NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Millennium Bridge (London)

Coordinates: 51°30′35″N, 0°05′54″W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...

The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England, linking Bankside with the City. It is located between Southwark Bridge (downstream) and Blackfriars Bridge (upstream). It was the first new bridge across the Thames in London since Tower Bridge in 1894 and it is owned and maintained by Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation. Several bridges in the United Kingdom are known as the Millennium Bridge. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2058x1501, 494 KB) The bridge seen from the Tate Modern. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (2058x1501, 494 KB) The bridge seen from the Tate Modern. ... Download high resolution version (1394x1024, 239 KB)The London Millennium Bridge with by St. ... Download high resolution version (1394x1024, 239 KB)The London Millennium Bridge with by St. ... This article is about the cathedral church of the diocese of London. ... A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been created since ancient times as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, for use by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge. ... The Thames is a river flowing through southern England, and one of the major waterways in England. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto)1 Unified - by Athelstan 927 AD Area - Total... Bankside is an area in Southwark, London, on the southern bank of the River Thames. ... The City of London is a geographically-small city within Greater London, England. ... Southwark Bridge and St Pauls Cathedral Southwark Bridge seen from the South Bank of the Thames. ... Blackfriars Bridge with St Pauls Cathedral behind Blackfriars Bridge viewed from upstream, looking south Blackfriars Bridge, seen from Waterloo Bridge. ... For the bridge of the same name in California, see Tower Bridge (California). ... Bridge House Estates is a trust in London. ... The Corporation of London is the municipal governing body of the City of London. ...

The southern end of the bridge is near Globe Theatre, the Bankside Gallery and Tate Modern, the north end next to the City of London School below St Paul's Cathedral. The bridge alignment is such that a clear view of St Paul's south facade is presented from across the river, framed by the bridge supports, thus providing one of London's most photogenic views of the cathedral. This article is about the Globe Theatre of Shakespeare (commonly known as Shakespeares Globe Theatre) and includes information about both the original and its modern reconstruction. ... The Bankside Gallery is an art gallery in Bankside, South London. ... Tate Modern from the Millennium Bridge Tate Modern from St Pauls Cathedral. ... The red-brick City of London School beside the River Thames. ... This article is about the cathedral church of the diocese of London. ...

Design

The design of the bridge was the subject of a competition organised in 1996 by Southwark council. The winning entry was an innovative "blade of light" effort from Arup, Foster and Partners and Sir Anthony Caro. Due to height restrictions, and to improve the view, the bridge's suspension design had the supporting cables below the deck level, giving a very shallow profile. The bridge has two river piers and is made of three main sections of 81m, 144m and 108m (North to South) with a total structure length of 325m; the aluminium deck is 4m wide. The eight suspension cables are tensioned to pull with a force of 2,000 tons against the piers set into each bank — enough to support a working load of 5,000 people on the bridge at one time. Arup is a professional services firm providing engineering, design, planning, project management and consulting services for all aspects of the built environment. ... 30 St Mary Axe, one of Londons most popular new buildings, towers above its neighbours. ... Sir Anthony Caro, OM, CBE, (born 8 March 1924 in New Malden, Surrey) is an English, abstract sculptor whose work is characterised by assemblies of metal using found industrial objects. ... A protected view is the legal requirement within urban planning to preserve the view of a specific place or historic building from another location. ... Look up ton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

History

Construction began in late 1998 with the main works beginning on 28 April 1999 by Monberg Thorsen and Sir Robert McAlpine. The bridge was completed at a cost of £18.2m (£2.2m over budget) and opened on 10 June 2000 (2 months late) but unexpected lateral vibration (resonant structural response) caused the bridge to be closed on 12 June for modifications. The movements were produced by the sheer numbers of pedestrians (90,000 users in the first day, with up to 2,000 on the bridge at any one time). The bridge was on the route of a major charity walk and it was an exceptionally fine day. The initial small vibrations encouraged (or even obliged) the users to walk in synchronisation with the sway, increasing the effect even when the bridge was comparatively lightly loaded at the beginning of the day. This swaying motion earned it the nickname the Wobbly Bridge. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1530x2311, 1205 KB) Summary View from the top of St Pauls Cathedral of Tate Modern and the Millennium Bridge, London. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1530x2311, 1205 KB) Summary View from the top of St Pauls Cathedral of Tate Modern and the Millennium Bridge, London. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar). ... Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd. ... June 10 is the 161st day of the year (162nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Resonance

Attempts were made to limit the number of people crossing the bridge: this led to long queues, but dampened neither public enthusiasm for what was something of a white-knuckle ride, nor the vibrations themselves. The closure of the bridge only three days after opening attracted public criticism, as another high-profile British millennium project suffered an embarrassing setback, akin to how many saw the Millennium Dome. Queue at US Air Force station in Iraq, for food at a birthday celebration. Queue areas are areas in which people queue (first-come, first-served), that is they wait in line for something. ... The third millennium (so called because it is the third period of 1000 years in the Common Era) is a period of time which began on (depending on your beliefs) 1 January 2001 and will end on 31 December 3000 or 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2999. ... The O2 redirects here. ...

