NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Millet

The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops or grains, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. They do not form a taxonomic group, but rather a functional or agronomic one. Their essential similarities are that they are small-seeded grasses grown in difficult production environments. It was millets, rather than rice, that formed important parts of prehistoric diet in Chinese Neolithic and Korean Mumun societies. Millet can mean: Millet (cereal grain) Millet (Ottoman Empire) Millet (Manufacturer) (a manufacturer of sporting goods in France) People: Catherine Millet (French writer) Francis Davis Millet (American painter and writer) Jean-FranÃ§ois Millet (French painter) Lydia Millet (American writer) Robert L. Millet (American religious scholar) This is a disambiguation... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 315 KB)Pearl millet developed by USDA-ARS and grown at Tifton, GA. Non-copyrightable image courtesy of the USDA-ARS. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 315 KB)Pearl millet developed by USDA-ARS and grown at Tifton, GA. Non-copyrightable image courtesy of the USDA-ARS. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old... Binomial name (L.) R. Br. ... A ripe red jalapeÃ±o cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... Grain redirects here. ... A crop is any plant that is grown in significant quantities to be harvested as food, livestock fodder, or for another economic purpose. ... An assortment of grains The word grain has a great many meanings, most being descriptive of a small piece or particle. ... Fodder growing from barley In agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, including cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...

Millet varieties

The millets include species in several genera, mostly in the subfamily Panicoideae, of the grass family Poaceae. The most widely cultivated species in order of worldwide production[1] are.: Image File history File links Name Panicum miliaceum Family Image no. ... Image File history File links Name Panicum miliaceum Family Image no. ... Binomial name Panicum miliaceum L. Proso millet, also known as common millet, broom corn, hog millet or white millet, is a species of millet that has been cultivated for thousands of years in East Asia and Russia. ... Subdivisions See text Panicoideae is a subfamily of the true grass family. ... Subfamilies There are 7 subfamilies: Subfamily Arundinoideae Subfamily Bambusoideae Subfamily Centothecoideae Subfamily Chloridoideae Subfamily Panicoideae Subfamily Pooideae Subfamily Stipoideae The true grasses are monocotyledonous plants (Class Liliopsida) in the Family Poaceae, also known as Gramineae. ...

Minor millets include: Binomial name (L.) R. Br. ... {toxri coxa ki zaki| color = lightgreen | name = Foxtail millet | image = Setaria italica0. ... Binomial name Panicum miliaceum L. Proso millet, also known as common millet, broom corn, hog millet or white millet, is a species of millet that has been cultivated for thousands of years in East Asia and Russia. ... Binomial name L. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana, Amharic á‹³áŒ‰áˆ³ Dagusa or á‰¶áŠ©áˆ¶ tÅkÅ«sÅ), also known as African millet or Ragi), is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the arid areas of Africa and Asia. ...

Teff (Eragrostis tef) and fonio (Digitaria exilis) are also often called millets, as more rarely are sorghum (Sorghum spp.) and Job's Tears (Coix lacrima-jobi). Species See text. ... Binomial name Eragrostis tef (Zucc. ... Binomial name Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf Synonyms Paspalum exile Kippist Syntherisma exilis (Kippist) Newbold White fonio (Digitaria exilis) is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species that are harvested in the savannas of west Africa. ... Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are utilised as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. ... Binomial name Coix lacryma-jobi L. Synonyms Coix agrestis Lour. ...

