a great victory of Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur over the Castilian King Alfonso VIII; also referred as the Disaster of Alarcos due to the magnitude of the Castilian defeat. ... The July 16, 1212 battle of Las Navas de Tolosa is considered a major turning point in the history of Medieval Iberia. ... Combatants Castile Moors The Battle of Jerez was fought in 1231 between Castile and the Moors. ... Combatants Christian Spain (Aragon and Castile) Granada Commanders Ferdinand IV Sultan Boabdil Strength 100 000 300 000 Casualties 3000 150 000 The Battle of Granada was fought on January 2, 1492 between the forces of Aragon and Castile and the armies of Muslim controlled Granada. ... Conquista redirects here. ... Conquista redirects here. ...

In 722, Pelayo, a Gothic nobleman, defeated a Berber army intent on completing the conquest of the Asturias at the Battle of Covadonga. This is usually marked as the foundation of the Kingdom of Asturias. The Reconquista, as a concerted effort to remove the Moslems form territories they held, however, was not taken up with any great fervour until the reign of Alfonso I (739 – 757). Alfonso led an offensive into the valley of the Duero and left the region depopulated, the so-called "Desert of the Duero." For the next century, this prevented any serious Moslem incursions into the Christian territory of the north. Events 3 January - Kinich Ahkal Mo Naab III takes throne of Maya state of Palenque Battle of Covadonga: First victory of a Christian army over a Muslim army in Spain (probable date) War between Wessex and Sussex Births Deaths Empress Gemmei of Japan Categories: 722 ... Pelayo (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ... Combatants Kingdom of Asturias Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Pelayo of Asturias Munuza † Alqama † Strength 300[1] 800 Casualties 289 dead 600 dead The Battle of Covadonga was the first major victory by a Christian military force in Iberia following the Muslim Moors conquest of that region in 711. ... Flag Motto: Hoc Signo Tuetur Pius, Hoc Signo Vincitur Inimicus (English: With this sign thou shalt defend the pious, with this sign thou shalt defeat the enemy) Capital Cangas de Onis, San Martín, Pravia, Oviedo Language(s) Asturian, Latin Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy King  - 718-737 Pelayo of... Alfonso I was a King of Asturias (739-757) He is said to have married Ormesinda, daughter of Pelayo, who was raised on the shield in Asturias as king of the Visigoths after the Moorish conquest. ... Events With king Kormishosh the reign of the House of Ukil starts in Bulgaria. ... Events March 9 - A major earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria Offa becomes king of Mercia. ... View of the river mouth from Portos Crystal Palace Gardens, facing West Douro (Latin Durius, Spanish Duero, Portuguese Douro) is one of the major rivers of Portugal and Spain, flowing from its source near Soria across central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Oporto. ...

During that period (late eighth and early ninth century), the Franks under their Carolingian rulers took up the cause of reconquest along the Mediterranean littoral. Though the campaigns of Charlemagne himself often failed (as at Roncesvalles), due to lack of cooperation from the Basques, in 797, his son, Louis the Pious, captured Barcelona the greatest (and then capital) city of the new Marca Hispanica which would evolve into Catalonia, but at the time served as the first bulwark against anything like the invasion of 737 occurring again. Also see: France in the Middle Ages. ... A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer that was painted several centuries after Charlemagnes death. ... The Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvaux in English, Roncesvalles in Spanish, Orreaga in Basque) is the site of a famous battle in 778 in which Hroudland (later changed to Roland), prefect of Brittany March was defeated by the Basques. ... Events July 17 - Irene orders her son, the Byzantine emperor Constantine VI captured and deposed August 15 - Irenes orders are accomplished; her son is blinded, and herself declared emperor the next day. ... Louis the Pious, contemporary depiction from 826 as a miles Christi (soldier of Christ), with a poem of Rabanus Maurus overlaid. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (Catalan) Ciudad Condal (Spanish) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... The Marca Hispanica (Spanish Mark or March) was a buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, first set up by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier to keep the Muslim Moors out of the Frankish Kingdom. ... Anthem: Els Segadors Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Spanish, Catalan and Aranese Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 6th  32,114 km²  6. ... Events Favila becomes king of Asturias after Pelayos death Births Emperor Kammu of Japan (d. ...

