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The Mishnaic Hebrew language or Rabbinic Hebrew language is the ancient descendant of Biblical Hebrew as preserved by the Jews after the Babylonian captivity, and definitively recorded by Jewish sages in writing the Mishnah and other contemporary documents. It was not used by the Samaritans, who preserved their own dialect, Samaritan Hebrew. Download high resolution version (1024x1180, 21 KB)Created from Image:Wikipedia blue star of david. ...
Jewish languages are a set of languages that developed in various Jewish communities, in Europe, southern and south-western Asia, and northern Africa. ...
The Modern Hebrew language is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. ...
Biblical Hebrew or Classical Hebrew is the ancient form of the Hebrew languages as spoken by the Israelites, in which the Hebrew Bible (Torah and Tanakh) was originally written. ...
The Ashkenazi Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice. ...
The Sephardi Hebrew language is an offshoot of Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Sephardi Jewish practice. ...
The Yemenite Hebrew language or Temani Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew traditionally used by Yemenite Jews. ...
The Sanaani Hebrew language is the variety of Yemenite Hebrew formerly spoken liturgically by the Jewish community in and around Sanaa, Yemen. ...
Tiberian Hebrew is an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient forms of Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Bible, that was given written form by masoretic scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias in the early middle ages, beginning in the 8th century. ...
The Mizrahi Hebrew language or Oriental hebrew language refers to any one of the dialects of Biblical Hebrew used liturgical by Mizrahi Jews, that is, Jews living in Arab countries or further east, and typically speaking Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Chinese, or other languages of the Middle East and Asia. ...
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. ...
Bijil Neo-Aramaic is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. ...
Hulaulá is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. ...
Lishana Deni is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. ...
Lishán Didán is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. ...
Lishanid Noshan is a modern Jewish Aramaic language, often called Neo-Aramaic or Judeo-Aramaic. ...
Map showing the distribution of Afro-Asiatic languages The Afro-Asiatic languages are a language family of about 240 languages and 285 million people widespread throughout North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia. ...
The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ...
Kayla or Qwara is a Cushitic language formerly used by the Beta Israel, or Ethiopian Jews. ...
Judeo-Berber is a collective term given to the Hebrew-influenced Berber varieties spoken by some North Africans Jews, mainly in Morocco (where Tachelhit was the main factor. ...
Yiddish (Yid. ...
The National Yiddish Book Center is a cultural institution dedicated to the preservation of books and documents in the Yiddish language. ...
The Yiddish Typewriter (די ייִדישע שרײַבמאַשינקע - Di Yidishe Shraybmashinke) is a free online sevice to convert Yiddish texts into the original writing, also Unicode. ...
Yiddish theatre consists of plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish, the language of the Eastern European Ashkenazaic Jewish community. ...
Yeshivish is spoken mainly by English-speaking Orthodox Jews who have attended a yeshiva (an institute for higher Torah study), and is, indeed, the primary vehicle of communication in major American Litvish yeshivas. ...
Yinglish is a humorous means of describing the distinctive way certain Orthodox Jews in America speak English among themselves. ...
Judeo-Romance languages are those languages derived from Romance languages, spoken by the various Jewish communities, and altered to such an extent to gain recognition as languages in their own right, joining the great number of other Jewish languages. ...
Catalanic, also called Judæo-Catalan, is the Jewish language spoken by the Jewish communities of northeastern Spain, especially in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. ...
Italkian is a Jewish-Italian dialect that combines Hebrew and Italian, it has been spoken mainly between the 10th and the 17th centuries in Rome and in central and northern Italy (notably in Livorno). ...
Ladino is a Romance language, derived mainly from Old Castilian (Spanish) and Hebrew. ...
Judeo-Latin, or La‘az is the Jewish language of the many scattered Jewish communities of the former Roman Empire, but especially by the Jewish communities of the Italian Peninsula and Transalpine Gaul. ...
Shuadit, also spelled Chouhadite, Chouhadit, Chouadite, Chouadit, and Shuhadit is the extinct Jewish language of southern France, also known as Judæo-Provençal, Judéo-Comtadin, Hébraïco-Comtadin. ...