Production history

Specialized archaeologists called palaeoethnobotanists, relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that the cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in prehistory than rice^[1], especially in northern China and Korea. Broomcorn (Panicum miliaceum) and Foxtail millet were important crops beginning in the Early Neolithic of China. For example, some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at Cishan (north) and Hemudu (south). Cishan dates to 7000-5000 BCE and contained pit-houses, storage pits, pottery, stone tools related to cultivation, and carbonized foxtail millet. A 4000 year old well-preserved bowl containing well-preserved noodles made from foxtail millet and broomcorn millet was found at the Lajia archaeological site in China ^[2]. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 58 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of millet output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (India - 10,300,000 tonnes). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 58 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of millet output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (India - 10,300,000 tonnes). ... Flotation machine in use at Hallan Ã‡emi, southeast Turkey, c. ... {toxri coxa ki zaki| color = lightgreen | name = Foxtail millet | image = Setaria italica0. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... The Cishan culture (ç£å±±æ–‡åŒ–) (6000-5500 BC) was a Neolithic Yellow River culture in northern China, centered primarily around southern Hebei. ... The Hemudu culture (æ²³å§†æ¸¡æ–‡åŒ–) was a Neolithic culture that fluorished just south of the Hangzhou Bay in Jiangnan in modern Yuyao, Zhejiang, China. ... Binomial name Panicum miliaceum L. Proso millet, also known as common millet, broom corn, hog millet or white millet, is a species of millet that has been cultivated for thousands of years in East Asia and Russia. ... Lajia (å–‡å®¶) village is an archaeological site located in Minhe County in northwest Chinas Qinghai province. ...

Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the Korean Peninsula dating to the Middle Jeulmun pottery period (c. 3500-2000 BCE) (Crawford 1992; Crawford and Lee 2003). Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multi-cropping agriculture of the Mumun pottery period (c. 1500-300 BCE) in Korea (Crawford and Lee 2003). Millets and their wild ancestors such as barnyard grass and panic grass were also cultivated in Japan during the Jōmon period some time after 4000 BCE (Crawford 1983, 1992). Millet was consumed in northern Europe at least since the Iron Age, based upon analysis of Haraldskær Woman found in Jutland, Denmark ^{[citation needed]}. The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. ... The Jeulmun pottery period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B.C. (Bale 2001; Choe and Bale 2002; Crawford and Lee 2003; Lee 2001, 2006). ... The Mumun Pottery Period (Hanja: ç„¡æ–‡åœŸå™¨æ™‚ä»£, Hangeul: ë¬´ë¬¸í† ê¸°ì‹œëŒ€ Mumun togi sidae) is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 1500-300 B.C. (Ahn 2000; Bale 2001; Crawford and Lee 2003). ... Binomial name Echinochloa crus-galli Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyard grass) is a species of Echinochloa. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The following text needs to be harmonized with text in the article History of Japan#Jomon Period. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... HaraldskÃ¦r Woman in glass covered coffin, Velje, Denmark The HaraldskÃ¦r Woman (or Haraldskaer Woman) is a well-preserved Iron Age bog body naturally preserved in a bog in Jutland, Denmark. ... Jutland Peninsula Jutland (Danish: Jylland; German: JÃ¼tland; Frisian JutlÃ¢n; Low German JÃ¶tlann) is the western, continental part of Denmark as well as one of the three historical Lands of Denmark, dividing the North Sea from the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. ...

Major research on millets is carried out by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Andhra Pradesh, India, and by the USDA-ARS at Tifton, Georgia, USA. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics or ICRISAT is a non-profit and non-political research organization helping the poor in the semi-arid areas of the developing world. ... Andhra redirects here. ... The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ... Tifton is a city in Tift County, Georgia, United States. ...

Current uses of millet

Millets are principally food sources in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In Western India, millet flour (called "Bajari" in Marathi) has been commonly used with "Jowar" (Sorghum) flour for hundreds of years to make the local staple flat bread (called "Bhakri"). Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 775 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1786 Ã— 1382 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 775 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1786 Ã— 1382 pixel, file size: 1. ... Marathi is one of the widely spoken languages of India, and has a long literary history. ... Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are utilised as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. ... Bhakri is a Flat unleavened Indian roti made with Jowar and flour. ...

