Mission San Juan Capistrano

A view of Mission San Juan Capistrano in April of 2005. At left is the façade of the first adobe church with its added espadaña. Behind the campanario, or "bell wall" is the "Sacred Garden." The Mission has earned a reputation as the "Loveliest of the Franciscan Ruins."
Location	San Juan Capistrano, California
Name as Founded	La Misión de San Juan Capistrano de Sajavit
Translation	The Mission of Saint John of Sajavit
Namesake	Saint John of Capestrano
Nickname(s)	"Jewel of the Missions" [1] "Mission of the Swallow"
Founding Date	November 1, 1776
Founding Priest(s)	Father Presidente Junípero Serra
Founding Order	Seventh
Military District	First
Native Tribe(s) Spanish Name(s)	Juaneño
Owner	Roman Catholic Church
Current Use	Chapel / Museum
Coordinates	33°30′10″N, 117°39′42″W
National Historic Landmark	#NPS–71000170
Date added to the NRHP	September 3, 1971
California Historical Landmark	#200
Web Site	http://www.missionsjc.com

Mission San Juan Capistrano was founded on All Saints Day (November 1), 1776. Named for a 15th-century theologian and "warrior priest" who resided in the Abruzzo region of Italy, San Juan Capistrano has the distinction of being home to the oldest building in California still in use, a chapel built in 1782; known alternately as "Serra's Chapel" and "Father Serra's Church," it the only extant structure wherein it has been documented that the padre officiated over mass.^[2] The founding document on display within the Mission is also the only known surviving founding paper signed by Father Serra. One of the best known of the Alta California missions, the site was originally consecrated on October 30, 1775 by Father Fermín Lasuén but was abandoned due to unrest among the indigenous population in San Diego.^[3] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 1792 KB)Mission San Juan Capistrano, April 2005. ... Official website: http://www. ... Saint Giovanni da Capistrano (English:John Capistrano, June 24, 1386 – October 23, 1456), Italian friar, theologian and inquisitor, was born in the village of Capistrano, in the diocese of Sulmona in the Abruzzi. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Year 1776 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Fray Junípero Serra. ... The Spanish Missions in California (more simply referred to as the California Missions) comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans, to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... The Acjachemem Nation was a linguistic group of the Native American people of Southern California who have lived in what is now known as Orange County. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus of Nazareth, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and... USS Constitution. ... The National Register of Historic Places is the USAs official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects worthy of preservation. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1971 calendar). ... California Historical Landmarks (CHLs) are buildings, structures, sites, or places in the state of California that have been determined to have statewide historical significance by meeting at least one of the criteria listed below: approved for designation by the County Board of Supervisors or the City/Town Council in whose... The festival of All Saints, also sometimes known as All Hallows or Hallowmas (hallows meaning saints, and mas meaning Mass), is a feast celebrated in the honour of all the saints, known and unknown. ... November 1 is the 305th day of the year (306th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 60 days remaining. ... Year 1776 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Theology (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογια, logia, words, sayings, or discourse) is reasoned discourse concerning religion, spirituality and gods. ... Abruzzo is a region of Southern Italy bordering Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and south-west, Molise to the south-east and the Adriatic Sea to the east. ... A chapel is a private church, usually small and often attached to a larger institution such as a college, a hospital, a palace, or a prison. ... Unsolved problems in physics: What causes anything to have mass? Mass is a property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it is equivalent to. ... October 30 is the 303rd day of the year (304th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 62 days remaining. ... ... Father Fermín Francisco de Lasuén de Arasqueta (June 7, 1736 – June 26, 1803) was a Spanish missionary to the Americas. ...

The success of the settlement is evident in its historical records. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries, some 550 natives were scattered throughout the local area; by 1790, the number of converted Christians had grown to 700, and just six years later nearly 1,000 "neophytes" (recent converts) lived in or around the Mission compound. 1,649 baptisms were conducted that year alone, out of the total 4,430 souls converted throughout the Mission's lifetime. An estimated 2,000 former inhabitants (mostly Native Americans) are buried in unmarked graves in the Mission's cemetery (campo santos), as are the remains of Father (later Monsignor) St. John O'Sullivan, the man credited with recognizing the property's historic value and working tirelessly to conserve and rebuild its structures. Father O'Sullivan is buried at the entrance to the cemetery on the west side of the property, and a statue raised in his honor stands at the head of the crypt. The surviving chapel also serves as the final resting place of three padres who passed on while serving at the Mission: Father José Barona, Father Vincent Fuster, and Father José Rafael Oliva are all entombed beneath the sanctuary floor. This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Baptism in early Christian art. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... Graves at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. ... Monsignor is an ecclesiastical honorific title for clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

The Mission entered a long period of gradual decline after secularization in 1834. Numerous efforts were made over the years to restore the Mission to its former glory, but none met with great success until the arrival of Father O'Sullivan in 1910. Restoration efforts continue to this day; "Serra's Chapel" is still used for religious services, and over half a million people visit the landmark every year. In 1984 a modern church complex was constructed just north and west of the Mission compound; the design is patterned after the old stone church, but twenty percent larger. Its 85-foot high main rotunda and 104-foot high bell tower make it the tallest building in town. Pope John Paul II conferred the rank of Minor Basilica to this facility on February 14, 2000. Secularization or secularisation is a process of transformation as a society slowly migrates from close identification with the local institutions of religion to a more clearly separated relationship. ... Originally, a landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area. ... In Mosta, Malta, the Rotunda of Santa Marija Assunta is covered by a saucer dome. ... Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Servant of God Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), (Italian: Giovanni Paolo II), born   (May 18, 1920, Wadowice, Poland – April 2, 2005, Vatican City) reigned as Pope... The Basilica of St. ... February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year 2000. ...

Artist Rexford Newcomb's conception of Mission San Juan Capistrano in its heyday. The intact "Great Stone Church" is depicted at the far right.^[4]

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2211x1426, 631 KB) Summary A conceptual sketch of Mission San Juan Capistrano prepared by architectural historian Rexford Newcomb. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2211x1426, 631 KB) Summary A conceptual sketch of Mission San Juan Capistrano prepared by architectural historian Rexford Newcomb. ...

Prehistory

The first humans are thought to have made their homes among the southern valleys of California's coastal mountain ranges some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. The earliest of these people are known only from archaeological evidence. Relatively much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October of 1542.^[5] Fray Gerónimo Boscana, a Franciscan scholar who was stationed at San Juan Capistrano in 1812, compiled what is widely considered to be the most comprehensive study of prehistoric religious practices in the San Juan Capistrano valley. Religious knowledge was secret, and the prevalent religion, called Chingichngich, placed village chiefs in the position of religious leaders, an arrangement that gave the chiefs broad power over their people. João Rodrigues Cabrilho João Rodrigues Cabrilho (in Portuguese) (Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in Spanish) (ca. ... Chingichngish (Chinigchinix, Chinigchinich, Changitchnish, etc. ...

