NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Miramichi Valley

The Miramichi Valley is a Canadian river valley located in the east-central part of New Brunswick. It extends along both branches of the Miramichi River and their tributaries, however it is generally agreed that the much larger Southwest Miramichi River forms the majority of this region as it is more settled than the Northwest Miramichi River. Motto: Spem reduxit (Hope restored) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Capital Fredericton Largest city Saint John Official languages English, French (the only constitutionally bilingual province in the country) Government - Lieutenant-Governor HermÃ©nÃ©gilde Chiasson - Premier Shawn Graham (Liberal) Federal representation in... The Miramichi River is a Canadian river located in the central-eastern part of the province of New Brunswick. ... The Southwest Miramichi River is a Canadian river in New Brunswick. ... The Northwest Miramichi River is a Canadian river in New Brunswick. ...

Some communities throughout the valley include Juniper, NB, Boiestown, NB, Doaktown, NB, Blackville, NB, Renous, NB, Sunny Corner, NB, Quarryville, NB, and the city of Miramichi, NB which is an amalgamation of the towns of Newcastle, NB and Chatham, NB, as well as the villages of Nelson-Miramichi, NB, Loggieville, NB and Douglastown, NB. There are Mi'kmaq reserves at Eel Ground, NB, Red Bank, NB and Burnt Church, NB. Juniper is an incorporated village of Carleton County, in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. ... Doaktown is a village on the Southwest Miramichi River in central New Brunswick, Canada. ... Blackville is a small village on the Southwest Miramichi River in central New Brunswick, Canada, approximately 40 kilometres southwest of Miramichi. ... Miramichi is the largest city in northern New Brunswick, Canada. ... Newcastle, New Brunswick was a former town on the Miramichi River in east central New Brunswick, Canada. ... Chatham, New Brunswick, Canada, a former town on the south bank of the Miramichi River, was subsumed in 1995 into the new city of Miramichi. ... History Nelson-Miramichi became part of the City of Miramichi on January 1, 1995. ... The Mikmaq The Mikmaq (; also spelled MÃkmaq, Migmaq, Micmac or MicMac) are a First Nations people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canadas Atlantic Provinces, and the GaspÃ© Peninsula of Quebec. ... Burnt Church is a Mikmaq First Nations reserve in New Brunswick, Canada. ...

Climate

Largely influenced by the continental climate, the Miramichi River valley typically experiences westerly winds from the interior, although coastal areas of the estuarine portion can experience easterly winds off the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the late summer. During fall, winter and spring, the colder air mass of the northern interior of North America frequently flows over the Miramichi Valley, but the close proximity of the Gulf of St. Lawrence tends to moderate this effect. A continental climate is the climate typical of the middle-latitude interiors of the large continents of the Northern Hemisphere in the zone of westerly winds; similar climates exist along the east coasts and southwest coasts of the same continents, and also at higher elevations in certain other parts of...

The colder waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence also moderate the spring and summer months, producing a later spring than corresponding areas further inland, due to sea ice. Falls are correspondingly later, since the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawerence retain heat for a longer period than the areas inland. An icebreaker navigates through young (1 year old) sea ice Sea ice is formed from ocean water that freezes. ...

The Miramichi River and its estuarine portion traditionally freezes solid for three to four months each winter. This is beginning to change as a result of changing climate trends, however as late as the 1950s, before a bridge was built at Chatham, NB, cars would regularly cross the river using the ice, and small trucks of fish buyers would venture down river on the ice to purchase smelt directly from ice fishermen at their nets. This does not cite its references or sources. ... Genera Allosmerus Hypomesus Mallotus Osmerus Spirinchus Thaleichthys Smelts are a family, Osmeridae, of small anadromous fish. ...

