Mizrahi Jews (יהדות מזרח Yahadut Mizrah)
Total population
2.7 to 3.2 million (estimate)
Regions with significant populations
Israel 2,200,000-2,500,000  United States unknown  France 400,000  Canada 35,000  India 250  Iran 40,000  Chile 2,700  Argentina 2,170
Languages
Hebrew, Dzhidi, Judæo-Arabic, Gruzinic, Bukhori, Judeo-Berber, Juhuri and Judæo-Aramaic
Religions
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions and Arabs.

Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim (Hebrew: מזרחים, Standard Mizraḥim Tiberian Mizrāḥîm ; "Easterners"), sometimes also called Edot HaMizrah (Congregations of the East) are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East. Included in the Mizrahi category are Jews from the Arab world, as well as other communities from other Muslim countries, including the Georgian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Persian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Syrian Jews, Lebanese Jews, Mountain Jews, Yemenite Jews, Indian Jews (including many of Iraqi descent), Maghrebi Jews, Berber Jews and Kurdish Jews. Despite their heterogeneous origins, Jews from these areas generally practise traditional Sephardic Judaism, with some differences between the minhagim of the particular communities. Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Canada. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Chile. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... The word Hebrew most likely means to cross over, referring to the Semitic people crossing over the Euphrates River. ... Judeo-Persian was a language spoken by the Jews living in Persia. ... Categories: Language stubs | Judaism-related stubs | Mizrahi Jews | Arab | Arabic languages | Jewish languages ... Gruzinic (also known as Kivruli and Judæo-Georgian) is the traditional language spoken by the Georgian Jews, the ancient Jewish community of the Caucasus nation of Georgia. ... Bukhori, also known as Bukharic or Bukharan, is an Indo-Iranian language. ... Judeo-Berber is a collective term given to the Hebrew-influenced Berber varieties spoken by some North Africans Jews, mainly in Morocco (where Tachelhit was the main factor. ... Juhuri, Juwri or Judæo-Tat is the traditional language of the Juhurim or Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Dagestan. ... Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Languages Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... Languages Hebrew, Ladino, Judæo-Portuguese, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Spaniards, Portuguese Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Tiberian ; plural ספרדים, Standard Tiberian ) are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi Jews... Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish communities within the worlds ethnically Jewish population. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Tiberian Hebrew is an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient forms of Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was given written form by masoretic scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias in the early Middle Ages, beginning in the 8th century. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Mauritania, Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ... The Gruzim are Jews from the nation of Georgia, in the Caucasus. ... Iraqi Jews constitute one of the worlds oldest, and historically most important Jewish communities. ... A modern-day synagogue in Iran. ... Languages Traditionally Bukhari, Russian and Hebrew spoken in addtion. ... Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: those who inhabited the region of todays Syria from the ancient times and those Sephardim who fled to Syria after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492 CE). ... The Lebanese Jews are traditonally a Mizrahi community living in the present-day country of Lebanon, mostly in and around the city of Beirut. ... Mountain Jews, or Juhuro, are Jews of the eastern Caucasus, mainly of Azerbaijan and Dagestan. ... Yemenite Jews (Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard Temanim Tiberian ; singular תֵּימָנִי, Standard Temani Tiberian ) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן, Standard Teman Tiberian ; far south), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ... // Indian Jews are a religious minority, living among Indias predominantly Hindu populace. ... The Maghrebim (‎ or ‎) are the Jews who traditionally lived in the Arab-Berber Maghreb region of North Africa (al-Maghrib, i. ... Berber Jews are the Berber Jewish communities inhabiting the region of the Maghreb in North Africa. ... Kurdish Jews (יהדות כורדיסתאן Jews of Kurdistan, Standard Hebrew Yehudi Kurdistan) are the ancient Jewish communities inhabiting the region today known as Kurdistan, roughly covering parts of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and Syria. ... Sephardic Judaism is used in this article to describe the religious practices of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, so far as these are peculiar to themselves and not shared with other Jewish groups such as the Ashkenazim. ... Minhag (Hebrew: מנהג Custom, pl. ...

History and usage

"Mizrahi" is literally translated as "Eastern", מזרח (Mizrach) being 'East" in Hebrew. The original use of the terms "Mizrahi" and "Edot ha-Mizrach" was as a translation of the Arabic term Mashriqiyyun (Easterners), referring to the people of Syria, Iraq and other Asian countries, as distinct from those of North Africa (Maghrabiyyun). Mashriq or Mashreq is the region of Arabic-speaking countries to the east of Egypt. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

In modern Israeli usage, it refers to all Jews from Arabic and Asian countries. The term came to be widely used by Mizrahi activists in the early 1990s, and since then has become a widely accepted designation. [1]

Many Mizrahim today reject this (or any) umbrella description and prefer to identify themselves by their particular country of origin, or that of their immediate ancestors, e.g. "Iraqi Jew", "Tunisian Jew", "Persian Jew", etc. Some Jews like to define themselves Oriental Jews, this term being still quite common in the western hemisphere, though some find it demeaning following the sense given to "Orientalism" by Edward Said. The geographical western hemisphere of Earth, highlighted in yellow. ... For Orientalist Architecture, see Moorish Revival. ... Edward Wadie Said (Arabic: , transliteration: ) (1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and outspoken Palestinian activist. ...