History

The Mission Era (1769 – 1833)

A statue of Father Junípero Serra and an Indian boy, sculpted by Tole van Rensalaar; the work was commissioned in 1914 by Father St. John O'Sullivan to depict the meeting of the two cultures. Father O'Sullivan acted as the subject for Serra, and local resident Clarence Mendelson was the model for the boy.

Father Juan Crespí authored the first written account of actual interaction between Franciscan friars and the indigenous population after his expedition traveled through the region on July 22, 1769. The group officially named the area after Santa Maria Magdalena (though it would also come to be called the Arroyo de la Quema and Cañada del Incendio, "Wildfire Hollow").^[6] The Mission site was chosen as a logical halfway point between San Gabriel and San Diego. San Juan Capistrano is one of the few missions to have actually been founded twice (another being Mission La Purísima Concepción); the site was first established Father Fermín Lasuén and Father Gregório Amúrrio on October 30, 1775 near an Indian settlement named Sajivit; unfortunately, Mission San Diego de Alcalá came under Indian attack eight days later.^[7] Since it was feared at the time that any hostile action by the natives against the few burgeoning outposts might break Spain's tenuous hold on Alta California, the fathers quickly buried the San Juan Capistrano Mission bells and the expedition returned to El Presidio de San Diego in order to quell the uprising. Download high resolution version (1720x2580, 1247 KB)A statue of Father Junipero Serra and a Juaneno Indian boy, on display at the Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... Download high resolution version (1720x2580, 1247 KB)A statue of Father Junipero Serra and a Juaneno Indian boy, on display at the Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... 1769 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The penitent Mary Magdalen, a much reproduced composition by Titian. ... San Gabriel (the Spanish name of the Archangel Gabriel) could mean one of several places: San Gabriel, Ecuador San Gabriel, Durango, Mexico San Gabriel, Guanajuato, Mexico San Gabriel, Jalisco, Mexico San Gabriel, California, USA San Gabriel Chilac, Puebla, Mexico San Gabriel Mixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico San Gabriel Valley, California, USA This... Flag Seal Nickname: Americas Finest City Location Location of San Diego within San Diego County Coordinates , Government County San Diego Mayor City Attorney         City Council District One District Two District Three District Four District Five District Six District Seven District Eight Jerry Sanders (R) Michael Aguirre Scott Peters Kevin... The ruins of Mission La Purísima Concepción, circa 1900. ... Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900. ... Alta California (Upper California) was formed in 1804 when the province of California, then a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain, was divided in two along the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. ... 1820 map, Presidio of San Diego El Reál Presidio de San Diego (Royal Presidio of San Diego) was first established in May 14, 1769 by Commandant Pedro Fages under authority of the King of Spain as a fort. ...

One year later Fathers Serra and Lasuén returned to once again begin work on the Mission at San Juan Capistrano; once there, they uncovered the bells and discovered that a wooden cross that had been erected during the original dedication was still standing. Due to an inadequate water supply the Mission site was subsequently relocated approximately three miles to the west near the Indian village of Acágcheme.^[8] According to a report filed in 1782 by Father Pablo Mugártegui, "...the site was transferred to that which it occupies today, where we have the advantage of secure water...this transfer was made on October 4, 1778." ^[9] The new venue was strategically placed above two nearby streams, the Trabuco and the San Juan. Mission San Gabriel Arcángel provided cattle and neophyte labor to assist in the development of new the Mission. October 4 is the 277th day of the year (278th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... A running stream. ... Trabuco Canyon is a small, unincorporated community in Orange County, California, with a population of only a few thousand. ... Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was founded on The Feast of the Birth of Mary (September 8) in 1771. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ...

In 1778, the first adobe capilla (chapel) was blessed. It was replaced by a larger, 115-foot long house of worship in 1782, which is believed to be the oldest standing building in California. Known proudly as the "Serra Chapel," it has the distinction of being the only remaining church in which the padre is known to have officiated (Mission Dolores was still under construction at the time of Serra's visit there). Father Serra presided over the confirmations of 213 people on October 12 and 13, 1783; divine services are held there to this day. The centerpiece of the chapel is its spectacular retablo which serves as the backdrop for the altar. A masterpiece of Baroque art, the altarpiece was hand-carved of 196 individual pieces of cherry wood and overlaid in gold leaf in Barcelona and is estimated to be 400 years old. It was originally imported from Barcelona in 1806 and later donated by Archbishop John Cantwell of Los Angeles (the building had to be enlarged to accommodate this piece). Although the retablo had been relayered over the centuries, most of the original gilding remains underneath the modern materials; extensive restoration was begun in June, 2006. By the time of the chapel's completion, living quarters, kitchens (pozolera), workshops, storerooms, soldiers' barracks (cuartels), and a number of other ancillary buildings had also been erected, effectively forming the main cuadrángulo (quadrangle). Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in Chamisal, New Mexico Adobe is a natural building material composed of sand, sandy clay and straw or other organic materials, which is shaped into bricks using wooden frames and dried in the sun. ... A view of Mission Dolores on a rainy San Francisco day in December 2004. ... In the world of folklore, a retablo (or lamina) is a small oil painting on any variety of surface, typically a wood carving. ... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... Gold leaf is a sheet of real, nearly pure gold, worked into extremely thin sheets only a few micrometres thick. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (Catalan) Ciudad Condal (Spanish) Postal code 08001-08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ...

A plan view of the Mission San Juan Capistrano complex (including the footprint of the "Great Stone Church") prepared by architectural historian Rexford Newcomb in 1916. ^[10]

California's first vineyard was located on the Mission grounds, with the planting of the "Mission" or "Criollo" grape in 1779, one grown extensively throughout Spanish America at the time but with "an uncertain European origin." It was the only grape grown in the Mission system throughout the mid-1800s. The first winery in Alta California was built in San Juan Capistrano in 1783; both red and white wines (sweet and dry), and brandy were all produced from the Mission grape. In 1791, the Mission's two original bells were removed from the tree branch on which they had been hanging for the previous fifteen years and placed within a permanent mounting. Over the next two decades the Mission prospered, and in 1794 over seventy adobe structures were built in order to provide permanent housing for the Mission Indians, some of which comprise the oldest residential neighborhood in California. It was decided that a larger, European-style church was required to accommodate the growing population. Hoping to construct an edifice of truly magnificent proportions, the padres retained the services of expert Mexican stonemason Isidoro Aguílar.^[11] Aguílar took charge of the church's construction and set about incorporating numerous design features not found at any other California Mission, including the use of a domed roof structure made of stone as opposed to the typical flat wood roof. His elegant roof design called for six vaulted domes (bovedas) to be built. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1474x1937, 294 KB) Summary A plan view of Mission San Juan Capistrano prepared by architectural historian Rexford Newcomb. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1474x1937, 294 KB) Summary A plan view of Mission San Juan Capistrano prepared by architectural historian Rexford Newcomb. ... Rexford G. Newcomb (1886-1968), was an American academician, architect, and author. ... Criollo is a Spanish term (feminine criolla, plural criollos/criollas) which may refer to: The Spanish Criollo peoples, a caste in the Spanish colonial caste system. ... This article is about the alcoholic beverage. ... Brandy pot stills at the Van Ryn Brandy Cellar near Stellenbosch, South Africa. ... This article is about the continent. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... The rocky side of a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. ... The Lierne vault of the Liebfrauenkirche, Mühlacker 1482. ...

