A Mineriad (Mineriada in Romanian) is the parody term used to name any of the successive violent interventions of miners in Bucharest. These interventions were aimed at wrestling policy changes or simply material advantages from the current political power. The term is mostly used to refer to the most violent mineriad, which happened on the 14 and 15 June 1990. The Mineriads had a devastating effect upon Romania's international image.^{[citation needed]} The term follows the names of classic events like the Olympics (Olimpiada in Romanian) or the Crusades (Cruciada in Romanian) representing a gathering of people with a usually honourable goal. Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... (Redirected from 14 June) June 14 is the 165th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (166th in leap years), with 200 days remaining. ... June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The five Olympic rings were designed in 1913, adopted in 1914 and debuted at the Games at Antwerp, 1920. ... The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade. ...

January 1990 mineriad

28 January

After the National Salvation Front's decision to transform itself into a party, an anti-Communist demonstration took place in Bucharest's Victoria Square (Piaţa Victoriei), organised by the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNŢCD), National Liberal Party (PNL), and other smaller parties. The manifestation was mainly aimed at Ion Iliescu, protesters waving banners reading "He who spent five years with the Russians, cannot think like Bush", "We don't want neocommunism" or "Yesterday Ceauşescu, today Iliescu" "Using the TV (media), you have lied to the people". The National Salvation Front (in Romanian, Frontul Salvării NaÅ£ionale, FSN) was the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, subsequently turned into a political party. ... The Christian-Democratic Peoples Party (Partidul Popular Creştin-Democrat, PPCD) is a Romanian christian-democratic party. ... The Partidul NaÅ£ional Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a liberal party in Romania, and the second largest party in parliament, being edged out only by the Social Democratic Party. ... Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ...

The National Salvation Front (FSN) also organised a demonstration, bringing in workers from factories in Bucharest that, armed with clubs and crowbars, chanted what will become the 'motto' of the first three Mineriads: "Death to intellectuals!". The National Salvation Front (in Romanian, Frontul Salvării Naţionale, FSN) was the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, subsequently turned into a political party. ... A motto (from Italian) is a phrase or a short list of words meant formally to describe the general motivation or intention of an entity, social group, or organization. ...

Even if the anti-Communist demonstration started out, and was intended to be, non-violent, the protesters charged on the Parliament building and demanded their resignation. After that, the FSN started talks with opposition parties. In the mean time, Ion Iliescu called upon the population of Romania to come to Bucharest to protect democracy. The National Salvation Front (in Romanian, Frontul Salvării Naţionale, FSN) was the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, subsequently turned into a political party. ...

29 January

On the morning of the 29th of January, over 5,000 miners from Jiu Valley came to Bucharest, heeding the leaders' call, armed as the FSN supporters. They headed out for the PNŢCD and PNL headquarters and attacked and devastated them. In a rather dramatic moment, Petre Roman, Prime Minister at the time, came in a military vehicle and pulled Corneliu Coposu from his party's besieged headquarters. Iliescu and Roman then addressed the crowd, calming things and sending the miners home. The Jiu Valley is the a region of South-Western Romania, in Hunedoara county where the Jiu river is flowing. ... Petre Roman (born July 22, 1946) is a Romanian politician, former Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. ... Corneliu Coposu (* May 20, 1914, Bobota, Sălaj County - † November 11, 1995, BucureÅŸti) was a conservative Romanian politician, born in Transylvania. ...

February 1990 mineriad

Less than a month after the January mineriad, another anti-Communist manifestation took place in Bucharest (February 28). Despite the demonstrators' pleas to non-violence, several persons started throwing stones into the Government building. Riot police and army forces intervened to restore order, and on the same night, 4,000 miners rushed into Bucharest. Their "services" weren't needed any more, but they threatened they will return in force whenever somebody opposed the government. February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Opposition leaders and independent media speculated that the demonstration was manipulated by Securitate and FSN. The Securitate (Romanian for Security; official full name Departamentul Securităţii Statului, State Security Department), was the secret police force of Communist Romania. ... The National Salvation Front (in Romanian, Frontul Salvării Naţionale, FSN) was the governing body of Romania in the first weeks after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, subsequently turned into a political party. ...