Forests

Coniferous Black Spruce and Red Spruce are common, as well as Balsam Fir, White Spruce, Eastern White Pine, Red Pine, Jack Pine, Tamarack Larch, Eastern Hemlock, and Eastern Arborvitae). Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Binomial name Picea mariana The Black Spruce (Picea mariana) is a common coniferous tree in North America. ... Binomial name Picea rubens Sarg. ... Binomial name Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. ... Binomial name Picea glauca (Moench) Voss The White Spruce (Picea glauca) is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 15-30 m tall, rarely to 40 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. ... Binomial name Pinus strobus L. Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) is a large pine native to eastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to Minnesota and southeasternmost Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to the extreme north of Georgia. ... Binomial name Pinus resinosa The Red Pine (Pinus resinosa), is a North American pine, occurring from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. ... Binomial name Pinus banksiana Lamb. ... Binomial name Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch Uses Young tree with fall colors The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and was used by the Algonquian people for making snowshoes and other products where toughness was required. ... Binomial name Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. ... Species Thuja occidentalis Eastern Arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis, a species of thuja, is an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to the northeastern US and southeastern Canada, from central Saskatchewan east to New Brunswick, and south to eastern Tennessee in the Appalachian Mountains. ...

Deciduous trees include Yellow Birch, Paper Birch, Red Maple, Sugar Maple, Trembling Aspen, Bigtooth Aspen, Speckled Alder, Northern red oak, American Elm, American Beech, and Black Ash. Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off) and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally. ... Binomial name Betula alleghaniensis Britt. ... Binomial name Betula papyrifera Marsh. ... Binomial name Acer rubrum L. Red Maple (Acer rubrum) is also known as Swamp Maple or Soft Maple. ... Binomial name Acer saccharum Marshall The Sugar Maple Acer saccharum is a prominent tree in the hardwood forests of eastern North America. ... Species Populus adenopoda Populus alba Populus grandidentata Populus sieboldii Populus tremula Populus tremuloides Aspens are trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the poplar genus, Populus sect. ... Species Populus adenopoda Populus alba Populus grandidentata Populus sieboldii Populus tremula Populus tremuloides Aspens are trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the poplar genus, Populus sect. ... Binomial name Alnus incana The grey alder is primarily a tree of northern Europe. ... Binomial name Quercus rubra L. The Northern Red Oak, Quercus rubra (syn. ... Binomial name Ulmus americana L. The American Elm Ulmus americana is a species of elm native to eastern North America, occurring from Nova Scotia west to southeast Saskatchewan, and south to Florida and central Texas. ... Binomial name Fagus grandifolia Ehrenb. ... Species See text European Ash in flower Narrow-leafed Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) shoot with leaves Closeup of European Ash seeds 19th century illustration of Manna Ash (Fraxinus ornus) An ash can be any of four different tree genera from four very distinct families (see end of page for disambiguation), but...

Land ownership in the Miramichi River valley reflects human settlement patterns, with most private land ownership having been derived from the Crown grant and extending inland, perpendicular to the river and its tributaries. Remaining Crown land, inland from the river, is managed by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources which provides access through timber leases to forestry companies. Controversy has arisen in recent decades about forest management practises which have included clear cutting. Deforestation, in general is the sustained removal of trees. ...

Agriculture

The Miramichi River valley supports some farming, mostly located on the better topsoils within the floodplain. Crop farming is rare, with potatoes, turnips, oats, and wheat being most common. Some residents maintain small vegetable gardens for personal use in communities throughout the valley. Dairy farming is common, as is cultivation of blueberries, strawberries, raspberries and cranberries. Some failed farms which had been cleared in colonial times have reverted to forest. Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, commonly grown for its starchy tuber. ... Trinomial name Brassica rapa rapa L. For similar vegetables also called turnip, see Turnip (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Avena sativa Carolus Linnaeus (1753) The Oat (Avena sativa) is a species of cereal grain, and the seeds of this plant. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 For the indie rock group see: Wheat (band). ... Species See text. ... Species 20+ species; see text The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae, and the fruit of these plants. ... Binomial name Rubus idaeus L. The Raspberry or Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is a plant that produces a tart, sweet, red composite fruit in summer or early autumn. ... Species Vaccinium erythrocarpum Vaccinium macrocarpon Vaccinium microcarpum Vaccinium oxycoccus Approximate ranges of the cranberries in sect. ...

Although not strictly agriculture, the Miramichi River valley also sees an annual spring harvest of "fiddleheads", the curled heads of ferns which grow on the riverbanks and in the floodplain after the spring freshet. Fiddlehead is a name referring either to a young fern or to the top part of immature fronds that appear curled. ... Classes Psilotopsida Equisetopsida Marattiopsida Pteridopsida (Polypodiopsida) A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta. ...