Under Ordoño I (died 866) and Alfonso III (died 910), the Reconquista was reinvigorated and the repoblación of the depopulated areas began, extending Christian borders southwards. The serious efforts of the Basques to win back lost territory on the peninsula also began around this time. King Sancho I of Pamplona (905 – 925) extended the Basque kingdom as far as Nájera. In the centre of the peninsula, the encastellation of the vast plateau, which became known as Castile during this period, took place under the watch of the Count Fernán González. During most of the tenth century, however, the Caliphate of Córdoba was experiencing a zenith and the divided Christian north (the Asturias were divided in 910) was incapable of resisting it. At the turn of the millennium, under Almanzor, the caliph's armies even seemed to be capable of reversing the work of the Reconquista. Ordoño I (830?-May 27, 866), became king of Asturias in 850. ... Events Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship. ... Alfonso III (c. ... Events Foundation of the Benedictine monastery of Cluny Chinese Zhou dynasty monarch 懿王 yi4 wang2 is succeeded by 孝王 xiao4 wang2 Hashavarman I succeeds Yasovarman I as ruler of the Khmer empire Gabriel I of Alexandria becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church Garcia I of Leon becomes... The repoblación (Spanish for repopulation) was the ninth-century repopulating of a large region between the River Duero and the Cantabrian Cordillera which had been depopulated in the early years of the Reconquista. ... Sancho Garces was King of Pamplona in 905-925. ... Alternate meaning: Area code 905 Events Births Deaths Categories: 905 ... Events Alfonso IV the Monk becomes king of Leon Ha-Mim proclaims himself a prophet among the Ghomara of Morocco Tomislav, duke of the Croatian duchies of Pannonia and Dalmatia, is crowned King of Croatia at Duvno field. ... Najera (Nájera in Spanish, Naiara in Basque) is a city located in the Rioja Alta district of La Rioja, Spain upon the river Najerilla. ... Encastellation (sometimes castellation, which can also mean crenellation) is the process whereby the feudal kingdoms of Europe became dotted with castles; from which local lords could dominate the countryside of their fiefs and their neighbours and from which kings could command even the far-off corners of their realms. ... Old Castille (Spanish: Castilla la Vieja) is an historic region of Spain, which included territory that later corresponded to the provinces of politically, Santander (now Cantabria), Burgos, Logroño (now La Rioja), Soria, Segovia, and Ávila, to which some scholars add Valladolid and Palencia. ... Ferdinand II González (930–970) was the first independent count of Castile, son of Gonzalo Fernández de Lara, who had been named count of Arlanza and the Duero around the year 900, a descendent of Nuño Rasura, one of the two judges from Castile, and of Rodrigo... ... Almanzor is a Western version of Arabic al-Mansur, the Victorious. Two people are known as Almanzor: the Andalusi general and statesman Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir the Abbasid Caliph Al Mansur of Baghdad Al Mansur. ...

Tizona, the sword of El Cid.

In the early decades of the eleventh century, however, the situation was reversed. Christian Iberia was united under Sancho the Great, the King of Navarre (1000 – 1035), and the caliphate was divided and engulfed by civil war. The era of the taifas ensued in al-Andalus. The eleventh century, from a military perspective, saw a development of absolute importance to the whole history of the West occur first in Spain. This was the concept of a Christian holy war, to be waged against Islam with the purpose of recapturing long lost territories. When applied to Islamic conquests in Asia, the doctrine led to the Crusades. Crusading, under other names, took place in Spain from early in the century. Franks and Normans took to Spain in increasing numbers to join the locals in their fight against "the Moor." In 1063, even papal troops participated in a venture to retake Barbastro. In the final years of the century, as men from the rest of Europe headed east to Palestine for the First Crusade, the pope forbade the men of Spain to do likewise, as they had their own conflict against Islam at home. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... La Tizona. ... Statue of El Cid in Burgos. ... Sancho III (c. ... This is a list of the kings of Navarre. ... Europe in 1000 The year 1000 of the Gregorian Calendar was the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the first millennium. ... Events Harthacanute becomes king of Denmark. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an independent Muslim-ruled principality, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Spain (Arabic: Al-Andalus) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade. ... Norman conquests in red. ... Events Anselm of Canterbury becomes prior at Le Bec Sancho I becomes ruler of Aragon Bishopric of Olomouc is founded Births Deaths April 30 - Emperor Renzong (b. ... Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. ... Barbastro (Latin Barbastrum or Civitas Barbastrensis) is suffragan diocese of the Spanish province of Huesca. ... The Holy Land or Palestine Showing not only the Old Kingdoms of Judea and Israel but also the 12 Tribes Distinctly, and Confirming Even the Diversity of the Locations of their Ancient Positions and Doing So as the Holy Scriptures Indicate, a geographic map from the studio of Tobiae Conradi... Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim...

