Miroslav Brandt (1914 - 2002) was a Croatian historian, writer, publicist and polymath. He contributed to disparate areas ranging from politics to history of religions and literary translation. His polemical works helped preserve the national identity of Croats under Yugoslavia. Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... A historian is someone who writes history, and history is a written accounting of the past. ... A publicist is a person whose job is to generate and manage publicity for a public figure, especially a celebrity, or for a work such as a book or movie. ... Leonardo da Vinci is seen as an epitome of the Renaissance man or polymath. ... Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. ... The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a Balkan state that existed from 1945 to 1992. ...

History, religion, literature

Brandt was born in Cerić near the Croatian town of Vinkovci. He graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Zagreb in 1948, specializing in history, geography and Latin. In 1954, he obtained his Ph.D. from the same university with the thesis Development of Economic and Social Relationships in Split until the End of the 14th Century. Brandt worked as a librarian in the National and University Library in Zagreb, a curator in the Historical Museum in Zagreb, an assistant at the Historical Institute of the Academy. Finally, Brandt was a professor and vice-dean at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb for many years. He died in Zagreb. [[Image: Vinkovci on the map of Croatia |250px|none|]] Coordinates: Country  Croatia County Vukovar-Srijem Mayor Mladen Karlić Area    - City (?) km²  - Land (?) km²  - Water (?) km² Elevation 90 m Population    - City (2006) 33,328 Time zone CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) Website: vinkovci. ... The University of Zagreb (Croatian SveučiliÅ¡te u Zagrebu, Latin Universitas Studiorum Zagrabiensis) is the oldest Croatian university in continuous operation and also the oldest university in southeastern Europe. ... Look up Split in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Latin Academia Scientiarum et Artium Croatica, Croatian Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti) is the national academy of Croatia. ...

The opus of Miroslav Brandt includes large encyclopedic works, polemics and articles, as well as literary works. The greatest work in the first category is The Medieval Age of Historical Development, a monumental (around 800 pages) study presenting a detailed history of several centuries (starting from the 3rd) of European and Mediterranean history, describing the great clusters of civilizations of Western Christianity, Byzantium, Islam and other Asian societies (he even included Central American cultures). His magnum opus has many analyses of economy, culture, language, art, demography... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... // Overview Events 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men 212-216: Baths of Caracalla 230-232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east 235-284: Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire 250-538: Kofun era, the first... The Mediterranean region is one of the most important in world history and it is the origin point of Western Civilization. ... Western Christianity comprises Catholicism, Anglicanism, Protestantism. ... Byzantium, present day Istanbul, was an ancient Greek city-state, which according to legend was founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek). ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (مسلم), believe God (Arabic: الله ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ...

In 1989 Brandt wrote a large book called Sources of Evil: Dualist Themes, where he collected many older works he had read at international or local conferences. It is a book of ideas, clearly showing the author's interest for gnostic and dualist currents in the history of religions. It includes a detailed analysis of Biblical books (Genesis, Ecclesiastes), a careful examination of the Toltec religion, Wycliffe's heresy, and local heretical movements in Dalmatia and Bosnia, especially the phenomenon of the Bosnian Church. As for other larger history works, there is Brandt's book on the Kievan Rus'. All these works are characterized by a modern critical and multifaceted approach, using archeology, palaeography, history of art and other auxiliary history disciplines. 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... It has been suggested that Combative dualism be merged into this article or section. ... The History of religions refers to the Religiongeschichteschule, a Nineteenth century German school of thought which was the first to systematically study religion as a socio-cultural phenomenon. ... For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ... Genesis (Hebrew: , Greek: Γένεσις, having the meanings of birth, creation, cause, beginning, source and origin) is the first book of the Torah, the first book of the Tanakh and also the first book of the Christian Old Testament. ... Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ... The Toltecs (or Toltec or Tolteca) were a Pre-Columbian Native American people who dominated much of central Mexico between the 10th and 12th century AD. According to pre-hispanic traditions (compiled in the Historia Tolteca Chichimeca, a codex written between 1547-1560), they may have spoken the language Nahuatl... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Map of Dalmatia, in present day Croatia highlighted Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, French: Dalmatie, German: Dalmatien, Italian: Dalmazia, Serbian Cyrillic: Далмација, Turkish: Dalmaçya, Hungarian: Dalmácia) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in modern Croatia, spreading between the island of Rab in the northwest and the... Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia (natively Bosna/Босна) comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... The Bosnian Church (crkva bosanska, ecclesia bosnensis) is historically thought to be an indigenous branch of the Bogomils which existed in Bosnia during in the Middle Ages. ... Kievan Rus′ was the early, mostly East Slavic [1] state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 880 to the middle of the 12th century. ... Palaeography (British) or paleography (American) (from the Greek palaiós, old and graphein, to write) is the study of ancient and medieval manuscripts, independent of the language (Koine Greek, Classical Latin, Medieval Latin, Old English, etc. ...