Other designations

Many speakers, especially in Israel, identify all non-Ashkenazi Jews as Sephardim. The reason for this usage is that most Mizrahi communities use much the same religious ritual as Sephardim proper (i.e. descendants of the Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula, that is, modern Spain and Portugal), and can therefore be described as Jews of the Sephardic rite, though not as Sephardi Jews. This broader definition of "Sephardim" is common in religious circles, especially those associated with the Shas political party. Languages Hebrew, Ladino, Judæo-Portuguese, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Spaniards, Portuguese Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Tiberian ; plural ספרדים, Standard Tiberian ) are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi Jews... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. ... Sephardic Judaism is used in this article to describe the religious practices of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, so far as these are peculiar to themselves and not shared with other Jewish groups such as the Ashkenazim. ... Shas (Hebrew: ) is an political party in Israel, primarily representing Ultra-orthodox Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. ...

Others prefer to differentiate between Sephardim proper and Mizrahim. There is some disagreement on whether Iberian-descended Sephardim from Eastern countries (e.g. Turkish Jews) should be described as "Mizrahim" or not.

In many Arab countries there was a social distinction between Judeo-Romance-speaking Sephardim arriving after the expulsion from Spain in 1492, plus the ones expelled by order of King Manuel I of Portugal in 1497, and the older Arabic-speaking communities. The latter were often referred to by themselves as "Musta'arabim" or by the Sephardim as "Moriscos" (equivalent to "Moors" in English). Judeo-Romance languages are those languages derived from Romance languages, spoken by the various Jewish communities, and altered to such an extent to gain recognition as languages in their own right, joining the great number of other Jewish languages. ... A signed copy of the Edict of Expulsion The Alhambra Decree was issued in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, married in 1469), following the final triumph over the Moors after the fall of Granada. ... Not to be confused with 1492: Conquest of Paradise. ... Manuel I of Portugal (pron. ... The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of the western Mediterranean and western Sahara, including: al-Maghrib (the coastal and mountain lands of present day Morocco and Algeria, and Tunisia although Tunisia often is separately called Ifriqiya after the former Roman province of Africa); al-Andalus (the former Islamic sovereign...

Arab Jew or Jewish Arab?

This article may contain original research or unverified claims. Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the talk page for details. This article has been tagged since April 2007.

Jewish wedding in Aleppo, Syria, 1914.

Another term occasionally used for Mizrahim originating in Arab lands is "Arab Jews". Some Jews, even those not born in Arab countries, define themselves as Arab Jews to make a cultural or political statement. One argument against the term "Arab Jews" is that some of the communities referred to originated as early as the Babylonian captivity (6th century BCE), thus antedating the Arab Muslim conquest by a millennium. At present the term has been reclaimed by some Mizrahi activists such as Naeim Giladi, Ella Habiba Shohat, Sami Shalom Chetrit and David Rabeeya. Image File history File links Circle-question. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Aleppo (or Halab Arabic: , ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate. ... Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Mauritania, Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... Babylonian captivity also refers to the permanence of the Avignon Papacy. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 6th century BC started on January 1, 600 BC and ended on December 31, 501 BC. // Monument 1, an Olmec colossal head at La Venta The 5th and 6th centuries BC were a time of empires, but more importantly, a time... Languages Arabic other minority languages Religions Predomiantly Sunni Islam, as well as Shia Islam, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, Maronite, Alawite Islam, Druze, Ibadi Islam, and Judaism An Arab (Arabic: ) is any member of the Semitic group of people whose cultural, linguistic, and in certain cases, ancestral origins trace back to... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Naeim Giladi was born in Iraq as Naeim Khalaschi in 1929 to an Iraqi Jewish family and later lived in Israel and the United States. ...

The proponents of the term "Arab Jews" argue that "Arab" is a linguistic and cultural rather than a racial or a religious term, and that the Jews in Arab countries fully participated in that culture. Distinctions were drawn between "Jews" and "Muslims", but not between "Jews" and "Arabs". Similarly the Christian population of countries such as Egypt and Syria are quite unproblematically described as "Arabs", even though most of them (and indeed many of the Muslims) are descended from the pre-Islamic population of those countries.

The counter-argument is that there are Arab Muslims and Arab Christians, but there was no such thing as an "Arab Jew" when the Jews lived among the Arabs in North Africa. Arab Jews or Jewish Arab are false terms and false notions, according to Professor Jacob Taieb of the Sorbonne University, France, an expert on Maghrebi Jews born in Tunisia. Professor Paul Sebag, also born in Tunisia, stated that “these terms were never used in Tunisia and other Arab countries, and they do not correspond/coincident to the religious and socio-historical context/reality of the Jews in Tunisia/the Arab world.” Nowadays, one distinguishes between a Moslem Arab and a Christian Arab, and this caused some to invent, to facilitate matters, the terms: Arab Jew (Juif Arab) or Jewish Arab (Arabe juif). The historical fact is that the Arab component of the North African society was introduced during the conquest of the seventh century, after the establishment of North African Jewish communities. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Jewish weaver in Ramadi, Iraq, 1918.