The last threat of the eleventh century came in the form of religious fanatics from Africa: the Almoravids, who first hegemonised Morocco and then al-Andalus under their banner. While the Reconquista "rested" in the west, in the east of the peninsula, Alfonso the Battler increased the efforts of his predecessors on the Aragonese throne to win back territory in the valley of the Ebro. Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ... Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler (circa 1073-1134, king of Aragon and Navarre 1104-1134). ... Here is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. ... The Ebro (Greek: Έβρος, Latin: Iberus, Spanish: Ebro, Catalan: Ebre) is Spains most voluminous and second longest river. ...

In 1212, the Reconquistadores gained an important battle with a decisive victory over the Almohads. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa has been considered as the major turning point in the history of the Islamic presence in Iberia. Shortly after the battle, the Castilians retook Baeza and, then, Úbeda, major fortified cities near the battlefield, and gateways to invade Andalucia. Thereafter, Ferdinand III of Castile retook Córdoba in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248; then he took Arcos, Medina-Sidonia, Jerez and Cádiz. The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ... The July 16, 1212 battle of Las Navas de Tolosa is considered a major turning point in the history of Medieval Iberia. ... Santa María fountain and cathedral of Baeza Baeza (anc. ... Úbeda (IPA: ) is a town in the province of Jaén in Spains autonomous community of Andalusia. ... Ferdinand III (1198/1199 – 30 May 1252), called the Saint, was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. ... // The name of the Spanish city Córdoba had been spread all over the world: homonymous places etc. ... Jaén may refer to: Jaén, Spain Jaén Province, Spain Jaén, Peru Jaén Province, Peru This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... NO8DO (I was not abandoned) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ... Arcos was a small independent emirate created c. ... Medina-Sidonia is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. ... see: Jerez de la Frontera Jerez was a small independent emirate created c. ...

Conquest of the New World

After Christopher Colombus's successful navigation to the New World, it was rapidly conquered by the conquistadors, resulting in the destruction of the Aztec empire in Mexico under Montezuma II, and many other local tribes. No authentic contemporary portrait of Columbus has been found; this late 19th-century engraving is one of many conjectural images For information about the director, see the article on Chris Columbus. ... Carte dAmérique, Guillaume Delisle, c. ... Conquistador (Spanish: []) (meaning Conqueror in the Spanish language) is the term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers and adventurers who brought much of the Americas and Asia Pacific under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement established in the modern-day Bahamas... The Aztecs is a collective term used for all of the Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican peoples under the control of the Mexica, founders of Tenochtitlan, and their two principal allies, who built an extensive empire in the late Postclassic period in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries in Central Mexico. ... Moctezuma II (also Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin) (1466-1520) was an Aztec ruler or tlatoani c. ...

Carlist Wars

Main article: Carlist Wars

The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. Several times during the period from 1833 to 1876 the Carlists — followers of Infante Carlos (later Carlos V) and his descendants — rallied to the cry of “Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey”, or "God, Country, Traditional Laws, and King" and fought for the cause of Spanish tradition (absolutism and Catholicism) against liberalism, and later the republicanism, of the Spanish governments of the day. The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. ... A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... Carlism was a conservative political movement in Spain, purporting to establish an alternative branch of the Bourbons in the Spanish throne. ... Infante Carlos of Spain Don Carlos María Isidro Benito de Borbón, Infante of Spain (1788-1855) was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Louisa of Parma. ... The fuero is a Spanish legal term and concept; there is a similar Portuguese term, the foral. ... The term absolutism can mean: A belief in absolute truth moral absolutism, the belief that there is some absolute standard of right and wrong political absolutism, a political system where one person holds absolute power, also called apolytarchy from Gr. ... As a Christian ecclesiastical term, Catholic - from the Greek adjective , meaning general or universal[1] - is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as follows: ~Church, (originally) whole body of Christians; ~, belonging to or in accord with (a) this, (b) the church before separation into Greek or Eastern and Latin or... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens. ...

When Ferdinand VII of Spain died in 1833, his fourth wife Maria Cristina became Queen regent on behalf of their infant daughter Isabella II. This splintered the country into two factions known as the Cristinos (or Isabelinos) and the Carlists. The Cristinos were the supporters of the Queen Regent and her government. The Carlists were the supporters of Carlos V, a pretender to the throne and brother of the deceased Ferdinand VII, who denied the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830 that abolished the Salic Law. Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... Isabella II (October 10, 1830 – 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was queen of Spain. ... The King of the Franks, in the midst of the military chiefs who formed his Treuste -- or armed court, dictates the Salic Law (Code of the Barbaric Laws). ...

