Moab (Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Standard Moʾav Tiberian Môʾāḇ ; Greek Μωάβ ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in modern-day Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. In ancient times, it was home to the kingdom of the Moabites, a people often in conflict with their Israelite neighbors to the west. The Moabites were a historical people, whose existence is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel.^[1] Their capital was Dibon, located next to the modern Jordanian town of Dhiban. “Hebrew” redirects here. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Tiberian Hebrew is an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient forms of Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was given written form by masoretic scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias in the early Middle Ages, beginning in the 8th century. ... Arabic ( or just ) is the largest living member of the Semitic language family in terms of speakers. ... The term Assyrian language can mean one of: Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: a language spoken in Israel, Syria, and Mesopotamia from perhaps 700 BC until now. ... The Dead Sea (Arabic: ‎, Hebrew: ‎) is the Earths lowest point not covered by ice, at 418 m (1371 feet) below sea level and falling,[2] and the deepest hypersaline lake in the world, at 330 m (1083 feet) deep. ... The stele as photographed circa 1891 The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the Moabite Stone) is a black basalt stone, bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC Moabite King Mesha, discovered in 1868. ... Look up monarch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Omri (Hebrew עָמְרִי, Standard Hebrew Ê¿Omri, Tiberian Hebrew Ê¿Omrî; short for Hebrew עָמְרִיָּה The LORD is my life, Standard Hebrew Ê¿Omriyya, Tiberian Hebrew Ê¿Omriyyāh) was king of Israel and father of Ahab. ... Dhiban is a town in Jordan, several kilometers south of Amman and east of the Dead Sea. ...

Etymology

The etymology of the word is very uncertain. The earliest gloss is found in the Septuagint^[2] which explains the name, in obvious allusion to the account of Moab's parentage, as ἐκ τοῦ πατρός μου. Other etymologies which have been proposed regard it as a corruption of "seed of a father," or as a participial form from "to desire," thus connoting "the desirable (land)." The Holy Rashi in Humash explains the word Moav to mean "from the father", since "av" in Hebrew means father. He writes that as a result of the immodesty of Moav's name, God didn't command the Jews to refrain from inflicting pain upon the Moabites in the manner in which He did with regards to the Amonites. Fritz Hommel^[3] regards "Moab" as an abbreviation of "Immo-ab" = "his mother is his father." The Septuagint: A page from Codex vaticanus, the basis of Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brentons English translation. ... Rashi (1040-1105) (Artists imagination) Rashi רשי is a Hebrew acronym for רבי שלמה יצחקי (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi), (February 22, 1040 – July 13, 1105), a rabbi in France, famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentaries on the Talmud and Tanakh. ... Humash or Chumash (Hebrew: חומש) is one name given to the Pentateuch in Judaism. ... Moab (מוֹאָב Seed of father/leader, Standard Hebrew Moʾav, Tiberian Hebrew Môʾāḇ) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in Jordan running along the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. ... Fritz Hommel (31 July 1854, Ansbach-1936) was a German Orientalist. ...

Geography

Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south. Monte Roraima In geology and earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland or chodechugger, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat open country. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... The Dead Sea (Arabic: ‎, Hebrew: ‎) is the Earths lowest point not covered by ice, at 418 m (1371 feet) below sea level and falling,[2] and the deepest hypersaline lake in the world, at 330 m (1083 feet) deep. ...

It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea. Northern part of the Great Rift Valley as seen from space (NASA) The Jordan River Road sign The Jordan River (Hebrew: נהר הירדן nehar hayarden, Arabic: نهر الأردن nahr al-urdun) is a river in Southwest Asia flowing through the Great Rift Valley into the Dead Sea. ... For the extinct mollusc see Ammonite. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... The panoramic view from Connors Hill, near Swifts Creek, Victoria A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain, in a limited area. ... Edom (Hebrew: אֱדוֹם, Standard Tiberian  ; red) is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation purportedly descended from him. ...

In Ezekiel xxv. 9 the boundaries are given as being marked by Beth-jeshimoth (north), Baal-meon (east), and Kiriathaim (south). Ezekiel the Prophet of the Hebrew Scriptures is depicted on a 1510 Sistine Chapel fresco by Michelangelo. ... A Biblical name, Baal-meon, meaning Lord of Dwelling, was the name of a town of Reuben, that some have identified as modern-day Main in Israel. ...

That these limits were not fixed, however, is plain from the lists of cities given in Isaiah xv.-xvi. and Jeremiah xlviii., where Heshbon, Elealeh, and Jazer are mentioned to the north of Beth-jeshimoth; Madaba, Beth-gamul, and Mephaath to the east of Baalmeon; and Dibon, Aroer, Bezer, Jahaz, and Kirhareseth to the south of Kiriathaim. The principal rivers of Moab mentioned in the Bible are the Arnon, the Dimon or Dibon, and the Nimrim. Isaiah the Prophet in Hebrew Scriptures was depicted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo. ... Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem by Rembrandt van Rijn. ... Heshbon was a town in Ancient Israel. ... A 6th century mosaic map of Jerusalem Madaba, مادبا, is a capital city of Madaba Governorate, which has a population of about 60. ... A town in Jordan, several kilometers south of Amman and east of the Dead Sea. ... Aroer is a town on the north bank of the River Arnon to the west of the Dead Sea. ... Kerak (also Karak) (Arabic: كرك) is a region in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... A river and wadi of eastern Palestine, known in modern times in Arabic as Wadi al-Mawjib. ...