Resonant vibrational modes have been well understood in bridge designs following the failure of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. However not much notice had been given to pedestrian-excited lateral motion. This motion was caused by the human reaction to small lateral movements in the bridge, which set up a driven harmonic motion in the bridge. As such the motion was not anticipated by the computational analysis of the bridge prior to construction. It is often thought that the unusually low profile of the suspension cables contributed to the problem, but an analysis by the structural engineer, Arup, shows that it can occur in any bridge, suspension or otherwise, which happens to have the appropriate resonant frequencies and is subjected to large crowds. After extensive analysis, the problem was fixed by the retrofitting of 37 fluid-viscous dampers (energy dissipating) to control horizontal movement and 52 tuned mass dampers (inertial) to control vertical movement. This took from May 2001 to January 2002 and cost £5m. After a period of testing the bridge was successfully re-opened on 22 February 2002, and as yet there have not been any noticeable severe vibrations. This article is about resonance in physics. ... The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a mile-long (1600 meter) suspension bridge with a main span of 2800 feet (850 m) (the third-largest in the world when it was first built[1]) that carries Washington State Route 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound from Tacoma to Gig... A Harmonic oscillator is a system which, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force proportional to the displacement : where is a positive constant. ... A tuned mass damper is a device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage or outright structural failure by vibration. ... Year 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 2001 Gregorian calendar). ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ...

The bridge was temporarily closed on 18 January 2007, during the Kyrill storm due to strong winds and risks of pedestrians being blown off the bridge.^[1] is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is now the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... Kyrill (IPA: ) is the name given to a low pressure area that evolved into an unusually violent European windstorm, forming an extratropical cyclone with hurricane-strength winds. ...

See also

Angers Bridge was a suspension bridge over the Maine River in Angers, France. ... The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a mile-long (1600 meter) suspension bridge with a main span of 2800 feet (850 m) (the third-largest in the world when it was first built[1]) that carries Washington State Route 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound from Tacoma to Gig...

Gallery

References

External links

v • d • e

Bridges of Central London, west to east

onmouseover="pv(event, 103)" onmouseout="unpv(103)" style="">Chelsea Bridge • Grosvenor Bridge • Vauxhall Bridge • Lambeth Bridge • Westminster Bridge • Hungerford Bridge • Waterloo Bridge • Blackfriars Bridge • Blackfriars Railway Bridge • Millennium Bridge • Southwark Bridge • Cannon Street Railway Bridge • London Bridge • Tower Bridge Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... The Wikimedia Commons (also called Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Structurae is an on-line database containing works of structural and civil engineering of all kinds such as Bridges, High-rise buildings, towers, dams, etc. ... This is a list of crossings of the River Thames, downstream first, including bridges, tunnels and ferries. ... The Thames is a river flowing through southern England, and one of the major waterways in England. ... Blackfriars Railway Bridge, London, with remains of old bridge in foreground Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge. ... Southwark Bridge and St Pauls Cathedral Southwark Bridge seen from the South Bank of the Thames. ... Chelsea Bridge from the south bank. ... Grosvenor Bridge with Battersea Power Station in the background Grosvenor Bridge, often alternatively called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge. ... Vauxhall bridge looking downstream from the north bank. ... Lambeth Bridge, seen from Millbank, looking north and downstream Lambeth Bridge from Millbank, facing east towards Lambeth Image:Lambeth. ... Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster, with a glimpse of Westminster Abbey behind the tower of Big Ben. ... Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges, seen from the north The Hungerford Bridge runs over the River Thames in London, between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. ... View of the old Waterloo Bridge from Whitehall stairs, John Constable, 18 June 1817 Waterloo Bridge granite stone in Canberra, Australia. ... Blackfriars Bridge with St Pauls Cathedral behind Blackfriars Bridge viewed from upstream, looking south Blackfriars Bridge, seen from Waterloo Bridge. ... Blackfriars Railway Bridge, London, with remains of old bridge in foreground Blackfriars Railway Bridge is a railway bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and the Millennium Bridge. ... The London Millennium Footbridge is a pedestrian-only steel suspension bridge crossing the River Thames in London between the existing Southwark Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge, linking Bankside with the City. ... Southwark Bridge and St Pauls Cathedral Southwark Bridge seen from the South Bank of the Thames. ... Cannon Street Railway Bridge Cannon Street Railway Bridge is a bridge in central London, crossing the River Thames. ... For other uses, see London Bridge (disambiguation). ... For the bridge of the same name in California, see Tower Bridge (California). ...

See also: Crossings of the River Thames • Bridges of the United Kingdom This is a list of crossings of the River Thames, downstream first, including bridges, tunnels and ferries. ... Bridges in the United Kingdom is a link page for any non-railway bridge in the United Kingdom. ...

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