Work was begun on "The Great Stone Church" on February 2, 1797. It was laid out in the shape of a cross, measuring 180 feet long by 40 feet wide with 50-foot high walls, and included a 120-foot tall campanile ("bell tower") located adjacent to the main entrance that could be seen for miles around. The building sat on a foundation seven feet thick. Construction efforts required the participation of the entire neophyte population. Stones were quarried from gullies and creek beds up to six miles away and transported in carts (carretas) drawn by oxen, carried by hand, and even dragged to the building site. Limestone was crushed into a powder on the Mission grounds to create a mortar that was more erosion-resistant than the actual stones. A foundation is a structure that transmits loads from a building or road to the underlying ground. ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Mortar holding weathered bricks. ...

A close-up view of the majestic ruins of Mission San Juan Capistrano's "Great Stone Church," dubbed the "American Acropolis" in reference to its classical Greco-Roman style.

Unfortunately, Señor Aguílar died six years into the project. His work was carried on by the padres and their charges, who made their best attempts to emulate the existing construction. Lacking the skills of a master mason, however, led to irregular walls and necessitated the addition of a seventh roof dome. The church was finally completed in 1806, and blessed by Fray Estévan Tapís on the evening of September 7^[12]. The sanctuary floors were paved with diamond-shaped tiles, and brick-lined niches displayed the statues of various saints. It was by all accounts the most magnificent in all of California and a three-day feast was held in celebration of this monumental achievement. Tragedy struck the settlement when on December 8, 1812 (the "Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin") a series of massive earthquakes shook Southern California during the first Sunday service. Twelve years earlier a minor earth tremor had hit, causing only superficial damage to the work in progress.^[13] The 1812 Wrightwood Earthquake racked the doors to the church, pinning them shut. When the ground finally stopped shaking, the bulk of the nave had come crashing down, and the bell tower was completely obliterated. Forty-two worshippers from the local Acjachemem Nation (referred to as Juaneños by the Spaniards) who were attending mass were buried under the rubble and lost their lives, and were subsequently interred in the Mission cemetery. This was the second major setback the outpost had suffered, and followed severe storms and flooding that damaged Mission buildings and ruined crops earlier in the year. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 1044 KB)Mission San Juan Capistranos Great Stone Church. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 1044 KB)Mission San Juan Capistranos Great Stone Church. ... A view of Mission San Juan Capistrano in April, 2005. ... In modern Olympic and amateur wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation. ... For the towns named Tile, see Tile, Somalia and Tile, Lebanon; for the progressive rock band, see Tiles (band). ... An old brick wall in English bond laid with alternating courses of headers and Brick is an artificial stone made by forming clay into rectangular blocks which are hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm countries, by sun-drying. ... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the overture by Tchaikovsky, see 1812 Overture; For the wars, see War of 1812 (USA - United Kingdom) or Patriotic War of 1812 (France - Russia) For the Siberia Airlines plane crashed over the Black Sea on October 4, 2001, see Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 1812 was a leap year starting... This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ... For the film see Tremors (film). ... The Acjachemem Nation was a linguistic group of the Native American people of Southern California who have lived in what is now known as Orange County. ...

Misión San Juan de Capistrano by Henry Chapman Ford, 1880. The work depicts the rear of the ruined "Great Stone Church" as well as part of the mission's campo santos. A portion of "Serra's Church" is also visible at right.

The padres immediately returned to holding services in Serra's Church. Within a year a brick campanario ("bell wall") had been erected between the ruins of the stone church and the Mission's first chapel to support the four bells salvaged from the rubble of the campanile. As the transept, sanctuary (reredos), and sacristia (sacristy) were all left standing, an attempt was made to rebuild the stone church in 1815 which failed due to a lack of construction expertise (the latter is the only element that is completely intact today). Consequently, all of the construction work undertaken at the Mission grounds thereafter was of a strictly utilitarian nature. Father José Barona and Father Gerónimo Boscana oversaw the construction of a small infirmary (hospital) building (located just outside the northwestern corner of the quadrangle) in 1814, "for the convenience of the sick." It is here that Juaneño medicine men used traditional methods to heal the sick and injured.^[14] Archaeological excavations in 1937 and 1979 unearthed what are believed to be the building's foundations. Image File history File links San_Juan_Capistrano_1880_painting. ... Image File history File links San_Juan_Capistrano_1880_painting. ... Misión de Santa Margarita by Henry Chapman Ford, 1881. ... Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. ... Ajax prepares to violate the sanctuary of Athena by abducting Cassandra by force: red-figure vase, c. ... A sacristy is a room for keeping vestments (such as the cassock and chasuble) and other church furnishings, sacred vessels and church treasures. ... A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... Medicine man is an English term used to describe Native American religious figures; such individuals are analogous to shamans. ... Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...

On December 14, 1818 the French privateer Hipólito Bouchard, sailing under an Argentine flag, brought his ships La Argentina and Santa Rosa to within sight of the Mission and sent forth an envoy with a demand for provisions. The garrison soldiers were aware that Bouchard (today known as "California's only pirate") had recently conducted raids on the settlements at Monterey and Santa Barbara, so the demand was rebuffed and threats of reprisals made.^[15] In response, Pirate Buchar ordered an assault on the Mission, sending some 140 men and a trio of cannon to take the needed supplies by force.^[16] The Mission guards engaged the attackers but were overwhelmed, and the privateers left several damaged buildings in their wake, including the Governor's house, the King's stores, and the barracks. A celebration is held annually to memorialize the event. Between 1820 and 1823 an estancia (station) was established a few miles north on the banks of the Santa Ana River to accommodate the Mission's sizeable cattle herd. The adobe structure built to house the mayordomo and his men is known today as the Diego Sepúlveda Adobe. December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1818 (MDCCCXVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar. ... A privateer was a private ship (or its captain) authorized by a countrys government to attack and seize cargo from another countrys ships. ... Hippolyte de Bouchard was a French revolutionary from Buenos Aires, Argentina. ... For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but... A Norwegian soldier (a Corporal, armed with an MP-5) A soldier is a person who has enlisted with, or has been conscripted into, the armed forces of a sovereign country and has undergone training and received equipment to defend that country or its interests. ... Look up pirate and piracy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Monterrey is a city in Nuevo León, Mexico. ... Santa Barbara is a city in California, United States. ... The Santa Ana River begins in San Bernardino County, California in the San Bernardino National Forest. ... A majordomo is the head (major) person of a domestic staff (domo), one who acts on behalf of a usually absent owner of a typically large residence. ... The Diego Sepúlveda Adobe is an adobe structure built between 1820 and 1823 as part of an estancia (station) of Mission San Juan Capistrano, situated on the banks of the Santa Ana River in what is the present-day city of Costa Mesa, California. ...

