NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mixed languages

A mixed language is a language that arises when two languages are in contact and there is a high degree of bilingualism among speakers. (Occasionally, more than two languages may be involved.) A mixed language differs from a pidgin in that its speakers are fluent, even native, speakers of the languages involved in the mixture, whereas a pidgin develops when groups of people with no knowledge of each others languages come into contact and have need of a basic communication system, eg for trade, but do not have enough contact to learn each others language or to delevop a lingua franca. A mixed language differs from a creole in that a mixed language has not evolved from a pidgin, while a creole has. A mixed language may be said to evolve from persistent code-switching and indeed language names like "Spanglish" are often given to persistent code-switiching long before it is clear that a genuine mixed language has evolved. Other apparent mixed languages, such as Franglais and Yinglish, are really nothing more than names given to varieties of a language (like French and English respectively) characterized by large numbers of loanwords from another language (like English and Yiddish respectively). The term bilingualism (from bi meaning two and lingua meaning language) can refer to rather different phenomena. ... A Pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues. ... A Creole is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people. ... Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation between one or more languages, dialects, or language registers in the course of discourse between people who have more than one language in common. ... Spanglish, a portmanteau of the words Spanish and English, is a name used to refer to a range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic population of the USA, which is exposed to both Spanish and English. ... Franglais, a portmanteau of the words franÃ§ais (French) and anglais (English), has a number of meanings, and the word has different overtones in the English and French languages. ... The term Yinglish describes the distinctive way certain Orthodox Jews in America speak English among themselves. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... A loanword (or a borrowing) is a word taken into by one language from another. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Yiddish (Yid. ...

The best example of a genuine mixed language is probably Michif (a mixture of French and Cree). Other possible examples include: Michif (also Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, MÃ©tif, MÃ©tchif) is the language of the MÃ©tis people of Canada and the northern United States, who are the descendants of First Nations women (mainly Cree, Nakota and Ojibwe) and fur trade workers of European ancestry (mainly French Canadians). ... Cree is the name for a group of closely-related Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 50,000 speakers across Canada, from Alberta to Labrador. ...

In addition to Spanglish and Yinglish mentioned above, there are many varieties of English that are distinguished from "standard" varieties by being in contact with other languages. These may not be genuine mixed languages, but rather cases of persistent code-switching or heavy loanword use. They include: The Tibetan language is typically classified as member of the Tibeto-Burman which in turn is thought by some to be a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. ... The Yeniche, or Jenisch, are the third-largest population of nomadic people (or Travelers) in Europe, living mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and parts of France. ... Yiddish (Yid. ... Romany (or Romani) is the language of the Roma and Sinti, travelling peoples often referred to in English as gypsies. They came originally from what is now, northern India and parts of Pakistan, and their language belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language group. ... Spanglish, a portmanteau of the words Spanish and English, is a name used to refer to a range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic population of the USA, which is exposed to both Spanish and English. ... The term Yinglish describes the distinctive way certain Orthodox Jews in America speak English among themselves. ...

Similar names are given to "broken" English found in foreign countries, for example: Englog, in the Philippines, is an informal form of English infused with Tagalog words, a popular type of which is called Konyo English. ... Europanto is a constructed language, a linguistic jest with a hodge-podge vocabulary from many European languages. ... // Definition The term Finglish was introduced by professor Martti Nisonen in 1920s in Hancock, Michigan to describe a linguistic phenomenon he encountered in America. ... Franglais, a portmanteau of the words franÃ§ais (French) and anglais (English), has a number of meanings, and the word has different overtones in the English and French languages. ... Germish (in German Denglisch), a portmanteau of the words German and English, also referred to as Denglish, Engleutsch, Germlish, Genglish or Ginglish describes language based on the German grammar that includes a jumble of English and pseudo-English idioms, or vice versa. ... Hinglish, a portmanteau of the words Hindi and English, is the arbitrary usage of Hindi and English, combining both, in one sentence. ... Konglish is the use of English words (or words derived from English words) in a Korean context or a Korean dialect mixed with English loanwords. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Manglish is the version of the English language as spoken in Malaysia and shares substantial linguistic similarities with Singlish in Singapore. ... Nuyorican is a blending of the phrases New York and Puerto Rican and refers to the members or culture of the Puerto Rican diaspora located in or around New York City, or of their descendants (especially those raised or still living in the New York area). ... Spanglish, a portmanteau of the words Spanish and English, is a name used to refer to a range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic population of the USA, which is exposed to both Spanish and English. ... Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Swenglish (or svengelska in Swedish) is a slang term meaning English spoken with a heavy Swedish accent or Swedish with many English words. ... Taglish, a portmanteau of the words Tagalog and English, is an informal dialect of Tagalog in the Philippines that infuses English terms. ... Tinglish (also Thenglish or Thailish) is the imperfect form of English produced by native Thai speakers due to language interference from the first language. ... Vinish or Vietnamese English is a pidgin of Vietnamese and English, often found in immigrant communities in majority-English-speaking countries. ... Yanito is the name for the patois or creole spoken in Gibraltar. ... Spanglish, a portmanteau of the words Spanish and English, is a name used to refer to a range of language-contact phenomena, primarily in the speech of the Hispanic population of the USA, which is exposed to both Spanish and English. ... Yeshivish is spoken mainly by English-speaking Orthodox Jews who have attended a yeshiva (an institute for higher Torah study), and is, indeed, the primary vehicle of communication in major American Litvish yeshivas. ... The term Yinglish describes the distinctive way certain Orthodox Jews in America speak English among themselves. ... Yeshiva or yeshivah (Hebrew: ×™×©×™×‘×” pl. ...

These are simply non-native uses of English and cannot be considered mixed languages. An example of written Chinglish on a signpost. ... Dunglish is a combination of Dutch and English, a name for Dutch English, the Dutch speakers version of the English language. ... An example of Engrish noted in Tokyo in the year 2000 Engrish is a slang term which, in its purest form, refers to poor-quality attempts by Japanese writers to create English words and phrases; whether in mistranslation of an original Japanese language text, or in an attempt to create... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

References

Categories: Linguistics | Mixed languages Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). ... Oxford University Press (OUP) is a highly-respected publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. ... Amsterdam Location Country The Netherlands Province North Holland Population 739,295 (1 January 2005) Coordinates 4Â°54E - 52Â°22N Website www. ... Berlin? (pronounced: , German ) is the capital of Germany and its largest city, with 3,426,000 inhabitants (as of January 2005); down from 4. ...