However, Brandt had far wider interests than medieval and religious studies. As the translator of a part of Proust's cycle In Search of Lost Time, he showed a sensibility for literary and linguistic phenomena. Proust redirects here. ... In Search of Lost Time (fr. ...

Fight for the Croatian cause

Considering his interest in language, it is no wonder that Brandt was one of the seven creators of the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language of 1967. (There are indications that Brandt personally wrote the text of the Declaration.) As the Declaration went against the Yugoslav policy, Brandt became "undesirable": he was not given any serious punishment (neither were the other authors of the Declaration), but his field of activities was restricted. 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...   Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian Macedonian Slovenian Government Federation of socialist republics Last President Stjepan Mesić Last Prime Minister Ante Marković Historical era Cold War  - Proclamation November 29 1943  - UN membership October 24, 1945  - Constitution 21 February 1974  - formation of FRY April 28 1992 Area  - July 1989 255,800...

The most important Brandt's polemical work is definitely the Anti-Memorandum, a text where he vehemently and scientifically refutes the claims of the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the fundamental document of the recent Greater Serbian ideology. Later he was the initiator of the collection Sources of Greater Serbian Aggression (1991), translated into English and French, which includes his Anti-Memorandum. The Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts was a draft document produced by a committee of the Serbian Academy from 1985 to 1986. ... Greater Serbia is a name for a Serbian nationalist concept. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Ironically, those two influential and historically significant works (especially the Declaration), look quite anachronous today, because of their style and arguments full of communist phrases, which had to be used for such works to be published under Yugoslavia. In this respect, Miroslav Brandt had the paradoxical destiny of a political writer who had much more success than the Croatian classics in that area (Ivo Pilar, Milan Šufflay), but whose political works have become obsolete. Ivo Pilar (June 19, 1874 – September 3, 1933) was a Croatian historian, politician and jurist, considered the father of Croatian geopolitics. ... Milan Å ufflay (November 9, 1879 - February 19, 1931) was a Croatian historian and politician. ...

Autobiographical writings

In his old age Brandt turned to literature. He wrote an autobiography, Living with Contemporaries, where he paints a pessimist image of his life, with not much good to say about his colleagues historians, primarily Jaroslav Šidak and Nada Klaić. Nada Klaić (1920 - 1988) was a Croatian historian. ...

Brandt's claim that his bourgeois origins, developed national consciousness and non-communist world view made him incompatible with the ideological framework of his profession which went against his whole being, is not easy to verify or valuate. In his memoirs, he explains why he did not deal with Croatian themes (except marginally), instead using his erudition and interests to write about European and world history. Brandt's polemical statement that Croatian historiography under Yugoslavia purposely reduced the national element to a minimum, claiming to destroy myths and create critical historiography represented by Nada Klaić (whom Brandt accused of being protected by the communist regime only because it considered her work ultimately destructive for the Croatian national pride) remains an intriguing and questionable proposition that is yet to be verified. Bourgeoisie (RP [], GA []) refers to a group of people whose social and political opinions are determined primarily by concern for property values and personal appearance of wealth. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This is the history of Croatia. ... Nada Klaić (1920 - 1988) was a Croatian historian. ...

Aside from the mentioned memoirs, he wrote a novel, Triptych, where he attacked communist totalitarianism. It is too early to estimate the future status of his works in Croatian literature. Still, even a superficial reader will notice that Brandt spent the last years of his life in resignation and pessimism. The available sources indicate that not even the creation of a sovereign Croatian state (which he had helped prepare) managed to pull him from the lethargy and the feeling of pointlessness radiating from his autobiographic works. Totalitarianism is a term employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... Combatants Croatian Army Paramilitary organisations Republic of Serb Krajina Army Yugoslav Peoples Army Paramilitary organisations Commanders Franjo Tuđman (President of Croatia) Anton Tus (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1991-1992) Janko Bobetko (Chief of Staff of Croatian Army 1992-1995) Milan Martić (President of Republic of Serb...

Works

History

• Razvoj privrednih i društvenih odnosa u Splitu do kraja 14. stoljeća (Development of Economic and Social Relationships in Split until the End of the 14th Century), 1954
• Srednjovjekovno doba povijesnog razvitka (The Medieval Age of Historical Development), 1980
• Izvori zla: dualističke teme (Sources of Evil: Dualist Themes), 1989
• Izvori velikosrpske agresije (Sources of Greater Serbian Aggression), 1991

Greater Serbia is a name for a Serbian nationalist concept. ...

Literature

• Tri kratke priče (Three Short Stories), 1990
• Triptih (Triptych), 1992

Translations

• Combray by Marcel Proust, 1952
• Swann's Way by Marcel Proust, 1952
• Les Thibault by Roger Martin du Gard, 1953

Combray is a commune of the département of Calvados, in the Basse-Normandie région, in France. ... Proust redirects here. ... This article is in need of attention. ... Proust redirects here. ... Roger Martin du Gard (March 23, 1881 – August 22, 1958) was a French author and winner of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature. ...

Other

• Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika (Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language), 1967, jubilee edition in 1997