Fishing

The Miramichi River is famous for Atlantic Salmon fly-fishing (rod and reel), whereas the estuary once supported an extensive fishery for salmon, shad, gaspereau and smelt. Although these commercial harvests have declined (commercial fishing of Atlantic Salmon having been banned since the 1960s), the lobster fishery has grown to become the highest value food fishery in the region, with the lobster fleet sailing primarily out of ports such as Neguac, Hardwicke, NB, Baie-Sainte-Anne, NB, and Escuminac, NB. The Miramichi River estuary also supports some oyster harvesting and aquaculture, particularly cultivated mussels. Binomial name Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 Atlantic salmon, known scientifically as Salmo salar, is a species of fish in the family Salmonidae, which is found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into the Atlantic. ... Species See text. ... Genera Allosmerus Hypomesus Mallotus Osmerus Spirinchus Thaleichthys Smelts are a family, Osmeridae, of small anadromous fish. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1969, inclusive. ... Subfamilies and Genera Neophoberinae Acanthacaris Thymopinae Nephropsis Nephropides Thymops Thymopsis Nephropinae Homarus Nephrops Homarinus Metanephrops Eunephrops Thymopides Clawed lobsters comprise a family (Nephropidae, sometimes also Homaridae) of large marine crustaceans. ... Neguac is a village on Miramichi Bay in north-eastern New Brunswick, Canada, at the southern end of the Acadian Peninsula and 44 kilometres northeast of Miramichi. ... Baie-Sainte-Anne is an unincorporated community on Miramichi Bay in eastern New Brunswick, Canada. ... Escumiac, (population, 242) is a fishing hamlet in Northumberland County, New Brunswickat the entrance to Miramichi Bay in eastern New Brunswick, Canada. ... Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-OlÃ©ron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-OlÃ©ron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-OlÃ©ron, opened The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of mollusks which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ... Mussels A mussel is a bivalve shellfish that can be found in lakes, rivers, creeks, intertidal areas, and throughout the ocean. ...

Most commercial fish stocks have been in a state of decline, particularly Atlantic Salmon. Despite these declines, the Miramichi River still supports one of the largest annual runs of Atlantic salmon in North America. These declines in Atlantic salmon runs are ofter blamed on the Greenland high seas fishery, global climate change, as well as local overfishing. Recent clear-cutting logging practices that denigrate the spawinging tributaries and headwaters and pollution share some blame as well. Ã— The Traffic Light colour convention, showing the concept of Harvest Control Rule (HCR), specifying when a rebuilding plan is mandatory in terms of precautionary and limit reference points for spawning biomass and fishing mortality rate. ... It has been suggested that Pollutant be merged into this article or section. ...