A Moorish-style fountain inside Mission San Juan Capistrano's central courtyard, built in the 1920s through the efforts of Father St. John O'Sullivan.

Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. The 1820s and 30s saw a gradual decline in the Mission's status. Disease thinned out the once ample cattle herds, and a sudden infestation of mustard weed made it increasingly difficult to cultivate crops. Floods and droughts took their toll as well. But the biggest threat to the Mission's stability came from the presence of Spanish settlers who sought to take over Capistrano's fertile lands. Over time the disillusioned Indian population gradually left the Mission, and without regular maintenance its physical deterioration continued at an accelerated rate. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 145 KB)Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 145 KB)Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... the interior of the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. ... Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... A herd of Wildebeest A gaggle of Canada geese For other uses, see Herd (disambiguation). ... Species See text The mustards are several plant species in the genus Brassica whose proverbially tiny mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into a condiment also known as mustard. ... Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). ... Agriculture (a term which encompasses farming) is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. ...

Nevertheless, there was sufficient activity along El Camino Real to justify the construction of the Las Flores Asistencia in 1823. This facility, situated halfway between San Juan Capistrano and the Mission at San Luís Rey, was intended to act primarily as a rest stop for traveling clergy. During the same period the Diego Sepúlveda Adobe was established as an estancia (way-station) for the vaqueros (cowboys) who tended the Mission herds, in what today is the City of Costa Mesa. Following secularization, ownership passed to Don Diego Sepúlveda. El Camino Real in California is historically the road built in 1769 by Father Junípero Serra to connect the Catholic missions in Alta California between Sonoma in the north, and (what is now Presidio Park in) San Diego in the south, during the Spanish colonial era, and now a... The Las Flores Asistencia (or Las Flores Estancia) was established in 1823, and was situated approximately halfway between Mission San Luís Rey de Francia and Mission San Juan Capistrano on what today is the Marine Corps Base at Camp Pendleton. ... Mission San Luís Rey de Francia, circa 1910. ... American cowboy circa 1887 A cowhand tends livestock, especially cattle. ... The classic vision of the American cowboy, as portrayed by Frederic Remington A cowboy (Spanish vaquero) tends cattle and horses on cattle ranches in North and South America. ... Official website: http://ci. ...

Although Governor José Figueroa (who took office in 1833) initially attempted to keep the mission system intact, the Mexican Congress nevertheless passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California on August 17, 1833. Mission San Juan Capistrano was the very first to feel the effects of this legislation the following year. General José Figueroa (1792-1835), governor of Alta California from 1833-1835. ... Congress (formally: Congreso de la Unión or Congress of the Union) is the legislative branch of the Mexican government. ... August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

The Rancho Era (1834 – 1849)

The caretaker chats with guests beneath the shade of one of Mission San Juan Capistrano's courtyard arcades. The facility's advanced state of decay is evident.

The Mexican Congress passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California on August 17, 1833. The Act also provided for the colonization of both Alta and Baja California, the expenses of this latter move to be borne by the proceeds gained from the sale of the mission property to private interests. Mission San Juan Capistrano was the very first to feel the effects of this legislation the following year. The Franciscans abandoned the Mission, taking with them most everything of value, after which the locals plundered the Mission buildings for construction materials. By 1835, little of the Mission's assets remained, though the manufacture of hides and tallow continued as described in Richard Henry Dana's classic novel Two Years Before the Mast.^[17] Image File history File links CHS.J3075. ... Image File history File links CHS.J3075. ... Congress of Mexico - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1833 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Franciscans is the common name used to designate a variety of mendicant religious orders of men or women tracing their origin to Francis of Assisi and following the Rule of St. ... Richard Henry Dana Jr. ... Two Years Before the Mast a book by the American author Richard Henry Dana, Jr. ...

San Juan Capistrano was officially designated as a secular Mexican pueblo in 1841, at which time those few who still resided at the Mission were granted sections of land to use as their own. Four years later the Mission property was auctioned off under questionable circumstances for $710 worth of tallow and hides to Englishman John "Don Juan" Forster (Governor Pío Pico's brother-in-law, whose family would take up residence in the Friars' quarters for the next twenty years) and his partner James McKinley. More families would subsequently take up residence in other portions of the Mission buildings. This article concerns secularity, that is, being secular, in various senses. ... Pueblos are traditional communities of aboriginal Americans in the southwestern United States of America. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Official language None; English is de facto Capital London Capitals coordinates 51° 30 N, 0° 10 W Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831... Pío de Jesus Pico Lopez (May 5, 1801–September 11, 1894) was the last Mexican Governor of Alta California, now the U.S. state of California. ...

California Statehood (1850 – 1900)

Father José Mut's dining room as it is thought to have looked during his twenty-year stay at the Mission. Some years later, furniture maker and architect Gustav Stickley (the leading spokesperson for the American Arts and Crafts movement) would develop a reputation for fine, hand-crafted furnishings that were inspired by pieces such as these.^[18]