The limestone hills which form the almost treeless plateau are generally steep but fertile. In the spring they are covered with grass; and the table-land itself produces grain. Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Subfamilies There are 7 subfamilies: Subfamily Arundinoideae Subfamily Bambusoideae Subfamily Centothecoideae Subfamily Chloridoideae Subfamily Panicoideae Subfamily Pooideae Subfamily Stipoideae The true grasses are monocotyledonous plants (Class Liliopsida) in the Family Poaceae, also known as Gramineae. ... The word grain has several meanings, most being descriptive of a small piece or particle. ...

In the north are a number of long, deep ravines, and Mount Nebo, famous as the scene of the death of Moses. ^[4] The rainfall is fairly plentiful; and the climate, despite the hot summer, is cooler than the area west of the Jordan river, snow falling frequently in winter and in spring. Grand Canyon, Arizona A canyon, or gorge, is a valley walled by cliffs. ... The Brazen Serpent sculpture Mount Nebo (Arabic: جبل نيبو; transliterated: Jabal Nebo) is an elevated ridge that is approximately 817 metres (2680 feet) above sea level, in what is now western Jordan. ...

The plateau is dotted with hundreds of rude dolmens, menhirs, and stone-circles, and contains many ruined villages, mostly of the Roman and Byzantine periods. The land is now occupied chiefly by Bedouin, though it contains such towns as al-Karak. Motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, c. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... A Bedouin man resting on a hillside at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic ( ‎), a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via... Al Karak (also Karak or Kerak) (Arabic: الكرك) is a city in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle. ...

The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the Amorites, divided itself naturally into three distinct and independent portions: The enclosed corner or canton south of the Arnon, (referred to as "field of Moab")^[5] the more open rolling country north of the Arnon, opposite Jericho, and up to the hills of Gilead(called the "land of Moab")^[6] and the district below sea level in the tropical depths of the Jordan valley.^[7] The Taking of Jericho, by Jean Fouquet Near central Jericho, November 1996 Jericho (Hebrew  , Arabic  , ʼArīḥā; Standard YÉ™riḥo Tiberian YÉ™rîḫô / YÉ™rîḥô; meaning fragrant[1]. Greek Ἱεριχώ) is a town in the West Bank, located within the Jericho Governorate, near the Jordan River. ... For considerations of sea level change, in particular rise associated with possible global warming, see sea level rise. ...

History

Origins

The Moabites were likely pastoral nomads settling in the trans-Jordanian highlands. They may have been among the raiders referred to as Habiru in the Amarna letters. Whether they were among the nations referred to in the Ancient Egyptian language as Shutu or Shasu is a matter of some debate among scholars. The existence of Moab prior to the rise of the Israelite polity can be seen from the colossal statues erected at Luxor by Pharaoh Ramesses II. On the base of the second statue in front of the northern pylon of Rameses' temple, Mu'ab is listed among a series of nations conquered by the pharaoh. The capital of Moab was Kir-Hareshet (modern day Kerak). Habiru or Hapiru was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, from before 2000 BC to around 1200 BC) to a group of people living in the areas of Northeastern Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent from the borders of Egypt in Canaan... One of the Amarna letters in cuneiform writing on a clay tablet The designation Amarna letters (sometimes Amarna correspondence) denotes an archive of correspondence on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru. ... Ebers Papyrus detailing treatment of asthma Records of the Ancient Egyptian language have been dated about 3000 BC. It is part of the Afro-Asiatic group of languages and is related to Berber and Semitic (languages such as Arabic and Hebrew). ... Shutu is the name given in ancient Akkadian language sources to certain nomadic groups of the Trans-Jordanian highlands. ... Shasu is an Egyptian term for nomads who appeared in the Levant from the 15th Century BC all the way to the Third Intermediate Period. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The River Nile at Luxor Pharaonic statue in Luxor Temple Hot-air ballooning in Luxor Luxor (Arabic: الأقصر ) is a city in Upper (southern) Egypt and the capital of the Al Uqsur governorate, population approximately 200,000. ... Pharaoh was the ancient Egyptian name for the office of kingship. ... Usermaatre-setepenre The Justice of Re is Powerful, Chosen of Re Nomen Ramesses (meryamun) Born of Re, (Beloved of Amun) Horus name Kanakht Merymaa Nebty name Mekkemetwafkhasut Golden Horus Userrenput-aanehktu Consort(s) Isetnofret, Nefertari Maathorneferure Issues Bintanath, Khaemweset, Merneptah, Amun-her-khepsef, Meritamen see also: List of children of... Kerak (also Karak) (Arabic: كرك) is a region in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle. ...