Wildlife

The Miramichi River watershed supports a large population of land mammals and waterfowl, particularly White-tailed Deer, Moose, American Black Bear, ducks and the Canada Goose. Other animals include Red Fox, Northeast Coyote, mink, fisher, weasel, skunk, porcupine, beaver, and muskrat among many others. Binomial name Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann, 1780 The White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer found throughout most of the continental United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central America and northern portions of South America as far south as Peru. ... Binomial name Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) Moose range map The moose (so named in North America) or elk (in Europe), Alces alces, is the largest member of the deer family Cervidae, distinguished from the others by the palmate antlers of its males. ... Binomial name Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780 For the Eurasian Black Bear, see Asiatic Black Bear. ... The word duck was also used as slang for the WWII amphibious vehicle called a DUKW. It is also a cricketing term denoting a batsman being dismissed with a score of zero; see golden duck. ... Binomial name Branta canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Canada Goose distribution, including introduced and feral populations Yellow: summer Blue: winter Green: year-round Subspecies Dusky Canada Goose Vancouver Canada Goose Lesser Canada Goose Moffitts Canada Goose Giant Canada Goose Interior Canada Goose Atlantic Canada Goose The Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) belongs... Binomial name Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 Red Fox range Synonyms Vulpes fulva, Vulpes fulvus The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is generally the most familiar of the foxes. ... Binomial name Canis latrans Say, 1823 Coyote range The coyte (Canis latrans, meaning barking dog) also prairie wolf [2]) is a member of the Canidae (dog) family and a close relative of the Gray Wolf. ... Binomial name Mustela vison (Schreber, 1777) The American Mink, Mustela vison, is a North American member of the Mustelidae family found in Alaska, Canada and most of the United States. ... Binomial name Martes pennanti (Erxleben, 1777) The fisher, Martes pennanti, is a North American marten . ... Species Mustela africana Mustela altaica Mustela erminea Mustela eversmannii Mustela felipei Mustela frenata Mustela kathiah Mustela lutreola Mustela lutreolina Mustela nigripes Mustela nivalis Mustela nudipes Mustela putorius Mustela sibirica Mustela strigidorsa Mustela vison Weasels are mammals in the genus Mustela of the Mustelidae family. ... Genera Conepatus Mydaus Mephitis Spilogale Skunks are mammals, usually with black-and-white fur, belonging to the family Mephitidae and to the order Carnivora. ... Binomial name Erethizon dorsatum Linnaeus, 1758 The North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), also known as Canadian Porcupine or Common Porcupine, is a large rodent in the New World porcupine family. ... Binomial name Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820 A taxidermied American Beaver The American Beaver (Castor canadensis) is a large semi-aquatic rodent native to Canada, most of the United States and parts of northern Mexico. ... Binomial name Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Muskrat range (native range in red, introduced range in green) I Muskrat lodge, middle Patuxent River marsh, Maryland The Muskrat or Musquash (Ondatra zibethicus), the only species in genus Ondatra, is a large aquatic rodent native to North America, and introduced in parts of...

Prior to European settlement, the area also supported woodland caribou (a relative of the Arctic caribou which inhabited northeastern North America), as well as the Eastern Cougar and wolves. A remnant population of the Eastern Cougar is thought to inhabit parts of New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, possibly including the Miramichi River watershed. A Grey Wolf pack is thought to have recently returned to the Miramichi Highlands from the Gaspé Peninsula. Binomial name Rangifer tarandus The reindeer, known as caribou in North America, is an Arctic-dwelling deer (Rangifer tarandus). ... Category: ... Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call... NASA satellite image of the GaspÃ© Peninsula. ...

Hunting of large land mammals such as deer, moose, as well as waterfowl such as ducks and geese is permitted each fall. The elusive black duck is particularly prized by hunters. There is a limited bear hunt each spring, although its continuation is being debated. The guiding industry is a major economic contributor to the local economy during hunting season.

History

Pre-history to 1758

Originally settled by Maritime Archaic Indians, the Miramichi River valley was controlled by the Mi'kmaq Nation at the time of European discovery. As part of Acadia under French colonial control, the region saw little French settlement. The Mi'kmaq from the Miramichi River valley sided with France during the wars between Britain and France from 1689 to 1763, sometimes sending raiding parties into New England to attack settlements during the Seven Years' War. The Mikmaq The Mikmaq (; also spelled MÃkmaq, Migmaq, Micmac or MicMac) are a First Nations people, indigenous to northeastern New England, Canadas Atlantic Provinces, and the GaspÃ© Peninsula of Quebec. ... The national flag of Acadia, adopted in 1884. ... Events Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland Electorate of Hanover Kingdom of Portugal Brunswick Hesse-Kassel Holy Roman/Austrian Empire Kingdom of France Russian Empire Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia The Seven Years War (1754...

