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In engineering, the Miller cycle is a combustion process used in a type of four-stroke internal combustion engine. The Miller cycle was patented by Ralph Miller (engineer), an American engineer, in the 1940s. In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot source and a cold sink. Heat is transferred from the source, through the working body of the engine, to the sink, and in this process some... The Atkinson cycle engine is a type of Internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. ... The Brayton cycle is a cyclic process generally associated with the gas turbine. ... The Carnot cycle is a particular thermodynamic cycle, modeled on the Carnot heat engine, studied by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in the 1820s and expanded upon by Benoit Paul Émile Clapeyron in the 1830s and 40s. ... In a combined cycle power plant, or combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, a gas turbine generator generates electricity and the waste heat from the gas turbine is used to make steam to generate additional electricity via a steam turbine, this last step enhances the efficiency of electricity generation. ... The Crower six-stroke engine is a concept under development by Bruce Crower, known for the invention and manufacture of many devices now used in automotive acceleration racing (see National Hot Rod Association and drag racing). ... The Diesel cycle is the combustion process of a type of internal combustion engine, in which the burning of the fuel is triggered by the heat generated in first compressing air in the piston cavity, into which is then injected the fuel - as opposed to it being ignited by a... This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ... The Kalina cycle is a thermodynamic cycle for converting thermal energy to mechanical power which utilizes working fluid comprised of at least two different components and a ratio between those components is varied in different parts of the system to increase thermodynamical reversibility and therefore increase overall thermodynamic efficiency. ... The Lenoir cycle is an idealised thermodynamic cycle for the pulse jet engine. ... Dual Combustion Cycle(Also known as limited pressure cycle or mixed cycle) is a combination of Otto Cycle and Diesel Cycle, in a way , that heat is added partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure. ... The four-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine is the cycle most commonly used for automotive and industrial purposes today and everyday in (cars and trucks, electrical generators, etc). ... The Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle. ... The Scuderi Split Cycle Engine design is a rethink of the conventional four-stroke Otto cycle internal combustion engine conceived by Carmelo J. Scuderi (1925-2002). ... A Stirling engine and generator set with 55 kW electrical output, for combined heat and power applications. ... The two-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke cycle by completing the same four operations (intake, compression, power, exhaust) in only two strokes (linear movements of the piston) rather than four. ... Wankel Engine in Deutsches Museum Munich, Germany The Wankel rotary engine is a type of internal combustion engine, invented by German engineer Felix Wankel, which uses a rotor instead of reciprocating pistons. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949. ...

This type of engine was first used in ships and stationary power-generating plants, but was adapted by Mazda for their KJ-ZEM V6, used in the Millenia sedan. More recently, Subaru has combined a Miller cycle flat-4 with a hybrid driveline for their "Turbo Parallel Hybrid" car, known as the Subaru B5-TPH. Mazda Motor Corporation ) (TYO: 7261 ) is a Japanese automotive manufacturer based in Hiroshima, Japan. ... The Mazda K family is a 60° V6 automobile engine, ranging from a tiny 1. ... The Ford Essex V6 engine V6 and V-6 redirect here. ... The Mazda Millenia was originally planned as the smaller of two luxury cars for Mazdas luxury brand, Amati. ... For other uses, see Subaru (disambiguation). ... A flat-4 is a four cylinder internal combustion engine where the cylinders are arranged in a flat configuration, also referred to as horizontally opposed. ... Honda Insight, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle 2004 Toyota Prius, a hybrid gas-electric vehicle A hybrid vehicle uses multiple energy sources or propulsion systems to provide motive power. ...

A traditional Otto cycle engine uses four "strokes", of which two can be considered "high power" – the compression stroke (high power consumption) and power stroke (high power production). Much of the internal power loss of an engine is due to the energy needed to compress the charge during the compression stroke, so systems that reduce this power consumption can lead to greater efficiency. The four-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine is the cycle most commonly used for automotive and industrial purposes today and everyday in (cars and trucks, electrical generators, etc). ...

In the Miller cycle, the intake valve is left open longer than it would be in an Otto cycle engine. In effect, the compression stroke is two discrete cycles: the initial portion when the intake valve is open and final portion when the intake valve is closed. This two-stage intake stroke creates the so called "fifth" cycle that the Miller cycle introduces. As the piston initially moves upwards in what is traditionally the compression stroke, the charge is partially expelled back out the still-open intake valve. Typically this loss of charge air would result in a loss of power. However, in the Miller cycle, this is compensated for by the use of a supercharger. The supercharger typically will need to be of the positive displacement type due its ability to produce boost at relatively low engine speeds. Otherwise, low-rpm torque will suffer. The four-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine is the cycle most commonly used for automotive and industrial purposes today and everyday in (cars and trucks, electrical generators, etc). ... A supercharger (also known as a blower) is an air compressor used to force more air (and hence more oxygen) into the combustion chamber(s) of an internal combustion engine than can be achieved at ambient atmospheric pressure. ...

A key aspect of the Miller cycle is that the compression stroke actually starts only after the piston has pushed out this "extra" charge and the intake valve closes. This happens at around 20% to 30% into the compression stroke. In other words, the actual compression occurs in the latter 70% to 80% of the compression stroke. The piston gets the same resulting compression as it would in a standard Otto cycle engine for less work.

The Miller cycle results in an advantage as long as the supercharger can compress the charge using less energy than the piston would use to do the same work. Over the entire compression range required by an engine, the supercharger is used to generate low levels of compression, where it is most efficient. Then, the piston is used to generate the remaining higher levels compression, operating in the range where it is more efficient than a supercharger. Thus the Miller cycle uses the supercharger for the portion of the compression where it is best, and the piston for the portion where it is best. In total, this reduces the power needed to run the engine by 10% to 15%. To this end, successful production engines using this cycle have typically used variable valve timing to effectively switch off the Miller cycle in regions of operation where it does not offer an advantage. Variable valve timing, or VVT, is a generic term for an automobile piston engine technology. ...

In a typical spark ignition engine, the Miller cycle yields an additional benefit. The intake air is first compressed by the supercharger and then cooled by an intercooler. This lower intake charge temperature, combined with the lower compression of the intake stroke, yields a lower final charge temperature than would be obtained by simply increasing the compression of the piston. This allows ignition timing to be altered to beyond what is normally allowed before the onset of detonation, thus increasing the overall efficiency still further. It has been suggested that Front mounted intercooler, Top mounted intercooler and Charge cooler be merged into this article or section. ...

Efficiency is increased by raising the compression ratio. In a typical gasoline engine, the compression ratio is limited due to self-ignition (detonation) of the compressed, and therefore hot, air/fuel mixture. Due to the reduced compression stroke of a Miller cycle engine, a higher overall cylinder pressure (supercharger pressure plus mechanical compression) is possible, and therefore a Miller cycle engine has better efficiency. Bold text The compression ratio is a single number that can be used to predict the performance of any engine (such as an internal-combustion engine or a Stirling Engine). ...

It should be noted that the benefits of utilizing positive displacement superchargers do not come without a cost. 15% to 20% of the power generated by a supercharged engine is usually required to do the work of driving the supercharger, which compresses the intake charge (also known as boost).

A similar delayed-valve closing method is used in some modern versions of Atkinson cycle engines, but without the supercharging. These engines are generally found on hybrid electric vehicles, where efficiency is the goal, and the power lost compared to the Miller cycle is made up through the use of electric motors. The Atkinson cycle engine is a type of Internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. ... A hybrid car or hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive the wheels directly. ...