Millets are traditionally important grains used in brewing millet beer in some cultures, for instance by the Tao people of Orchid Island and, along with sorghum, by various peoples in East Africa. Millet beer, also known as Bantu beer, kaffir beer, or opaque beer, is an alcoholic beverage made from malted millet. ... Old photo of the Tao people on the shore of Orchid Island, ca. ... Old photo of the people of Orchid Island, near Taiwan published in a Japanese colonial government publication, ca. ... Species About 30 species, see text Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are utilised as fodder plants either cultivated or as part of pasture. ...

Coeliac patients can replace certain cereal grains in their diets by consuming millets in various forms including breakfast cereals. Coeliac disease (also termed non-tropical sprue, celiac disease and gluten intolerance) is an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation of the proximal portion of the small intestine caused by exposure to certain dietary gluten proteins. ...

Millet can often be used in recipes instead of buckwheat, rice, or quinoa. Binomial name Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a plant in the genus Fagopyrum (sometimes merged into genus Polygonum) in the family Polygonaceae. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Willd. ...

Millet sprays are often recommended as healthy treats to finicky pet birds, as they are easily eaten and (in the case of destruction-prone hookbills) easily broken.

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Nutrition

The protein content in millet is very close to that of wheat; both provide about 11% protein by weight. Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ...

Millets are rich in B vitamins, especially niacin, B6 and folacin, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, and zinc. Millets contain no gluten, so they cannot rise for bread. When combined with wheat or xanthan gum (for those who have coeliac disease), though, they can be used for raised bread. Alone, they are suited for flatbread. Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+, and NADP play essential roles in energy metabolism in the living cell and DNA repair. ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of a water-soluble B vitamin. ... For other uses, see Calcium (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number potassium, K, 19 Chemical series alkali metals Group, period, block 1, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 39. ... General Name, symbol, number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, period, block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white solid at room temp Standard atomic weight 24. ... General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ... Wheat - a prime source of gluten Gluten is an amorphous mixture of ergastic (i. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide used as a food additive and rheology modifier. ... Coeliac disease or celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals in all age groups after early infancy. ... Crisp bread Making Tortillas A flatbread is a simple bread made from flattened dough. ...

As none of the millets are closely related to wheat, they are appropriate foods for those with celiac disease or other forms of allergies/intolerance of wheat. However, millets are also a mild thyroid peroxidase inhibitor and probably should not be consumed in great quantities by those with thyroid disease. Coeliac disease (also termed non-tropical sprue, celiac disease and gluten intolerance) is an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation of the proximal portion of the small intestine caused by exposure to certain dietary gluten proteins. ... Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme (EC 1. ... The thyroid gland and its relations The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands in the body. ...

Preparation

The basic preparation consists in washing the millet and toasting it while moving until one notes a characteristic scent. Then five measures of boiling water for each two measures of millet are added with some sugar or salt. The mixture is cooked covered using low flame for 30-35 minutes.

References

BBC News is the department within the BBC responsible for the corporations news-gathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Grains | Millets | Cereals Grain redirects here. ... For other uses, see Amaranth (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Barley (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a plant in the genus Fagopyrum (sometimes merged into genus Polygonum) in the family Polygonaceae. ... Binomial name Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf Synonyms Paspalum exile Kippist Syntherisma exilis (Kippist) Newbold White fonio (Digitaria exilis) is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species that are harvested in the savannas of west Africa. ... Binomial name Coix lacryma-jobi L. Synonyms Coix agrestis Lour. ... Binomial name Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen KaÃ±iwa is a species of goosefoot, similar in character and uses to the closely related to quinoa. ... This article is about the maize plant. ... Binomial name Avena sativa Carolus Linnaeus (1753) The Oat (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain, and the seeds of this plant. ... Binomial name Willd. ... For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ... Commercial sorghum refers to the cultivation and commercial exploitation of species of grasses within the genus Sorghum. ... Look up Spelt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Triticale Triticale (x Triticosecale) is an artificial or man-made hybrid of rye and wheat first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century. ... Binomial name Eragrostis tef (Zucc. ... Species Zizania aquatica Zizania latifolia Zizania palustris Zizania texana Zizania aquatica L. Hitchc. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ...

Contents

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