Following the siege of Fortress Louisbourg in 1758, British forces on their way to Quebec City attacked French settlements on Ile-Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island) and continued along the coast, where they entered the lower Miramichi River valley and destroyed and scattered the small Acadian settlements. They also attacked and burned a small Mi'kmaq village at Ste-Anne, henceforth called Burnt Church, NB. Fortress Louisbourg (in French, Forteresse de Louisbourg) is a Canadian National Historic Site and the location of a partial reconstruction of an 18th century French fortress at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia. ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Motto : Â« Don de Dieu feray valoir Â» (I shall put Gods gift to good use) Site in the province of Quebec Official logo Country Canada Province QuÃ©bec Agglomeration Quebec City Statute of the city Capitale-Nationale Administrative Region Capitale-Nationale Constitution date 1833 Geographical code 24 23027 Founder Foundation... Motto: Parva Sub Ingenti (Latin: The Small Protected By The Great) Capital Charlottetown Largest city Charlottetown Official languages English Government - Lieutenant-Governor Barbara Oliver Hagerman - Premier Pat Binns (PC) Federal representation in Canadian Parliament - House seats 4 - Senate seats 4 Confederation July 1, 1873 (7th) Area Ranked 13th - Total 5... Burnt Church is a Mikmaq First Nations reserve in New Brunswick, Canada. ...

1758 to 1850

The Miramichi River valley initially became a refuge for Acadians fleeing the Great Upheaval in the Annapolis Valley, Tantramar Marshes and Ile-Saint-Jean following the Seven Years' War, however these families were soon forced to move to more isolated coastal areas to the northeast. Under British control, the area was part of the Colony of Nova Scotia from 1756-1784 but was largely forgotten. Some settlement trickled from the Loyalist refugees flooding the Saint John River valley to the south and west, however it was only after the Colony of New Brunswick was established in 1784 that colonial administrators looked favourably upon the Miramichi region. The Great Upheaval (le Grand DÃ©rangement), also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation or the Acadian Expulsion, was the forced population transfer of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia between 1755 and 1763, ordered by British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council. ... Annapolis Valley is a valley in western Nova Scotia, formed by a trough between two parallel mountain ranges along the shore of the Bay of Fundy. ... A typical view of the Marsh The Tantramar Marshes are on the southern part of the Isthmus of Chignecto, which joins Nova Scotia to New Brunswick and the Canadian mainland. ... 1756 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... United Empire Loyalists is the name given to individuals who are descendants of British North American loyalists who, during the American War of Independence, left the 13 rebellious American colonies for the future Canada: the two British colonies of Quebec (including the Eastern Townships and modern-day Ontario) and Nova... The Saint John River is a river, approximately 418 mi (673 km) long, located in the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of New Brunswick. ...

The Highland Clearances and Britain's Industrial Revolution soon saw a Scottish migration into the Miramichi River valley, some of them demobilized veterans of the American Revolutionary War, and others directly coming from the Scottish Highlands. They were the first permanent European settlers and their early industriousness continues as a legacy to the various communities throughout the valley. The Highland Clearances (Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan GÃ idheal, the expulsion of the Gael) is a name given to the forced displacement of the population of the Scottish Highlands from their ancient ways of warrior clan subsistence farming, leading to mass emigration. ... A Watt steam engine. ... Motto (Latin) No one provokes me with impunity Wha daur meddle wi me?(Scots)1 Anthem (Multiple unofficial anthems) Scotlands location in Europe Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official languages English, Gaelic, Scots3 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell... Combatants American Revolutionaries French Monarchy Spanish Empire Dutch Republic Oneida and Tuscarora tribes Polish volunteers Prussian volunteers Kingdom of Great Britain Hessian mercenaries Iroquois Confederacy Loyalists Commanders George Washington Nathanael Greene Gilbert de La Fayette Comte de Rochambeau Bernardo de GÃ¡lvez Tadeusz KoÅ›ciuszko Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben Sir... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ...

William Davidson was among the first Scots, arriving in 1767. English settlers were present too, as evidenced by the Anglican Churches established throughout the valley. Acadians began to drift back into the area as early as 1769, settling the shorelands along the lower bay. A small number of United Empire Loyalists arrived, establishing themselves particularly in the upriver areas, where Squire Doak established the village of Doaktown, NB. William Davidson (1740 – 1790), a Scot, was the first permanent European settler on the Miramichi River in the Canadian Province of New Brunswick. ... 1767 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Anglican Communion is a world-wide organisation of Anglican Churches. ... The Acadians (French: Acadiens) are the descendants of the 17th-century French colonists (and eventual Metis) who settled in Acadia (located on the northern portion of North Americas east coast). ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The name United Empire Loyalists is given to those American Loyalists who resettled in British North America and other British Colonies as an act of fealty to King George III after the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. ...