In 1860 an abortive attempt at restoring the stone church was the cause of its additional disintegration, forcing the dome over the transept and its cupola (lantern house) to collapse. A smallpox epidemic swept through the area in 1862, nearly wiping out the remaining Juaneño Indians. President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on March 18, 1865 that returned ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church. The document remains on display in the Mission's barracks cum museum; it is one of the few documents he ever signed as "Abraham Lincoln" instead of his customary "A. Lincoln." The Mission's sole resident from 1866 to 1886 was its pastor, Father José Mut. Father Mut made certain changes in order to accommodate his own needs, but little was accomplished to prevent further deterioration of the Mission buildings. By 1891 a roof collapse required that the Serra Chapel be abandoned completely. Modifications were made to the original adobe church (including the addition of a cross-topped espadaña at the south end, a feature that has been retained in the present iteration of the Mission compound) in order to render it suitable for use as a parish church. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 825 KB)Father Jose Muts dining room at Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 825 KB)Father Jose Muts dining room at Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... Gustav Stickley (March 9, 1858–April 21, 1942) was a furniture maker and architect as well as the leading spokesperson for the American Arts and Crafts movement. ... Artichoke wallpaper, by John Henry Dearle for William Morris & Co. ... Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. ... Cupola of St Peters Basilica, Rome In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) was a highly contagious viral disease unique to humans. ... In epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected, based on recent experience (the number of new cases in the population during a... Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865), sometimes called Abe Lincoln and nicknamed Honest Abe, the Rail Splitter, and the Great Emancipator, was an American politician who served as the 16th President of the United States (1861 to 1865), and the first president from the Republican Party. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1865 (MDCCCLXV) is a common year starting on Sunday. ... The Roman Catholic Church or Catholic Church (see terminology below) is the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, currently Pope Benedict XVI. It traces its origins to the original Christian community founded by Jesus of Nazareth, with its traditions first established by the Twelve Apostles and... Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in Chamisal, New Mexico Adobe is a natural building material composed of sand, sandy clay and straw or other organic materials, which is shaped into bricks using wooden frames and dried in the sun. ... A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ...

In 1894, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway constructed a new depot in the emerging "Mission Revival Style" mere blocks from the Mission. It is rumored that the stonework, bricks, and roof tiles were salvaged from the decaying buildings.^[19] The following year, a group calling itself the Landmarks Club of Los Angeles made the first real efforts at preserving the Mission and restoring it to its original state in over fifty years. Over 400 tons of debris was cleared away, holes in the walls were patched, and new shake cedar roofs were placed over a few of the derelict buildings. A mile of walkways were repaved with asphalt and gravel as well. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AAR reporting mark ATSF), often abbreviated as Santa Fe, was one of the largest railroads in the United States. ... The Mission Revival Style was an architectural movement that began in the late 19th Century and drew inspiration from the early Spanish missions in California. ... A Shake Roof in Romania A shake is a wooden shingle that is made from split logs. ... Binomial name Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don Thuja plicata (Western Redcedar) is a species of thuja, an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae, native to the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada, from southern Alaska and British Columbia south to northwest California and inland to western Montana. ...

The 20th Century and beyond (1901 – present)

The "Golden Altar," an early Baroque-style retablo (altarpiece) situated at the north-end sanctuary of "Father Serra's Church."

After Father Mut's departure in 1886 the parish found itself without a permanent pastor, and the Mission languished during this period. Father St. John O'Sullivan arrived in San Juan Capistrano in 1910 to recuperate from a recent stroke.^[20] He became fascinated by the scope of the Mission and soon set to work on rebuilding it a section at a time. Father O'Sullivan's first task was to repair the roof of the Serra Chapel (which was being employed as a granary and storeroom) using sycamore logs to match those that were used in the original work; in the process, the roof of the apse was raised to allow for the inclusion of a window so that natural light could be brought into the space. Other refurbishments were made as time and funds permitted. Arthur B. Benton, a Los Angeles architect, strengthened the chapel walls through the addition of heavy masonry buttresses. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (411x618, 60 KB)VIEW OF SANCTUARY OF SERRAS CHURCH at Mission San Juan Capistrano (colorized). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (411x618, 60 KB)VIEW OF SANCTUARY OF SERRAS CHURCH at Mission San Juan Capistrano (colorized). ... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... Sycamore is a name applied at various times and places to three very different types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms. ... This article is about an architectural feature; for the astronomical term see apsis. ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An Ciara Danille Bowers is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ... Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. ... A buttress (and mostly concealed, a flying buttress) supporting walls at the Palace of Westminster Four different types of buttress: diagonal, on the statues plinth; an ordinary buttress supporting a flying buttress, to the right of the statue; a small ordinary buttress to the right side of the picture...

It is rumored that silent film star Mary Pickford's secret marriage to fellow actor Owen Moore in 1911 took place in the Mission chapel. The third act of John Steven McGroarty's The Mission Play (1911) is set "...amid the broken and deserted walls of Mission San Juan Capistrano (the Mission of the Swallow), in 1847." Severe flooding destroyed a portion of the Mission's front arcade in 1915, and heavy storms a year later washed away one end of the barracks building, which Father O'Sullivan rebuilt in 1917, incorporating minor modifications such as an ornamental archway in order to make the edifice more closely resemble a church. On April 21, 1918 the San Jacinto Earthquake resulted in moderate structural damage to some of the buildings. In 1919, author Johnston McCulley created the character "Zorro" and chose Mission San Juan Capistrano as the setting for the first novella, titled The Curse of Capistrano.^[21] A silent film is a film which has no accompanying soundtrack. ... Mary Pickford (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979) was an Oscar-winning Canadian-born motion picture star and co-founder of United Artists, known as Americas Sweetheart, Little Mary and the girl with the golden curls. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Owen Moore (December 12, 1886 - June 9, 1939) was born in Fordstown Crossroads, County Meath, Ireland. ... The San Gabriel Civic Auditorium, a classic example of Mission Revival Style architecture, was built in 1927 as the Mission Playhouse specifically as a venue for McGroartys production of The Mission Play, which chronicled the history of California. ... April 21 is the 111th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (112th in leap years). ... Year 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Guy Williams, Disney/ABCs Zorro from 1957 to 1959, joking with Johnston McCulley Johnston McCulley (b. ... Zorro (sometimes with the definite article : El Zorro), Spanish for Fox, is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega (originally Don Diego Vega), a fictional nobleman and master swordsman living in Spanish-era California. ... The Curse of Capistrano is a 1919 novella by Johnston McCulley and the first work to feature the fictional character Zorro. ...

In 1920, the "Sacred Garden" was created in the courtyard adjacent to the stone church, and in 1925 the full restoration of the Serra Chapel was completed. Father O'Sullivan died in 1933 and was buried in the Mission cemetery. His tomb lies at the foot of a Celtic cross the Father himself erected as a memorial to the Mission's builders. In 1937 representatives of the U.S. National Park Service's Historic American Buildings Survey, as a part of the Historic Sites Act of 1935, surveyed and photographed the grounds and structures extensively. Their efforts laid the groundwork for future excavation and reconstruction of the west wing industrial complex. Graves at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. ... Celtic cross For Celtic Cross, the ambient/dub band see Celtic Cross (band) A Celtic cross is a symbol that combines the cross with a ring surrounding the intersection. ... The memorial at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii commemorates American dead from wars in the Pacific. ... The National Park Service (NPS) is the United States federal agency that manages all National Parks, many National Monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. ... HABS photograph: First Bank of the United States, Philadelphia HABS drawing: James Madisons Montpelier HAER photograph: Tacoma Narrows Bridge HALS drawing: Hale O Pi Ilani Heiau, Maui This article is about the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), a program of the U.S. National Park Service. ...