In Arab countries, there were Jews among the Arabs (Algerian Jews, Egyptian Jews …), as in European and other countries there are Jews among the French, Italian, Polish, German, American … people (French Jews, Italian Jews … ). In North Africa, some Jews have spoken Judeo-Arabic languages (something similar to Yiddish, but a combination of Hebrew and Arabic), and others are Francophone, speaking French; and in some areas there are “arabized” Jews who dress quite like Arabs. The fact is that even when the Jewish community was culturally quite embedded in its Muslim Arab environment, Jews were always considered members of a socio-religious community minority, different, distinct, and separated from the Arab population, because of their Jewish cultural tradition, their common past, and the Judeo-Arabic language - all of them separated them from the Arabs. It was ‘us’ the Jews, and ‘them’ the Arabs. And the Arabs saw the Jews, even the ones who spoke only Judeo-Arabic, as members of a socio-linguistic religious cultural community, different from theirs. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 326 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 735 pixel, file size: 133 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Jewish weaver in Ramadi, Iraq, 1918. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 326 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (400 × 735 pixel, file size: 133 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Jewish weaver in Ramadi, Iraq, 1918. ... Saddam Mosque Ramadi (Arabic: ‎ ; BGN: Ar RamādÄ«) is a city in central Iraq, about 100 kilometers west of Baghdad. ... The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ...

And indeed, the distinction and the undeniable reality for all in North Africa has been that there were the ‘French’ -les Francais, the ‘Arabs’ -les Arabes, the 'Berbers' -les Berbères, and the ‘Jews’ -les Juifs.’ It was never ‘Catholics’ and ‘Muslims’ versus 'Jews'. It was and has been a clear, and undeniable mutual self-identification of ‘we, the Jews’/’they, the Arabs,’ and ‘we, the Arabs’/they, the Jews, the others’, a state of affairs clearly reflected and implemented in an history of discrimination and persecution under Arab rule, and painfully described in Jews and Arabs, a revealing title, by Albert Memmi: “having to tremble for one’s life and the future of one’s children, ... being denied any existence or one’s own ... for centuries ...". Albert Memmi (born December 15, 1920) is a Tunisian-born French writer and essayist. ...

The Jews of Tunisia (Arab and Muslim world) distinguished themselves from the ‘Arabs’ and the ‘French’ by the differences of their religion and their Jewish cultural tradition, but they have also used the Judeo-Arab language to separate themselves from the ‘Arabs.’ In fact, before and after the French Protectorate, they have always regarded themselves, and were regarded by the ‘Arabs’ as being separate and distinct, and as a linguistic, religious, and cultural distinctive community, even if they shared some cultural traits. The fact was that “Arabness” referred to more than just a common shared culture.

A third view is that the term "Arab Jew" has a certain legitimacy, but should only describe the Jewish communities of Arabia itself, such as the Banu Qaynuqa of the time of Muhammad and, possibly, the Yemenite Jews. The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, Arabic: ) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). ... Yemenite Jews (Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard Temanim Tiberian ; singular תֵּימָנִי, Standard Temani Tiberian ) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן, Standard Teman Tiberian ; far south), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ...

Language

Main article: Judeo-Arabic languages

Kurdish Jews in Rawanduz, northern Iraq, 1905.

Mizrahi communities spoke a number of Judeo-Arabic dialects such as Maghrebi, though these are now mainly used as a second language. Most of the many notable philosophical, religious and literary works of the Mizrahim were written in Arabic using a modified Hebrew alphabet. The Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries; the term also refers to more or less classical Arabic written in the Hebrew script, particularly in the Middle Ages. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Kurdish Jews (יהדות כורדיסתאן Jews of Kurdistan, Standard Hebrew Yehudi Kurdistan) are the ancient Jewish communities inhabiting the region today known as Kurdistan, roughly covering parts of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and Syria. ... Rowanduz, رواندوز is a city located in Soran region in Iraqi Kurdistan close to Iranian border. ... Categories: Language stubs | Judaism-related stubs | Mizrahi Jews | Arab | Arabic languages | Jewish languages ... Maghreb arabic is a dialect of Arabic spoken in the Maghreb, including Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ...