The First Carlist War lasted over seven years and the fighting spanned most of the country at one time or another, although the main conflict centered on the Carlist homelands of the Basque Country and Aragon. At the beginning of the 18th century, King Philip V of Spain promulgated the Salic Law, which declared illegal the inheritance of the Spanish crown by women. ... The Ikurriña, Basque flag Location of Territory of the Basque Country The Basque Country divided in seven provinces. ... Capital Zaragoza Official language(s) Spanish Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th  47,719 km²  9. ...

The Second Carlist War was a minor Catalonian uprising lasting two years from 1846 to 1849. The rebels tried to install Carlos VI on the throne. In Galicia, the uprising was put down by General Ramón María Narváez. The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne. ... Anthem: Els Segadors Capital Barcelona Official language(s) Spanish, Catalan and Aranese Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 6th  32,114 km²  6. ...

The Third Carlist War began in the aftermath of the deposition of one ruling monarch and abdication of another. Queen Isabella II was overthrown by a conspiracy of liberal generals in 1868, and left Spain in some disgrace. The generals replaced her with Amadeo, the Duke of Aosta (and second son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy). Then. when the Spanish elections of 1872 resulted in government violence against Carlist candidates and a swing away from Carlism, the Carlist pretender, Carlos VII, decided that only force of arms could win him the throne. The Third Carlist War began. It lasted until 1876. Restoration promiss During the Third Carlist War (1872-1876), the carlist forces managed to occupy some cities in the interior Catalonia. ... King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. ...

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was considered by the Carlists as yet another crusade against secularism. In spite of the victory of their side, General Franco frustrated the pretensions of the Carlist monarchism and subsumed their militias into the Nationalist army and their political party into his National Movement. Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Espa... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Campaigns abroad

Restoration Spain continued to participate in expeditions abroad despite its economic and political difficulties. In 1848 popular convulsions swept the Papal States, forcing Pope Pius IX to flee Rome for the fortress of Gaeta while the masses clamoured for liberal reforms and formed a republican government. From the start of the crisis Spain made clear its intention to restore the Pope's temporal authority. Spanish proposals for joint action by the "Catholic Powers"—Spain, France, Austria, Bavaria, Tuscany, Sardinia, and Naples-Sicily—were rejected by the Italian states on the grounds that an invitation of Austrian authority over their internal politics was unacceptable. Spain ignored her diplomatic setbacks and organized an independent expedition to make good her promise. In February 1849, five warships, including the frigates Isabella II, Lepanto, Valador and Mazzaredo, steamed to Gaeta from Barcelona. Three more from Cadiz followed in May, bearing troops from the Regimiento Inmemorial del Rey under General Fernando Fernández de Córdova. ^[1] Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ... Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from his election in June 16, 1846, until his death more than 31 years later in 1878, making him the longest-reigning Pope since the Apostle St. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5... Gaeta (ancient Latin name Caieta) is a city in Province of Latina, in Lazio, Italy. ... Liberalism is an ideology, philosophical view, and political tradition which holds that liberty is the primary political value. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control. ... The geographic region and Free State of Bavaria (German:  ), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... Tuscany (Italian: )is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ... Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1839: Mainland Piedmont, with Savoia upper left (pink) and Nizza (Nice) lower left (brown) both now French, and Sardinia in the inset. ... The Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italian: il Regno delle Due Sicilie) was the new name that the Bourbon King Ferdinand IV of Naples bestowed upon his domain (including Southern Italy and the island of Sicily) after the end of the Napoleonic Era and the full restoration... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (Catalan) Ciudad Condal (Spanish) Postal code 08001–08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... This article is about the Spanish city. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

In total, 4,000 Spanish soldiers were deployed in Gaeta and placed at the Pope's disposition. This marked the Spanish Army's first expeditionary venture into Italy since the War of the Austrian Succession a hundred years prior. Spanish columns secured the region and assisted the French in their operations at Itri. The Spanish did not, however, join the French army in its terrible and bloody assault on the Republicans in Rome, and little fighting took place at Gaeta. Before returning to Rome in 1850, Pope Pius personally reviewed and thanked his Spanish succourers. The Spaniards unfurled the standard of Castile and laid it at Pius's feet, asking him to tread his holy feet upon the flag according to the army's ancient customs. Afterwards, the Pope was ordered to forfeit his shoes—having touched Castile's colours, the Papal shoes could no longer tread on any but Spanish ground! So ended Spain's last Italian campaign. The Spanish Army (Ejército de Tierra in Spanish; literally, Land Army) is one branch of the Spanish Armed Forces, in charge of land operations. ... Combatants Prussia Spain France Electorate of Bavaria Kingdom of Naples Austria Great Britain Dutch Republic Electorate of Saxony Sardinia Russian Empire Commanders Frederick II Leopold I Leopold II Maurice de Saxe François-Marie de Broglie Charles VII Ludwig Khevenhüller Charles Alexander George II Charles Emmanuel III Empress Maria... Itri is a small city in the central Italian region of Latium and the Province of Latina. ... The starting point of Crown of Castile can be considered when the union of the Kingdoms of Castile and Leon in 1230 or the later fusion of their Cortes (their Parlaments). ...