June 1990 mineriad

Main article: June 1990 Mineriad

The Romanian miners of Jiu Valley were called by the newly-elected power to Bucharest to end the riots that broke up on 13 June 1990. As Ion Iliescu put it, the miners were called to save the "besieged democratic regime" and restore order and democracy in Bucharest. A democracy and order disturbed by a months long demonstration labelled in the same parodic style Hooliganiad (Golaniada in Romanian and the participants were called golani (rascals) or huligani (hooligans)), happening in University Square and trying to attain official recognition for the 8th demand of the popular Proclamation of Timişoara, which stated that the communists should be prevented from holding official functions — the elected president of Romania, Ion Iliescu being a former Communist himself. The June 1990 Mineriad was the suppression of the student-led protests (the Golaniad) in 1990 Romania by the miners of Jiu Valley called in by the newly-elected power to Bucharest. ... The Jiu Valley is the a region of South-Western Romania, in Hunedoara county where the Jiu river is flowing. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... An anti-communist rally in the University Square of Bucharest, 1990 The Golaniad (Romanian: Golaniada) was a protest in Romania in the University Square, Bucharest. ... University Square is located in the downtown Bucharest, near the Bucharest University. ... The Proclamation of TimiÅŸoara is a document written by the TimiÅŸoara participants in the Romanian Revolution of 1989, in which they expressed their political views and demands. ... Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ...

Students in University Square of Bucharest, 1990

Many people, most of them intellectuals, were dissatisfied with Ion Iliescu's first government, made up mostly of former communists, because it implemented reforms very slowly or not at all. There had been a protest and hunger strike since 20 May, the general elections day, when the protesters were angry that Iliescu's FSN won the elections mostly because the opposition had no chance to mount an effective campaign, and that former communists were in power — the only other country of the ex-Soviet bloc in which this happened was Bulgaria, where the Bulgarian Socialist Party won a 52.7% majority. Download high resolution version (850x281, 62 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (850x281, 62 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... May 20 is the 140th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (141st in leap years). ... The Bulgarian Socialist Party (Bulgarian: Bălgarska Socialističeska Partija or Българска социалистическа партия) (BSP or БСП) is a political party in Bulgaria and successor to the Bulgarian Communist Party. ...

The official figures say that during the third Mineriad, seven people were killed and more than a thousand were wounded. However, some NGOs say that at least 100 people died. The newspaper România Liberă said that on 29 June 1990 over 40 bodies were buried in a common grave in Străuleşti, near Bucharest. The Mineriad of June 1990 is believed to have been a staged event, not a spontaneous one, with political implications, going all the way to the Presidency and National Secret Services.^{[citation needed]} România Liberă is one of the leading newspapers in Romania. ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of Presidents of Romania: Note: The official function of President of Romania did not exist until March 1974. ... The Serviciul Român de Informaţii (SRI) is the Romanian intelligence service and it is thought that before 1989 it was one of the top three in the world although many people werent aware of the fact. ...

September 1991 mineriad

The fourth mineriad began on 24 September, under the pretext that the Petre Roman government did not gave a solution to their demands, but it is alleged that it was due the fact that there were some disagreements between President Ion Iliescu and reformist Prime Minister Petre Roman. September 24 is the 267th day of the year (268th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Petre Roman (born July 22, 1946) is a Romanian politician, former Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. ... Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian Prime Ministers | History of Romania ...

The miners occupied the town hall of Petroşani and from its balcony, Miron Cozma said "We're going to Bucharest". They hijacked a train and several thousands miners left toward the Victoria Palace, the headquarters of the government. Petre Roman refused to negotiate with them and the miners began attacking the guards of the government. The Roman government resigned a day later. Before leaving, the miners went to the Chamber of Deputies asking for Iliescu resignation, but Iliescu discussed with Miron Cozma and the miners left Bucharest. Three people died and 455 were wounded during this mineriad. City Hall is a 1996 film directed by Harold Becker. ... PetroÅŸani (Hungarian: Petrozsény, German: Petroschen) is a city in Hunedoara county, Romania, with a population of 45,447 (2002). ... Miron Cozma (born August 25, 1954 in Derna, Bihor) is a Romanian miner union leader. ... Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Victoria Palace is a palace of Bucharest which is the residence of the Prime Minister of Romania and his cabinet. ... Chamber of Deputies is the name given to a legislative body, which may either be the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or the name of a unicameral one. ...