Among other languages associated with Mizrahim are Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi), Gruzinic, Bukhori, Kurdish, Judeo-Berber, Juhuri, Judeo-Marathi, Judeo-Malayalam and Judeo-Aramaic dialects. The Judæo-Persian languages include a number of related languages spoken throughout the formerly extensive realm of the Persian Empire, sometimes including all the Jewish Indo-Iranian languages: Dzhidi (Judæo-Persian) Bukhori (Judæo-Bukharic) Judæo-Golpaygani Judæo-Yazdi Judæo-Kermani Judæo-Shirazi Jud... Dzhidi, or Judæo-Persian, is the Jewish language spoken by the Jews living in Iran. ... Gruzinic (also known as Kivruli and Judæo-Georgian) is the traditional language spoken by the Georgian Jews, the ancient Jewish community of the Caucasus nation of Georgia. ... Bukhori, also known as Bukharic or Bukharan, is an Indo-Iranian language. ... The Kurdish language is a language spoken in the region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. ... Judeo-Berber is a collective term given to the Hebrew-influenced Berber varieties spoken by some North Africans Jews, mainly in Morocco (where Tachelhit was the main factor. ... Juhuri, Juwri or Judæo-Tat is the traditional language of the Juhurim or Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Dagestan. ... Judæo-Marathi is a Jewish language spoken by the Bene Israel, a Jewish ethnic group of India. ... Judeo-Malayalam is the traditional language spoken by the Cochin Jews (also called Malabar Jews), from Kerala, in southern India, spoken today by about 8,000 people in Israel and by probably fewer than 100 in India. ... Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ...

Aramaic is a close sister of Hebrew and is identified as a "Jewish language", since it is the language of major Jewish texts (the Talmuds, Zohar, and many ritual recitations such as the Kaddish). Aramaic has traditionally been a language of Talmudic debate in yeshivoth, as many rabbinic texts are written in a mixture of Hebrew and Aramaic. Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects, as spoken by the Jews of Kurdistan, are descended from Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (as can be seen from its hundreds of reflexes in Jewish Neo-Aramaic). By the early 1950s virtually the entire Jewish community of Kurdistan — a rugged, mostly mountainous region comprising parts of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and the Caucasus, where Jews had lived since antiquity — had been completely relocated to Israel. The vast majority of Kurdish Jews, who were primarily concentrated in northern Iraq, left Kurdistan in the mass aliyah (immigration to Israel) of 1950-51, which brought almost all Kurdish Jews to Israel, ending thousands of years of Jewish history in Assyria and Babylonia. In addition to Judeo-Aramaic, some Kurdish Jews speak an unrelated language called "Judeo-Kurdish" which is a "Jewish" form of the Indo-European Kurdish language. Jewish languages are a set of languages that developed in various Jewish communities, in Europe, southern and south-western Asia, and northern Africa. ... The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a. ... The Zohar (Hebrew: זהר Splendor, radiance) is widely considered the most important work of Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism. ... Kaddish (קדיש Aramaic: holy) refers to an important and central blessing in the Jewish prayer service. ... This article is about the Jewish educational system. ... Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew-influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic languages. ... Kurdish Jews (יהדות כורדיסתאן Jews of Kurdistan, Standard Hebrew Yehudi Kurdistan) are the ancient Jewish communities inhabiting the region today known as Kurdistan, roughly covering parts of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and Syria. ... Talmudic Aramaic literally refers to the Aramaic language as found in the Talmud. ... An Assyrian winged bull, or lemmasu. ... Babylonia was a state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ... The Kurdish language is a language spoken in the region called Kurdistan, including Kurdish populations in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. ...

See also Mizrahi Hebrew language. The Mizrahi Hebrew language or Oriental Hebrew language refers to any one of the pronunciation systems for Biblical Hebrew used liturgically by Mizrahi Jews, that is, Jews living in Arab countries or further east, and typically speaking Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Turkish, or other languages of the Middle East and Asia. ...

Post-1948 dispersal

Main article: Jewish exodus from Arab lands

After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and subsequent establishment of the state of Israel, most Mizrahi Jews emigrated to the new state where they could become citizens. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Combatants  Israel Egypt, Syria, Transjordan,  Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Holy War Army, Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin Glubb Pasha, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Hasan Salama, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji Strength  Israel: 29,677 initially rising to 115,000 by March 1949 Egypt: 10,000 initially rising...

Anti-Jewish actions by Arab governments in the 1950s and 1960s, including in particular the expulsion of 25,000 Mizrahi Jews from Egypt after the 1956 Suez Crisis, led to the overwhelming majority of Mizrahim being obliged or pressured to leave Arab countries, becoming, in a sense, refugees. Most went to Israel. Many Moroccan and Algerian Jews went to France, and thousands of Syrians and Egyptians to the United States. Combatants Israel United Kingdom France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Abdel Hakim Amer Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 70,000 Casualties 197 Israeli KIA 56 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 43 French WIA 650 KIA 2...

Today, as many as 40,000 Mizrahim still remain in communities scattered throughout the non-Arab Muslim world, primarily in Iran, but also Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and Turkey [2]. There are few remaining in the Arab world, with just over 5,000 left in Morocco and less than 2,000 in Tunisia. Other countries with remnants of ancient Jewish communities with official recognition, such as Lebanon, have 100 or fewer Jews. A trickle of emigration continues, mainly to Israel and the United States. Many Jews in Iran feel actively persecuted and a number have been arrested, mostly for alleged connections with Israel and the United States. Some have been executed, with religious intolerance often cited as the main contributing factor. [3] Nations with a Muslim majority appear in green, while nations that are approximately 50% Muslim appear yellow. ...