The prestigious World Monuments Fund placed "The Great Stone Church" on its List of 100 Most Endangered Sites in 2002. The most recent series of seismic retrofits at the Mission were completed in 2004.
The World Monuments Fund (WMF) is a private, non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of historic art and architecture worldwide through fieldwork, advocacy, grantmaking, education, and training. ... Seismology (from the Greek seismos = earthquake and logos = word) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth. ...

Mission industries

The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Barley, maize, and wheat were the principal crops grown at San Juan Capistrano; cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and goats were all raised by the hundreds as well. In 1790 the Mission's herd included 7,000 sheep and goats, 2,500 cattle, and 200 mules and horses. Olives were grown, cured, and pressed under large stone wheels to extract their oil, both for use at the Mission and to trade for other goods. Grapes were also grown and fermented into wine for sacramental use and again, for trading. The specific variety, called the Criolla or "Mission grape," was first planted at the Mission in 1779; in 1783, the first wine produced in Alta California emerged from San Juan Capistrano's winery. Cereal grains were dried and ground by stone into flour. The Mission's kitchens and bakeries prepared and served thousands of meals each day. Candles, soap, grease, and ointments were all made from tallow (rendered animal fat) in large vats located just outside the west wing. Also situated in this general area were vats for dyeing wool and tanning leather, and primitive looms for weavings. Large bodegas (warehouses) provided long-term storage for preserved foodstuffs and other treated materials. Farming, ploughing rice paddy, in Indonesia Agriculture is the process of producing food, feed, fiber and other desired products by cultivation of certain plants and the raising of domesticated animals (livestock). ... Binomial name Hordeum vulgare L. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a major food and animal feed crop, a member of the grass family Poaceae. ... Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 For the indie rock group see: Wheat (band). ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... horse, see Horse (disambiguation). ... In its common modern meaning, a mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. ... Species See text. ... Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Binomial name Olea europaea L. 19th century illustration The Olive (Olea europaea) is a species of small tree in the family Oleaceae, native to coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean region, from Lebanon and the maritime parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian... A driving wheel on a steam locomotive. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with cooking oil. ... Species Vitis acerifolia Vitis aestivalis Vitis amurensis Vitis arizonica Vitis x bourquina Vitis californica Vitis x champinii Vitis cinerea Vitis x doaniana Vitis girdiana Vitis labrusca Vitis x labruscana Vitis monticola Vitis mustangensis Vitis x novae-angliae Vitis palmata Vitis riparia Vitis rotundifolia Vitis rupestris Vitis shuttleworthii Vitis tiliifolia Vitis... Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. ... This article is about the alcoholic beverage. ... Sacramental as an adjective means of or pertaining to sacraments. ... Mission grapes are a variety of Vitis vinifera introduced from Spain to the western coasts of North and South America in the 1500s by Roman Catholic missionaries for use in making sacramental wine. ... “Grain” redirects here. ... Look up flour in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A kitchen is a room used for food preparation. ... Bakery foods A baker is someone who bakes and sells bread, cakes and similar foods. ... This article is on the source of light. ... This article is about the computer protocol. ... Grease is a lubricant of higher initial viscosity than oil, consisting originally of a calcium, sodium or lithium soap jelly emulsified with mineral oil. ... An ointment is a viscous semisolid preparation used topically on a variety of body surfaces. ... Tallow is rendered beef or mutton fat, processed from suet. ... In the kitchen, rendering can mean clarifying butter into ghee, suet into tallow and bacon fat into lard. ... Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera Subregnum Eumetazoa Placozoa Orthonectida Rhombozoa Radiata (unranked) Ctenophora Cnidaria Bilateria (unranked) Acoelomorpha Myxozoa Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Chaetognatha Xenoturbellida Superphylum Ecdysozoa Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Superphylum Platyzoa Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Sipuncula Nemertea Phoronida Ectoprocta Bryozoa... Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water. ... vat can be a type of barrel used for storage. ... Long and short hair wool at the South Central Family Farm Research Center in Boonesville, Arizona Wool is the fibre derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep, but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, alpacas and rabbits may also be... Tanning is the process of conversion of putrescible skin into non putrescible leather. ... Modern leather-working tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides, pelts and skins of animals, primarily cows. ... A Turkish woman in Konya works at a traditional loom. ... Tweed loom, Harris, 2004 Woven sheet Weaving is an ancient textile art and craft that involves placing two sets of threads or yarn made of fiber called the warp and weft of the loom and turning them into cloth. ...

A view of the Catalan forges at Mission San Juan Capistrano, the oldest existing facilities (circa 1790s) of their kind in the State of California. The sign at the lower right-hand corner proclaims the site as being "...part of Orange County's first industrial complex."

Three long zanjas (aqueducts) ran through the central courtyard and deposited the water they collected into large cisterns in the industrial area, where it was filtered for drinking and cooking, or dispensed for use in cleaning. The Mission had to fabricate all of its construction materials as well. Workers in the carpintería (carpentry shop) used crude methods to shape beams, lintels, and other structural elements; more skilled artisans carved doors, furniture, and wooden implements. For certain applications bricks (ladrillos) were fired in ovens (kilns) to strengthen them and make them more resistant to the elements; when tejas (roof tiles) eventually replaced the conventional jacal roofing (densely-packed reeds) they were placed in the kilns to harden them as well. Glazed ceramic pots, dishes, and canisters were also made in the Mission's kilns. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 1400 KB)The ruins of Mission San Juan Capistranos metalworking furnaces. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 1400 KB)The ruins of Mission San Juan Capistranos metalworking furnaces. ... Open hearth furnaces are the furnaces where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of Pig iron to produce Steel. ... This article is about the structure aqueduct, for the racecourse see Aqueduct Racetrack. ... // Getting water out of a cistern A cistern (Middle English cisterne, from Latin cisterna, from cista, box, from Greek kistê, basket) is a receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. ... A carpenter is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry -- a wide range of woodworking that includes constructing buildings, furniture, and other large objects out of wood. ... Oven depicted in a painting by Millet An oven is an enclosed compartment for heating, baking or drying. ... Charcoal Kilns, California A kiln is an oven that is used for hardening, burning, or drying anything. ...