January 1999 mineriad

The miners left again for Bucharest, unhappy with the governmental reduction of the subsidies, which would result in the closing of the mines. The barricade installed by the gendarmes at Costeşti was crossed by the miners and near Râmnicu Vâlcea a Gendarmerie unit was ambushed by the miners. Reaching Râmnicu Vâlcea, they sequestered the prefect of Vâlcea County. Radu Vasile, Prime Minister at the time, negotiated an agreement with Miron Cozma, the miners' leader, at the Cozia Monastery, nearby. Status Capital of Romania Mayor Adriean Videanu, since 2005 Area 228 km² Population (2003) 1,929,615[1] Density 9131. ... Jandarmeria Română is the military branch of the Romanian police force. ... County Vâlcea Status County capital Mayor Mircia Gutau, Democratic Party, since 2004 Population (2002) 107,656 Coordonate Geografice {{{coordonate}}} Web site http://www. ... Jandarmeria Română is the military branch of the Romanian police force. ... County Vâlcea Status County capital Mayor Mircia Gutau, Democratic Party, since 2004 Population (2002) 107,656 Coordonate Geografice {{{coordonate}}} Web site http://www. ... Vâlcea (also spelt Vîlcea) is a county (judeÅ£) of Central-South Romania, in Eastern Oltenia (Western Wallachia); its capital city is Râmnicu Vâlcea (population: 119,581). ... Radu Vasile (born 10 October 1942, Sibiu) is a Romanian politician, historian and poet. ... Categories: Lists of office-holders | Romanian Prime Ministers | History of Romania ... Miron Cozma (born August 25, 1954 in Derna, Bihor) is a Romanian miner union leader. ... Cozia Monastery, erected by Mircea cel Bătrân in 1388 and boasting his tomb, is one of the most valuable monuments of national medieval art and architecture in Romania. ...

February 1999 mineriad

On 14 February 1999, Cozma was found guilty for the 1991 mineriad and sentenced for 18 years in prison. The miners led by Cozma left for Bucharest and were stopped by the police at Stoeneşti, Olt. In the battle, 100 policemen and 70 miners were wounded and one miner died. Cozma was arrested and sent to Rahova prison. February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ... StoeneÅŸti may refer to several places in Romania: StoeneÅŸti, a commune in ArgeÅŸ County StoeneÅŸti, a commune in Giurgiu County StoeneÅŸti, a commune in Olt County StoeneÅŸti, a commune in Vâlcea County StoeneÅŸti, a village in FloreÅŸti-StoeneÅŸti Commune, Giurgiu County... Administrative map of Romania with Olt county highlighted Olt is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Wallachia region, with the capital city at Slatina (population: 87,608). ... Rahova is a neighbourhood of southwest Bucharest, situated in the 5th district (sector), west of DâmboviÅ£a River. ...

Ion Iliescu pardoned Cozma's sentence on December 15, 2004, a few days before his term ended, but revoked the decision two days later, having faced the outrage of Romanian and international media and politicians. A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

However Cozma attacked in a Court of Law the withdrawal of the pardoning and on the 14th of June 2005 he was freed by the Judge Court of Craiova county. Many people saw this as a bitter irony, to free this man exactly 15 years after the atrocities, in a time when the country was mourning for the lives lost or destroyed in the mineriad from 1990 and the ones that followed.

On September 28, 2005, Miron Cozma was sentenced by the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice to serve 10 years in prison for the January 1999 Mineriad, nevertheless all his sentences have been cumulated, so as of June 2006 he has 13 more months to serve. His request to be released on parole was denied on June 2, 2006. September 28 is the 271st day of the year (272nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Miron Cozma (born August 25, 1954 in Derna, Bihor) is a Romanian miner union leader. ... The High Court of Cassation and Justice (Romanian: Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie) is Romanias supreme Court of justice. ... June 2 is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining. ... For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...

References

• Academia Caţavencu, 13-15 Iunie: Trei zile cu ghinION, no. 16/2005, 27 April 2005.

December 2004 first page of the Academia Caţavencu Academia Caţavencu (Caţavencu Academy) is a Romanian satirical magazine founded in 1991, famous for its investigations. ... April 27 is the 117th day of the year (118th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 248 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Association of Victims of the Mineriads

• (Romanian) Information about the first three mineriads
• (Romanian) Third mineriad article