Mizrahim in modern Israel

Since their arrival in Israel, the Mizrahim have distinguished themselves from their Ashkenazi counterparts in culture, customs and language. Arabic dialects were the mother tongue of some—especially those from North Africa—Persian for those from Iran, English for the Baghdadi Jews from India and Gruzinic, Georgian, Tajik, Juhuri and various other languages for those who emigrated from elsewhere. Some Israeli Mizrahim still primarily use these languages. Hebrew was a language of prayer only for most Jews not living in Israel, including the Mizrahim. Languages Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian, English Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and other Jewish ethnic divisions Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Standard Hebrew: sing. ... Persian (Local names: فارسی Fârsi or پارسی Pârsi)* is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan as well as by minorities in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Southern Russia, neighboring countries, and elsewhere. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The Baghdadi Jews are one of the main Jewish communities of India. ... Gruzinic (also known as Kivruli and Judæo-Georgian) is the traditional language spoken by the Georgian Jews, the ancient Jewish community of the Caucasus nation of Georgia. ... Tajik or Tadjik (тоҷикӣ, تاجیکی, tojikí) is a descendant of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia. ... Juhuri, Juwri or Judæo-Tat is the traditional language of the Juhurim or Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Dagestan. ...

The Mizrahim were at first accommodated in rudimentary and hastily erected tent cities and later sent to development towns. Settlement in Moshavim (cooperative farming villages) was only partially successful, because many Mizrahim had been craftsmen and merchants with little farming experience. Moshav (Hebrew: מושב Translit. ... Craftsman is an artisan who practices a handicraft or trade; a style of architecture and furniture arising from the Arts and Crafts movement; a military rank within the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, equivalent to a private; and a brand of tools. ... Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit. ...

Mizrahi Jews do have specific cultural differences from Ashkenazi Jews and from each other which can make assimilation into Israeli society a difficult, decades-long process. Sociologists have noted many factors that influence the rate of integration, among them the amount of education a community possesses before it arrives and the presence or lack of a professional class within each community. However intermarriage between Ashkenazim and Mizrahim is now relatively common in Israel and the Hebrew language is so universal among the most recent generations that later newcomers, such as immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopians, consider Mizrahim to be a branch of Israeli society.

According to a survey by Adva Center, the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004 (Hebrew PDF - [4]), but this difference is declining as the communities integrate.

According to a study made by the Israeli Central Bureau Mizrahi Jews are much less likely to pursue academic studies than Ashkenazi Jews, and the percentage of Arabs or Mizrahi Jews pursuing a doctorate is less than 10% of the entire third degree student population of Israel [5],[6].

Although most of the Mizrahi Jews in Israel are second-generation immigrants, few gain the academic qualifications that many post-1990 immigrants, such as the Ashkenazim from the former Soviet Union, acquire. According to the study the Ashkenazi immigrants are up to 10 times more likely to study in a university in a certain age group then an Israeli-born Mizrahi.[7]

Prominent Mizrahi figures

Pop singer Dana International winning the 1998 Euvrovision

Former Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, current spiritual leader of Shas

Image File history File links Dana_International. ... Image File history File links Dana_International. ... Dana International performs at the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest Dana International (Hebrew: דנה אינטרנשיונל; stage name of Sharon Cohen, born Yaron Cohen in Tel Aviv, Israel on February 2, 1972) is an Israeli transsexual pop singer of Yemenite origin, who won the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest for her song Diva. She was... The modern logo was introduced for the 2004 Contest to create a consistent visual identity. ... Image File history File links Lynndenlon. ... Look up Persian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Bahar Soomekh (Persian: بهار سومخ born March 30, 1975) is an Iranian-born Jewish American Screen Actors Guild Award-winning actress. ... This article or section contains a plot summary that is overly long. ... PUBLIC photograph of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Voting in Israeli Elections This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... PUBLIC photograph of Rabbi Ovadia Yosef Voting in Israeli Elections This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Rabbi Ovadia Yosef (Hebrew: עובדיה יוסף) (b. ... Shas (Hebrew: ) is an political party in Israel, primarily representing Ultra-orthodox Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. ...