Leopoldo O'Donnell's ministry was successful enough in restoring stability at home that it was able to project power abroad; Spain participated in the French expedition to Cochin China, the allied expedition sent in support of the French intervention in Mexico, an expedition to Santo Domingo, the Chincha Islands War, and most importantly, a successful campaign into Morocco that earned Spain a favorable peace and new territories across the Strait of Gibraltar. O'Donnell, even while president of the government, personally took command of the army in this campaign, for which he was named Duque de Tetuán. Leopoldo ODonnell Joris, (1809-1867), Spanish general and stateman. ... Cochin China (also known as Cochinchina or in French, Cochinchine) was the southernmost part of Vietnam beside Cambodia. ... Combatants Second Mexican Empire Second French Empire United Kingdom Spain Austria-Hungary Belgium Republic of Mexico Strength 38,493 French soldiers, 7000 Austro-Hungarian volunteers, 2000 Belgian volunteers ~80,000 Casualties 6,654 French killed and wounded 12,000 Mexican killed and wounded Emperor Maximilian Napoleon III of France Ju... Santo Domingo de Guzmán, population 2,061,200 (Metro) (2003), estimated 2,253,437 (Metro) in 2006, is the capital and the largest city of the Dominican Republic. ... A Peruvian battery during the Battle of Callao The Chincha Islands War (in Spanish, Guerra Hispano-Peruana) (1864-1866) was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru and Chile. ... Combatants Morocco Spain Commanders Mohammed IV of Morocco Juan Prim Leopoldo ODonnell Strength 40,000 140,000 Casualties 6,000 dead or wounded 4,000 dead or wounded The Spanish-Moroccan War of 1859, known as the African War in Spain (Spanish: La Guerra de África), was a war... The Strait of Gibraltar as seen from space. ...

Spanish Civil War

Main article: Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War was a war that was fought between Francisco Franco's Nationalists, and the old Republican government. Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Espa... Combatants Spanish Republic With the support of: Soviet Union[1] Nationalist Spain With the support of: Italy Germany Commanders Manuel Azaña Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Casualties 500,000[2] The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Espa... Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892–20th (or possibly 19th) November[1] 1975), commonly abbreviated to Francisco Franco (pron. ...

In this war 60,500 Republicans and 59,500 Nationalistswere killed in action. The Nationalists performed 35,021 executions and the Republicans performed 72,344. The total death count for the war was 433,500, including those who died of disease.

Salas Larraza, Ramon, Perdidas de la guerra (1977), cited at length in Stanley Payne, The Franco Regime 1936-1975 (1987)

World Wars and beyond

Main article: Spain in World War II

Spain sent a small medical unit to the Vietnam War. While this unit was respected by both the American army and the Viet Cong, the government of Francisco Franco preferred to keep silent about this intervention. At the start of World War II, in September 1939, Spain had only recently come through its bitter civil war. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892–20th (or possibly 19th) November[1] 1975), commonly abbreviated to Francisco Franco (pron. ...

Spanish military terms

Historically, many Spanish military terms have been influential and adopted in English and other languages. These include grenade (from "granada," "pomegranate"), fifth column, admiral (from Arabic "Amir-al-bahr," "commander of the seas," adopted by the Spanish Catalans), colonel (Latin term made famous by the Spanish tercios), and guerrilla. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Grenade may refer to: The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. ... Binomial name Punica granatum L. The Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–8 m tall. ... A fifth column is a group of people which clandestinely undermines a larger group to which it is expected to be loyal, such as a nation. ... Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... Colonel (IPA: or ) is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... Tercio was a term used by the Spanish army to describe a mixed infantry formation of about 3,000 pikemen and musketeers, sometimes referred to by other nations as a Spanish Square. ... Guerilla may refer to Guerrilla warfare. ...

Notes

Sources

Salas Larraza, Ramon, Perdidas de la guerra (1977), cited at length in Stanley Payne, The Franco Regime 1936-1975 (1987)