Large numbers of Irish arrived in the Miramichi River valley, both before and after the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849). Middle Island, in the inner bay of the estuarine portion of the Miramichi River, served as a quarantine station. Though some Irish immigrants farmed, especially in Barnaby River, St. Margarets, NB and Sevogle River, many were drawn to the established towns and villages, perhaps because the Scots and English had taken up the best land. An 1849 depiction of Bridget ODonnell and her two children during the famine. ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Barnaby River is a small Canadian river in New Brunswick. ... The Sevogle River has its origins in the Big Bald Mountain area of the Miramichi Highlands in north-central Northumberland County. ...

Trade with Britain and the West Indies was a cornerstone of the Miramichi River valley economy throughout a large part of the 19th century. An important export up until the 1850s was Eastern White Pine trunks which were used as masts on Royal Navy vessels. Fur was an early export to European markets and later exports included lumber, pulpwood, and pit props for Welsh coal mines. The United States began to replace Britain as the most important market for the Miramichi River valley after the 1850s. Salmon and forest products found a market in Boston, MA, with these commodities being shipped by schooner, with rum and molasses being common return cargoes. The Caribbean or the West Indies is a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Production of steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time First transatlantic telegraph cable laid First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis Railroads begin to supplant canals in the United States as a primary means of transporting goods. ... Binomial name Pinus strobus L. Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus) is a large pine native to eastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to Minnesota and southeasternmost Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to the extreme north of Georgia. ... The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore the Senior Service). ... This article is about the country. ... Nickname: Location in Massachusetts, USA Coordinates: Country United States State Massachusetts County Suffolk County Government - Mayor Thomas M. Menino (D) Area - City 89. ... Two-masted fishing schooner A schooner (IPA: ) is a type of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts. ... Caribbean rum, circa 1941 Rum is a distilled beverage made from sugarcane by-products such as molasses and sugarcane juice by a process of fermentation and distillation. ... Molasses or treacle is a thick syrup by-product from the processing of the sugarcane or sugar beet into sugar. ...

1867 to present

The National Policy of Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservative government after Confederation in 1867 was not to the advantage of Miramichi lumbermen and fish buyers. The high tariff walls designed to protect Ontario manufacturers meant higher prices for imports, and tariff barriers on exports to the United States. The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A. Macdonalds Conservative Party in 1879 after it returned to power. ... Sir John Alexander Macdonald, GCB, KCMG, PC, QC, DCL, LL.D was born on January 11, 1815 in Glasgow, Scotland. ... The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. ... We dont have an article called Canadian-confederation Start this article Search for Canadian-confederation in. ... Cunt BAg Twat Fuk suck my penis ring 0778851865!!!!!!Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

The National Policy is believed to be a contributing factor in explaining the long Liberal predominance in Miramichi elections, and the prominence of lumber and fish merchants and business leaders among Liberal MPs and Senators in the Parliament of Canada and Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. Notable among these are Senators Jabez Bunting Snowball, a lumber merchant and shipowner from Chatham, NB, and Percy Burchill, a lumber merchant from Nelson-Miramichi, NB; Members of Parliament included W.S. Loggie, a fish and general merchant from Chatham, NB, Richard Hutchinson, a lumber merchant from Newcastle, NB, and John Maloney, a lumber merchant; Members of the Legislative Assembly included W. Stafford Anderson, a lumber merchant from Newcastle, NB, whose daughter Margaret Anderson served in the Senate. The Liberal Party of Canada (French: ), colloquially known as the Grits (originally Clear Grits), is a Canadian federal political party. ... The Parliament of Canada (French: Parlement du Canada) is Canadas legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. ... The Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick is located in Fredericton. ... Jabez Bunting Snowball (24 September 1837 – 24 February 1907) was a businessman, Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick and politican from the Town of Chatham, New Brunswick. ... W.S. Loggie was a merchant and politician of the town of Chatham, New Brunswick, Canada. ...