Politicians

• Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, current Minister of Infrastructure, former Israeli Minister of Defense and Israel Labour Party chairman
• Avigdor Kahalani, former minister of Internal Security and a decorated Israeli tank commander
• Moshe Katsav, current President of the State of Israel
• David Levy, former Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister
• Shaul Mofaz, former Israeli Minister of Defense and chief of the IDF General Staff
• Yitzhak Mordechai, retired army general, former minister of Defense and of Transportation
• Amir Peretz, current Israeli Minister of Defense, chairman of the Israeli Labour party and former chairman of the Histadrut trade union
• Silvan Shalom, former Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister

Brigadier-General (Res. ... A defence minister ( Commonwealth English) or defense minister ( American English) is a cabinet portfolio (position) which regulates the armed forces in a sovereign nation. ... Labour or Labor, (Hebrew: העבודה, ha-`Avōdāh) is a political party in Israel. ... Brigadier-General (Tat Aluf), Avigdor Kahalani was born in Israel in 1944. ... Moshe Katsav (Hebrew: , originally Mussa Ghassäb Persian: ; born December 5, 1945) is the eighth and current President of Israel (since 2000). ... President of the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Nesí Hamdiná, literally: The President of the State) is the Head of state of Israel. ... David Levy (also: David Levi) (born December 21, 1937) is an Israeli politician. ... Shaul Mofaz during a meeting with U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on November 10, 2003. ... Yitzhak Mordechai (Hebrew: יצחק מרדכי, born November 22, 1944) was a Major General in the Israeli army, and later Israeli Minister of Defense and of Transport. ... Amir Peretz (Hebrew: עמיר פרץ; born March 9, 1952) is an Israeli politician and Defense Minister of Israel. ... The Histadrut (Federation [of labor]) or HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel HaOvdim BEretz Yisrael (ההסתדרות הכללית של העובדים בארץ ישראל) (Hebrew: General Federation of Laborers in the Land of Israel) is the Israeli trade union congress. ... Silvan Shalom Silvan Shalom ▶(?) (Hebrew סילבן שלום) (born 1958) is an Israeli politician and current Foreign Minister of Israel, having been appointed in 2003 by the current Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. ...

Entertainers

• Paula Abdul, Popular American singer/dancer/American Idol judge (Syrian Jews)
• Sacha Baron Cohen, Actor/Comedian aka. Ali G (Persian Jewish)
• Jerry Seinfeld, Actor/Comedian (his mother is a Jew from Damascus, Syria)
• Zohar Argov, The King of Mizrahi music
• Gali Atari, Israeli singer and actress, won the Eurovision Song Contest
• Izhar Cohen, Israeli singer and actor, won the Eurovision Song Contest
• Shoshana Damari, Israeli singer and actress
• Dana International, Israeli pop singer, won the Eurovision
• Ninette Tayeb, popular Israeli singer and winner of Kochav Nolad Song Contest
• Ofra Haza, acclaimed Temani vocalist (Yemenite Jews)
• Shoista Mullodzhanova, famous Bukharan Jewish Shashmakon singer
• Farhat Ezekiel Nadira (Nadira), Bollywood actress of the 1940s and 50s
• Achinoam Nini, acclaimed Temani vocalist
• Rita, popular Israeli singer and actress of Persian descent
• Bahar Soomekh, Persian Jewish-American actress
• Dia Mirza, Indian Jewish actress (Baghdadi Jews are of Iraqi decent)
• Subliminal, Israeli rapper of Persian descent
• Kenan Dogulu, Turkish pop singer (Dogulu means "easterner")

Paula Julie Abdul (born June 19, 1962) is an American television personality, jewelry designer, multi-platinum Grammy-winning singer, and Emmy Award-winning choreographer. ... Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: those who inhabited the region of todays Syria from the ancient times and those Sephardim who fled to Syria after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492 CE). ... Sacha Noam Baron Cohen[1] (born October 13, 1971) is an English comedian and actor most noted for his comic characters Borat (a Kazakh reporter), Ali G (a junglist from Staines, England) and Bruno (a flamboyantly gay Austrian fashion reporter). ... The Persian Jews are a group of ancient Jewish communities living throughout the former greatest extents of the Persian Empire. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Zohar Argov (July 16, 1955 - November 6, 1987) (born as Zohar Orkabi) is the most popular Israeli oriental Mizrahi style singer. ... Avigail Gali Atari (born December 29, 1953 in Rehovot, Israel) is an Israeli actress and singer, who won the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest with the song Halleluya. ... The modern logo was introduced for the 2004 Contest to create a consistent visual identity. ... Izhar Cohen (born 1951 in Givataim, Israel) is an Israeli singer. ... Shoshana Damari (1923 - February 14, 2006) was an Israeli singer and actress. ... Dana International performs at the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest Dana International (Hebrew: דנה אינטרנשיונל; stage name of Sharon Cohen, born Yaron Cohen in Tel Aviv, Israel on February 2, 1972) is an Israeli transsexual pop singer of Yemenite origin, who won the 1998 Eurovision Song Contest for her song Diva. She was... For popular forms of music in general, see Popular music. ... Ninette Tayeb (also known just as Ninette) (born October 21, 1983, in Kiryat Gat, Israel) is an Israeli pop rock singer who came to fame as the first winner of Kochav Nolad (An Israeli Pop Idol version). ... Ofra Haza (Hebrew: עפרה ×—×–×”; November 19, 1957 – February 23, 2000) was a popular Israeli singer, actress and international recording artist. ... Yemenite Jews (תֵּימָנִי, Standard Hebrew Temani, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānî; plural תֵּימָנִים, Standard Hebrew Temanim, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānîm) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors... In music a singer or vocalist is a type of musician who sings, i. ... Yemenite Jews (Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard Temanim Tiberian ; singular תֵּימָנִי, Standard Temani Tiberian ) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן, Standard Teman Tiberian ; far south), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Languages Traditionally Bukhori, Russian and Hebrew spoken in addtion. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... A singer is a musician who uses his or her voice to produce music. ... Nadira (December 5, 1932 – February 9, 2006) was an Indian actress in Bollywood films. ... Nadria is a fictional character in Power Rangers: Time Force. ... Bollywood (Hindi: , Urdu: ) is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based Hindi language film industry in India. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... This article does not give much verifiable information about the subject. ... Bahar Soomekh (Persian: بهار سومخ born March 30, 1975) is an Iranian-born Jewish American Screen Actors Guild Award-winning actress. ... Diya Mirza Handrich[1] or Dia Mirza [2], nicknamed Dee, (born 9 December 1981 in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India) is an Indian model and actress and Miss Asia Pacific for the year 2000. ... Subliminal may refer to: Subliminal messages Subliminal (rapper), an Israeli rapper and producer Subliminal (record label), an electronic music label known for the Subliminal Sessions compilation series. ... Kenan DoÄŸulu (born on May 31, 1972 in Ä°stanbul) is one of the most popular and influential musicians in the last ten years of the Turkish pop music industry. ...