Prior to the arrival of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The foundry at Mission San Juan Capistrano was the first to introduce the Indians to the Iron Age. The blacksmith used the Mission’s Catalan furnaces (California’s first) to smelt and fashion iron into everything from basic tools and hardware (such as nails) to crosses, gates, hinges, even cannon for Mission defense. Iron was one commodity in particular that the Mission relied solely on trade to acquire, as the missionaries had neither the know-how nor the technology to mine and process metal ores. This article is about the factory that makes castings of metal. ... Iron Age Axe found on Gotland This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age, for the mythological Iron Age see Iron Age (mythology). ... A blacksmith A blacksmith at work A blacksmith at work A blacksmiths fire Hot metal work from a blacksmith A blacksmith is a person who creates objects from iron or steel by forging the metal; i. ... Open hearth furnaces are the furnaces where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of Pig iron to produce Steel. ... Genera Allosmerus Hypomesus Mallotus Osmerus Spirinchus Thaleichthys Smelts are a family, Osmeridae, of small anadromous fish. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... The word nail has several meanings: In anatomy, a nail is a hard covering to the tip of fingers or toes In engineering, a nail is a metal pin-shaped object used to hold things together This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that... A small cannon on a carriage, Bucharest. ... This article is about mineral extraction. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily forms positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds. ... Iron ore (Banded iron formation) Manganese ore Lead ore Gold ore An ore is a volume of rock containing components or minerals in a mode of occurrence which renders it valuable for mining. ...

The Mission bells

A view of Mission San Juan Capistrano's "Sacred Garden" that was developed in 1920. The four-bell campanario was erected a year after the bell tower at "The Great Stone Church" was toppled in the 1812 earthquake.

Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times. All four of Mission San Juan Capistrano's bells are named and all bear inscriptions as follows (from the largest to the smallest; inscriptions are translated from Latin): Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 1222 KB)The Sacred Garden at Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2580x1720, 1222 KB)The Sacred Garden at Mission San Juan Capistrano. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...

• "Praised by Jesus, San Vicente. In honor of the Reverend Fathers, Ministers (of the Mission) Fray Vicente Fuster, and Fray Juan Santiago, 1796."
• "Hail Mary most pure. Ruelas made me, and my name is San Juan, 1796."
• "Hail Mary most pure, San Antonio, 1804."
• "Hail Mary most pure, San Rafael, 1804."

In the aftermath of the 1812 earthquake, the two largest bells cracked and split open. Due to this damage neither produced clear tones. Regardless, they were hung in the campanario that went up the following year. This article is about Jesus of Nazareth. ...

On March 22, 1969 President Richard M. Nixon and First Lady Patricia Nixon visited the Mission and rang the Bell of San Rafael. A bronze plaque commemorating the event is set in the bell wall. In celebration of the new Mission church being elevated to minor basilica status in 2000, exact duplicates of the damaged bells were cast in the Netherlands, utilizing molds made from the originals. The replacement bells were placed in the bell wall and the old ones put on display within the footprint of the destroyed Mission campanile ("bell tower"). March 22 is the 81st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (82nd in leap years). ... 1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Pat Nixon Patricia Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 - June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon and First Lady of the United States. ...

"The return of the swallows"

Looking down the arcade at Mission San Juan Capistrano's old adobe chapel. Cliff Swallows, annual visitors to the Mission, typically build their nests here. Note that much of the plaster finish has come off, exposing the bricks beneath to the elements.

The Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) is a migratory bird that spends its winters in Goya, Argentina but makes the 6,000-mile trek north to the warmer climes of the American Southwest in springtime. According to legend the birds, who have visited the San Juan Capistrano area every Summer for centuries, first took refuge at the Mission when an irate innkeeper began destroying their mud nests. The Mission's location near two rivers made it an ideal location for the swallows to nest, as there was a constant supply of the insects on which they feed, and the young birds are well-protected inside the ruins of the old stone church. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1720x2580, 1075 KB)Looking down an arcade at Mission San Juan Capistranos old adobe chapel. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1720x2580, 1075 KB)Looking down an arcade at Mission San Juan Capistranos old adobe chapel. ... The Cleveland Arcade in downtown Cleveland (late 1960s) An arcade is a passage or walkway covered over by a succession of arches or vaults supported by columns, or else it is a covered passage fronted by a series of arches. ... // Gypsum plaster Plaster of Paris, or simply plaster, is a type of building material based on calcium sulfate hemihydrate, nominally (CaSO₄)₂*H₂O. It is created by heating gypsum to about 150 ℃, 2(CaSO₄ · 2H₂O) → (CaSO₄)₂ · H₂O + 3 H₂O (released as steam). ... An old brick wall in English bond laid with alternating courses of headers and Brick is an artificial stone made by forming clay into rectangular blocks which are hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm countries, by sun-drying. ... Binomial name Hirundo pyrrhonota Vieillot, 1817 The Cliff Swallow, Hirundo pyrrhonota (sometimes Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), is a member of the passerine bird family Hirundinidae, the swallows and martins. ... Migration occurs when living things move from one biome to another. ... Goya is a city in the south-east of the province of Corrientes in the Argentine Mesopotamia. ... The Southwest region of the United States is drier than the adjoining Midwest in weather; the population is less dense and, with strong Spanish-American and Native American components, more ethnically varied than neighboring areas. ... River Gambia flowing through Niokolokoba National Park A river is a large natural waterway. ... Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrates that are taxonomically referred to as the class Insecta. ...

Father O'Sullivan made note of the birds' annual habit of nesting beneath the Mission's eaves and archways, from Spring through Fall, during his two decades in residence. On March 13, 1939 a popular radio program was broadcast live from the Mission grounds, announcing the swallows' return. Composer Leon René was so inspired by the event that he penned the song When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano in tribute.^[22] During its initial release the song spent several weeks atop the Your Hit Parade charts. The song has been recorded by such musicians as The Ink Spots, Fred Waring, Guy Lombardo, and Glenn Miller. A glassed-off room in the Mission has been designated in René's honor and displays the upright piano on which he composed the tune, the reception desk from his office and several copies of the song's sheet music and other pieces of furniture, all donated by René's family. March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). ... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Your Hit Parade was a popular United States music radio and television program. ... The Ink Spots were a popular American vocal group that helped define the musical genre that led to rhythm & blues and rock and roll, and the subgenre doo-wop. ... Fredrick Malcolm Waring (born June 9, 1900 in Tyrone, Pennsylvania, died July 29, 1984, State College, Pennsylvania) was a popular musician, bandleader, and radio and TV personality of the 20th century, sometimes referred to as the man who taught America how to sing. ... Guy Lombardo, photographed by William P. Gottlieb, 1947 Gaetano Alberto Guy Lombardo (June 19, 1902 – November 5, 1977) was a Canadian bandleader and violinist. ... Alton Glenn Miller (March 1, 1904 — presumably December 15, 1944), was an American jazz musician and bandleader in the swing era. ...