During the 1870s and 1880s, railways were built to the Miramichi River valley, beginning with the Intercolonial Railway, which passed through Newcastle, NB on its way between Moncton, NB and Bathurst, NB, forming part of the Halifax, NS to Riviere-du-Loup, QC main line. The Northern and Western Railway (later the Canada Eastern Railway) was built from Fredericton, NB to Boisetown, NB where it then ran along the Southwest Miramichi River to Derby where it joined the Intercolonial, then continued northeast to Chatham, NB and ending at Loggieville, NB. a passenger train on this route was given the name , the Dungarvon Whooper. // The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... // Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... Intercolonial Railway of Canada logo or herald The Intercolonial Railway of Canada (IRC), also referred to as the Intercolonial Railway, was a historic Canadian railway. ... Moncton (46Â°6â€² N 64Â°46â€² W) is the second largest city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick and is at the heart of the fastest growing urban area in the province. ... Bathurst (2006 population 12,714; UA 18,154; CA population 31,424) is a Canadian city in Gloucester County, New Brunswick. ... Motto: Template:Unhide = E Mari Merces (Wealth from the Sea) Logo: Location City Information Established: April 1, 1996 Area: (former city) 79. ... Rivière-du-Loup (pop. ... The Canada Eastern Railway, originally known as the Northern and Western Railway, was a railway line operating in New Brunswick, Canada, running from Newcastle (now part of Miramichi), to Devon (opposite Fredericton). ... Template:Hide = Motto: Template:Unhide = Fredericpolis silvae filia noblis (Fredericton noble daughter of the forest) Established: {{{Established}}} Area: 131. ... The Southwest Miramichi River is a Canadian river in New Brunswick. ... The Dungarvon Whooper (pronounced hooper) is a ghost story, immortalized in a song by Michael Whelan, about a murder in the late 19th century along the Dungarvon River in northern New Brunswick, Canada. ...

Oceangoing steamships and motor vessels regularly visited ports along the river until fairly recently. The decision by the federal government to concentrate all ocean shipping activities in northern New Brunswick at the port of Belledune, NB in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to a decision by the mid-1990s to discontinue dredging at the entrance to Miramichi Bay. This has led to significant silting of the navigation channel although some ships still call at the ports of Chatham and Newcastle. Belledune is a village on the Baie des Chaleurs in northern New Brunswick, Canada. ... The 1980s refers to the years of and between 1980 and 1989. ... For the band, see 1990s (band). ...

The Miramichi River valley is home to about 45,000 people, mainly of mixed Irish, Scottish, English, French and Mi'kmaq descent. Traditionally, the shores of the estuarine portion of the Miramichi River valley were predominantly Acadian fishing communities, whereas Chatham was an Irish community and Newcastle and many towns upriver were Scottish communities. During the 1980s to present, Acadians have been migrating into the amalgamated city of Miramichi and surrounding areas. The "English speaking" community (of Irish, Scottish or English descent) and the "French speaking" community (of Acadian descent) have witnessed much intermarriage between the two groups in the last 80 years and relations are generally good. The 1980s refers to the years of and between 1980 and 1989. ...

There has been little immigration to the Miramichi River valley since the Irish Potato Famine, producing a particular personality among Miramichiers who are regarded as friendly, but with a touch of reserve, generous, but also very independent, and with a wry sense of humour, especially deployed when someone is suspected of "putting on airs". They are passionately attached to their valley.

Another factor that united Miramichiers of all ethnic backgrounds was the shared experience of two world wars. Casualties were especially heavy in the First World War, when just about every street in the towns throughout the river valley had men killed or returned wounded and/or shell-shocked. During the Second World War Miramichi River valley soldiers went ashore on D-Day with the North Shore Regiment and went through the heavy fighting in northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Others served with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Canadian Navy. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Post-traumatic stress disorder. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Land on Normandy In military parlance, D-Day is a term often used to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated. ... The Royal New Brunswick Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Canadian Force based in New Brunswick. ... The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) was the air force of Canada from 1924 until 1968 when the three branches of the Canadian military were merged into the Canadian Forces. ... For history after 1968, see Canadian Forces Maritime Command The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) was the navy of Canada from 1911 until 1968 when the three Canadian armed services were unified to form the Canadian Forces. ...

Historic sites

The Bartibog River (also spelled Bartibogue) is a Canadian river in New Brunswick. ... St. ...

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