Business people

• Charles Saatchi, advertising executive and art collector
• Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi, advertising executive and chairman of the British Conservative Party
• David Sassoon, Indian businessman and philanthropist (of Iraqi decent)
• Michael Kadoorie, prominent businessman from Hong-Kong
• Wasee Panah, Italian Oil & Mining tycoon from Persian-Afghan descent
• Lev Leviev, Israeli businessman from Bukharan descent
• David and Simon Reuben, British Baghdadi Jewish businessman

Charles Saatchi Charles Saatchi (born June 9, 1943) was the co-founder with his brother Maurice of the global advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi, which became the worlds biggest before the brothers were forced out of their own company in 1995. ... Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi, born June 21, 1946 is the co-founder of advertising agencies Saatchi and Saatchi and M&C Saatchi. ... The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is the second largest political party in the United Kingdom in terms of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), the largest in terms of public membership, and is the second oldest extant political party in the world. ... David Sassoon (1792-1864) was a philanthropist and a prominent Bombay businessman. ... Sir Michael David Kadoorie GBS, born 1941 in Hong Kong, is a business executive, one of the worlds foremost tycoons and philanthropists. ... Wasée Panah or Wasée Panah Khan is an Italian-born businessman with aristocratic background and descendant to the Persian Panah Khan Dynasty from his fathers side and Persian Jewish from his mothers. ... Lev Avnerovich Leviev (born 30 July 1956, Tashkent) is an Israeli businessman with wide-ranging interests, including in the diamond trade, real estate and chemicals. ... For the physician and author of books on sex, see David Reuben (sex author). ...

Others

• Isaac Mizrahi, fashion designer
• Ovadia Yosef, former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel and current spiritual leader of Shas
• Mordechai Eliyahu, former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel
• Ben Ish Chai was a leading Hakham (Sephardic Rabbi), authority on Jewish law (Halakha) and Kabbalist
• Amnon Yitzhak, is a well-known Orthodox Haredi Israeli rabbi of Yemenite origin that is involved in kiruv.
• J.F.R. Jacob, celebrated Indian Army officer and participant in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
• Aryeh Deri, the former leader of Israel's Shas Party
• Mati Shemoelof, poet and editor.
• Yossi Dahan (born 1954, founder and president of Adva Center), philosophy lecturer and social democratic activist.
• Ishak Saporta (born 12 April 1957) management researcher in Tel Aviv University and social democratic activist.

Isaac Mizrahi (born October 14, 1961) is an American fashion designer. ... Rabbi Ovadia Yosef (Hebrew: עובדיה יוסף) (b. ... Sephardim (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew SÉ™fardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ... // Chief rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognised religious leader of that countrys Jewish community. ... Shas (Hebrew: ) is an political party in Israel, primarily representing Ultra-orthodox Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. ... Mordechai Eliyahu (born: 1929, Jerusalem) was a former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel. ... Sephardim (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew SÉ™fardi, Tiberian Hebrew ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Sfaradim, Tiberian Hebrew ) are a subgroup of Jews, generally defined in contrast to Ashkenazim and/or . ... // Chief rabbi is a title given in several countries to the recognised religious leader of that countrys Jewish community. ... Yosef Chaim (1832 - 1909) was a Hakham and a Sephardic Rabbi, authority on Jewish law (Halakha) and Kabbalist. ... Rabbi Amnon Yitzhak (b. ... JFR Jacob (Jacob-Farj-Rafael Jacob) was born in 1923. ... The Indian Army is one of the armed forces of India and has responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ... Born on February 17, 1959 in Meknes ,Morocco, Aryeh Deri is the former leader of Israels Shas Party. ... Shas (Hebrew: ) is an political party in Israel, primarily representing Ultra-orthodox Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. ... Mati Shemoelof (In Hebrew: מתי שמואלוף ,שמואלוף, Born in the July, 11, 1972), Israeli, Mizrahi Jew, Poet, Editor and Journalist. ... Yossi Dahan (born1954) founder and president of Adva Center), Philosophy lecturer and Social-Democratic activist. ... Ishak Saporta (born 12 April 1957) management researcher in Tel Aviv University and social-democrat activist. ...