Each year the City of San Juan Capistrano sponsors the Fiesta de las Golondrinas, a week-long celebration of this auspicious event. Tradition has it that the main flock arrives on March 19 (Saint Joseph's Day), and flies south on Saint John's Day, October 23. Categories: Animal stubs | Animal behaviour | Social psychology ... March 19 is the 78th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (79th in leap years). ... According to Christian Gospel accounts and tradition Joseph of the House of David – also called Joseph the Man and St. ... Saint Giovanni da Capistrano (English:John Capistrano, June 24, 1386 – October 23, 1456), Italian friar, theologian and inquisitor, was born in the village of Capistrano, in the diocese of Sulmona in the Abruzzi. ... October 23 is the 296th day of the year (297th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

When the swallows come back to Capistrano

That's the day you promised to come back to me

When you whispered, "Farewell," in Capistrano

'twas the day the swallows flew out to sea

excerpt from "When the Swallows Come Back to Capistrano" by Leon René

Other historic designations

• California Historical Landmark #227 — Diego Sepúlveda Adobe Estancia
• ASM International Historical Landmark (1988) — "Metalworking Furnaces"
• World Monuments Fund List of 100 Most Endangered Sites (2002) — "The Great Stone Church"

California Historical Landmarks (CHLs) are buildings, structures, sites, or places in the state of California that have been determined to have statewide historical significance by meeting at least one of the criteria listed below: approved for designation by the County Board of Supervisors or the City/Town Council in whose...

Notes

An overall view of "The Mission of the Swallow" around the time of Father St. John O'Sullivan's arrival in 1910.

Clerical historian Father Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M. visits Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1915.

1. ^ Young, p. 26
2. ^ Young, p. 23
3. ^ Yenne, p. 72
4. ^ Newcomb, p. 16
5. ^ Yenne, p. 8
6. ^ Kelsey, p. 9
7. ^ Wright, p. 37
8. ^ Kelsey, p. 10
9. ^ Mission San Juan Capistrano; retrieved on March 29, 2006
10. ^ Newcomb, p. 15
11. ^ Camphouse, p. 30
12. ^ Yenne, p. 75
13. ^ Chase and Saunders, p. 27
14. ^ Engelhardt, p. 57
15. ^ Yenne, p. 77
16. ^ Jones p. 170
17. ^ Young, p. 24
18. ^ Cathers, p. 45
19. ^ Duke, p. 241
20. ^ Wright, p. 39
21. ^ Yenne, P. 79
22. ^ Leffingwell, p. 39

Image File history File links San_Juan_Capistrano_circa_1910_William_Amos_Haines. ... Image File history File links San_Juan_Capistrano_circa_1910_William_Amos_Haines. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1303x731, 111 KB) Father Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M. visits Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1915. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1303x731, 111 KB) Father Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M. visits Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1915. ... Father Engelhardt visits Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1915. ...

References

• Camphouse, Marjorie (1974). Guidebook to the Missions of California. Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, Los Angeles, CA. ISBN 0-378-03792-7.
• Cathers, David M. (1981). Furniture of the American Arts and Crafts Movement. The New American Library, Inc. ISBN 045303974.
• Chase, J. and Saunders, C. (1974). "Mission San Juan Capistrano." American West 40 (7) 22-29.
• Duke, Donald (1995). Santa Fe: The Railroad Gateway to the American West, Volume One. Golden West Books, San Marino, CA. ISBN 0-87095-110-6.
• Engelhardt, Zephyrin (1922). San Juan Capistrano Mission. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles, CA.
• Kelsey, H. (1993). Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Pocket History. Interdisciplinary Research, Inc., Altadena, CA.
• Jones, Roger W. (1997). California from the Conquistadores to the Legends of Laguna. Rockledge Enterprises, Laguna Hills, CA.
• Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 0-89658-492-5.
• Newcomb, Rexford (1973). The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 0-486-21740-X.
• Wright, Ralph B. (1950). California's Missions. Hubert A. and Martha H. Lowman, Arroyo Grande, CA.
• Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
• Young, Stanley and Melba Levick (1988). The Missions of California. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco, CA. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.
• Mission San Juan Capistrano. San Juan Capistrano Historical Society. Retrieved on March 29, 2006.

March 29 is the 88th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (89th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Spanish missions in California
• Diego Sepúlveda Adobe
• Las Flores Asistencia
• USNS Mission Capistrano (AO-112) — a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.

The Spanish Missions in California (more simply referred to as the California Missions) comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans, to spread the Christian doctrine among the local Native Americans. ... The Diego Sepúlveda Adobe is an adobe structure built between 1820 and 1823 as part of an estancia (station) of Mission San Juan Capistrano, situated on the banks of the Santa Ana River in what is the present-day city of Costa Mesa, California. ... The Las Flores Asistencia (or Las Flores Estancia) was established in 1823, and was situated approximately halfway between Mission San Luís Rey de Francia and Mission San Juan Capistrano on what today is the Marine Corps Base at Camp Pendleton. ... The USNS Mission Capistrano is one of twenty-seven Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oilers built during World War II for service in the United States Navy, named for the Franciscan mission located in San Juan Capistrano, California. ... The USNS Mission Buenaventura is one of twenty-seven similar fleet oilers built during World War II for service in the United States Navy. ... An oiler is a ship, also called a tanker, that can carry a liquid cargo of petroleum, or a naval support vessel that carries fuel to other naval ships steaming at sea, and can transfer the fuel during underway RAS improved fleet operations reliability, availabiltiy and serviceability. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States France Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Charles de Gaulle Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hirohito Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

External links

The Basilica at San Juan Capistrano, designed after the "Great Stone Church," in 1987.

• Official parish website
• Elevation & Site Layout sketches of the Mission proper
• Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record
• Virtual Reality Panorama of "The Ruined Stone Church"
• Virtual Reality Panorama of the "Cloister Colonnade at Mission San Juan Capistrano"
• Virtual Reality Panorama of "The Inner Courtyard"
• Virtual Reality Panorama of "Father Serra's Chapel"
• Daily Life at Mission San Juan Capistrano (PDF)
• Indians of the Mission (PDF)
• "Little Chapters about San Juan Capistrano" by Father St. John O'Sullivan, 1912
• "Chinigchinich; a Historical Account of the Origin, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California Called The Acagchemem Nation" by The Reverend Father Friar Gerónimo Boscana, 1846
• Official website of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemem Nation

One of the earliest examples of "Mission Revival Style" architecture, the Sante Fe Railway depot in San Juan Capistrano (with its 40-foot high dome and bell) was considered to be one of the railroad's finest when it was completed on October 8, 1894.

This circa 1921 view of the Mission San Juan Capistrano complex documents the restoration work that was already well underway by that time. The perimeter garden wall, including the ornate entranceway, is an early-20th century addition.

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1176x781, 171 KB) Basilica San Juan Capistrano. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1176x781, 171 KB) Basilica San Juan Capistrano. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Image File history File links CHS.J3074. ... Image File history File links CHS.J3074. ... Image File history File links Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano_circa_1921. ... Image File history File links Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano_circa_1921. ...