Zarphatic or Judæo-French (Zarphatic: Tsarfatit) is an extinct Jewish language, formerly spoken among the Jewish communities of northern France and in parts of what is now west-central Germany, in such cities as Mainz, Frankfurt-am-Main, and Aachen. ...
Judeo-Portuguese is the extinct Jewish language of the Jews of Portugal. ...
The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. ...
Yevanic, otherwise known as Yevanika, Romaniote and Judeo-Greek, was the language of the Romaniotes, the group of Greek Jews whose existence in Greece is documented since the 4th century BCE. Its linguistic lineage stems from Attic Greek and the Hellenistic Koine (Κοινή Ελληνική) and includes Hebrew elements as well. ...
Knaanic (also called Canaanic, Leshon Knaan or Judeo-Slavic) was a West Slavic language, formerly spoken in the Czech lands, now the Czech Republic. ...
Bukhori, also known as Bukharic or Bukharan, is an Indo-Iranian language. ...
Juhuri, Juwri or Judæo-Tat is the traditional language of the Juhurim or Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Dagestan. ...
Judæo-Hamedani is the Indo-Iranian Jewish language of the Jewish community living in Hamadan, in western Iran. ...
Dzhidi, or Judæo-Persian, is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Persia. ...
Altaic is a language family which includes 60 languages spoken by about 250 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and Far East. ...
Krymchak is the Crimean Tatar language dialect spoken by the Krymchaks - Rabbanite Jews of the Crimea. ...
The Karaim language is a Turkic language with Hebrew influences, in a similar manner to Yiddish or Ladino. ...
The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 26 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, and eastern and central India. ...
Judeo-Malayalam is the traditional language spoken by the Cochin Jews (also called Malabar Jews), from Kerala, in southern India, spoken today by about 8,000 people in Israel and by probably fewer than 100 in India. ...
The South Caucasian languages, also called Georgian or Kartvelian, are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. ...
Gruzinic (also known as Kivruli and Judæo-Georgian) is the traditional language spoken by the Gruzim, the ancient Jewish community of the Caucasus nation of Georgia. ...
Categories: Language stubs | Judaism-related stubs | Canaanite languages | Hebrew language ...
Main article: Jew Jewish religion Etymology of Jew · Who is a Jew? Jewish leadership · Jewish culture Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi (German and E. Europe) Mizrahi (Arab and Oriental) Sephardi (Iberian) Temani (Yemenite) · Beta Israel Jewish populations Germany · France · Latin America Britain · Famous Jews by country Jewish languages Hebrew: (Biblical / Modern...
The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, Repetition) is a major source of rabbinic Judaisms religious texts. ...
Samaritans are both a religious and an ethnic group. ...
The Samaritan Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew as pronounced and written by the Samaritans. ...
Phonetics
Final /m/ is often confused with final /n/ in the Mishna (see Bava Kama 1:4, "מועדין"). Probably the final nasal consonant was not pronounced, and instead the vowel previous to it was nasalized.
Also, some surviving manuscripts of the Mishna show a confusing between the gutteral sounds, especially א and ע. That could be a sign that they were pronounced the same in Mishnaic Hebrew.
Verb Tenses The verb system in Mishnaic Hebrew is closer to Modern Hebrew than it is to Biblical Hebrew.
Past is expressed using the same form as in Modern Hebrew. For example (Avot 1:1): "משה קיבל תורה מסיניי".
Continous past is expressed using <to be> + <present form>. For example (Avot 1:2): "הוא היה אומר".
Present is expressed using the same form as in Modern Hebrew. For example (Avot 1:2): "על שלושה דברים העולם עומד".
Future is expressed using עתיד + infinitive. For example (Avot 3:1): "ולפני מי אתה עתיד ליתן דין וחשבון".
The imperative (order) is expressed using a form similar to future in modern Hebrew. For example, (Avot 1:3): "הוא היה אומר, אל תהיו כעבדים המשמשין את הרב".
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