Bibliography

• Ella Shohat, "The Invention of the Mizrahim" in: Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1. (Autumn, 1999), pp. 5-20.

See also

• Jewish ethnic divisions
• History of the Jews under Muslim rule
• History of the Jews in Algeria
• History of the Jews in Egypt
• History of the Jews in Iran
• History of the Jews in Iraq
• History of the Jews in Morocco
• History of the Jews in Tunisia
• History of the Jews in Syria
• History of the Jews in Yemen
• Bukharian Jews
• Mountain Jews
• Syrian Jews
• Persian Jews
• Iran-Israel relations
• Yemenite Jews
• Indian Jews
• Georgian Jews
• Jews of the Bilad el-Sudan (West Africa)
• Israeli Black Panthers
• Jewish exodus from Arab lands
• Sephardi Jews
• Arab Jewish tribes

Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish communities within the worlds ethnically Jewish population. ... Excluding the region of Palestine, and omitting the accounts of Joseph and Moses as unverifiable, Jews have lived in what are now Arab and non-Arab Muslim (i. ... Jews and Judaism have a rather long history in Algeria. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The beginnings of history of the Jews in Iran date back to late biblical times. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community. ... ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ... Yemenite Jews (Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard Temanim Tiberian ; singular תֵּימָנִי, Standard Temani Tiberian ) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן, Standard Teman Tiberian ; far south), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ... Languages Traditionally Bukhari, Russian and Hebrew spoken in addtion. ... Mountain Jews, or Juhuro, are Jews of the eastern Caucasus, mainly of Azerbaijan and Dagestan. ... Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: those who inhabited the region of todays Syria from the ancient times and those Sephardim who fled to Syria after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1492 CE). ... A modern-day synagogue in Iran. ... Relations between Iran and Israel have alternated from close political alliances between the two states during the era of the Pahlavi dynasty to hostility following the rise to power of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. ... Yemenite Jews (Hebrew: תֵּימָנִים, Standard Temanim Tiberian ; singular תֵּימָנִי, Standard Temani Tiberian ) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן, Standard Teman Tiberian ; far south), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. ... // Indian Jews are a religious minority, living among Indias predominantly Hindu populace. ... The Gruzim are Jews from the nation of Georgia, in the Caucasus. ... Jews of the Bilad el-Sudan יהודים הבילד אל-סודן (Hebrew) describes West African Jewish communities who either had their connection with known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, and Portugal. ... The Israeli Black Panthers were one of the first social justice organizations among Mizraḥi Jews in Israel, active in the late 1960s and into the 1970s. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Languages Hebrew, Ladino, Judæo-Portuguese, Catalanic, Shuadit, local languages Religions Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Spaniards, Portuguese Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Tiberian ; plural ספרדים, Standard Tiberian ) are a subgroup of Jews originating in the Iberian Peninsula, usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi Jews... The Arab Jewish tribes are the ethnically Arab tribes professing the Jewish faith that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before and during the advent of Islam. ...

External links

• PersianRabbi.com An online forum for the Persian Sephardic Jewish Community.
• JIMENA Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa.
• Who is an Arab Jew? - On being Mizrahi (anti-Arab identity) by Albert Memmi.
• Reflections by an Arab Jew - On being Mizrahi (pro-Arab identity) by Ella Habiba.
• Mizrahi Wanderings - Nancy Hawker on Samir Naqqash, one of Israel’s foremost Arab-language Mizrahi novelists.
• The Middle East's Forgotten Refugees A chronicle of Mizrahi refugees by Semha Alwaya.
• Moshe Levy The story of an Iraqi Jew in the Israeli Navy and his survival on the war-ship Eilat.
• My Life in Iraq Yeheskel Kojaman describes his life as a Mizrahi Jew in Iraq in the 50s and 60s.
• Multiculturalism Project - Middle Eastern and North African Jews
• Loolwa Khazzoom - Multiculturalism movement for non-European Jewish history, heritage & social justice.
• Hakeshet Hademocratit Hamizrachit - An organization of Mizrahi Jews in Israel.
• Kurdish Jewry (יהדות כורדיסתאן) An Israeli site on Kurdish Jewry. (in Hebrew)
• The Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center Disseminating the rich 3000 year old heritage of Babylonian Jewry. (in English and Hebrew)
• Iraqi Jews (יהודי עיראק - يهود العراق) Iraqi American Jewish Community in New York. Perpetuating the history, heritage, culture and traditions of Babylonian Jewry.
• Audio interview with Ammiel Alcalay discussing Mizrahi literature
• Excerpt from The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times by Norman Stillman