Moabite and Israelite Relations

The Moabites were relatives of the Israelites, both peoples tracing their descent back to a common ancestor, Terah. Terah or Térach (תֶּרַח / תָּרַח Wanderer; loiterer, Standard Modern Hebrew Téraḥ / Táraḥ, Tiberian Hebrew Téraḥ / Tāraḥ) The person Terah was the father of Abraham mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. ...

The Moabites had kinship ties to Jacob’s first-born son, Reuben. The clan of Reuben settled in the Transjordan region of Moab. Unfortunately, this also meant that Reuben’s descendents were killed when David waged war on the Moabites. Therefore it was said of Reuben’s descendents: “May Reuben survive and not die out, survive though his men be few!” (Deut. 33:6) Reuben may refer to: People Ruben Zambrano,Basketball player for Houston Rockets]] Reuben, the first-born son of Jacob and the founder of the Tribe of Reuben mentioned in the Book of Genesis tried to save his brother. ... Map of the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine The Emirate of Transjordan was an autonomous political division of the British Mandate of Palestine, created as an administrative entity in April 1921 before the Mandate came into effect. ...

The Moabites were friendly with the Egyptians, having kinship ties with them through Joseph. The principal shrine in Moab was Beth-baal-me’on, which means “house/shrine of the god of On.” The principal shrine of On was in the sacred city of Heliopolis in Egypt and Joseph married one of the daughters of the high priest of On. Mesha, the King of Moab, built a reservoir at Beth-baal-me’On (II Kings 3). On the Moabite or Mesha Stone (discovered in 1868 at Dibon) it is recorded that King Mesha “reigned in peace over the hundred towns which he had added to the land. And he built Medeba and Beth-diblathen and Beth-baal-me”On, and he set there the … of the land.” The stone is defaced at this point so we do not know what the King set up, but it was likely an image of his god, Ashtar-Chemosh. Joseph is a common given name and may refer to: Joseph (name), about the given name Joseph (surname), for people with the last name Joseph Saint Joseph (disambiguation), for saints named Joseph Joseph (Hebrew Bible) Joseph, Utah Joseph, Oregon Joseph (opera), an opera by the 19th century French composer Étienne...

The Moabites welcomed Egyptian protection provided by a chain of border fortresses that enables Egypt to control the Sinai. One of these forts was at Ir-Moab, on the Arnon River. During Joseph’s era Egypt traded with Damascus, moving goods through Moab. Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ...

Disputes arose between the descendents of Jacob who had been in Egypt and their cousins who had remained in Canaan. One of these disputes focused on the shrine at Beth-baal-me’On. The priest Phineas received assurances that the Moabites were faithful to Yahweh and that the shrine was “not for burnt offerings or other sacrifices but as a witness between us and you and between our descendents after us, attesting that we too have the right to worship Yahweh, in his presence, with our burnt offerings.” (Josh. 22:26,27) This dispute apparently led to the expunging of the place name “Beth-baal-me’On” from the text in Joshua 22. The place name was also altered in Numbers 32:38, which deletes the word “beth.” For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ...

The Moabites were to be excluded from the assembly of worshippers, because: “They did not come to meet you with food and drink when you were on your way out of Egypt, and even hired Balaam, son of Beor, to oppose you by cursing you.” (Deut. 23:5) This also reflects the dispute between those who were in Egypt and those who remained in the land. Those who remained in the land had contacted the Aramean diviner, Balaam (a descendent of Abraham’s brother, Nahor) to discern for them the Israelites intentions in coming to Moab. The Israelites made the Moabites nervous because of what they had “done to the Amorites” and “because there were so many of them” (Num. 22:1). Balaam refused to curse the Israelites, telling the King of Moab that he would do only as Yahweh directed.

The claim that the Moabites refused hospitality to the Israelite clans is doubtful, according to Scriptural evidence. The clans that left Egypt journeyed by stages, making contact with kinsmen at each stage. The first people to help them were their cousins the Midianites (descendents of Abraham by Keturah) in the region of the Midianite sacred mountain of Horeb (Deut. 29:1). The second people were the Edomites (descendents of Abraham by Sarah) in the region of the Edomite sacred mountain, Paran (Deut. 33:2). Crossing through Edomite territory, the Israelites moved northeast into Moab. They visited the Town of Moab, where Lot’s descendents lived, and Beth-baal-me’On, where they had kin also. Finally, they worshipped on Mount Nebo (Deut. 32:49), where Moses died. At each of these sacred sites, the reunion of the clans was celebrated by a covenant that included a night-long feast. These covenants likely resembled the covenant made between Jacob and Laban at Mizpah (Gen. 31:44-54).

Biblical Narrative (through the conquest by Israel)

The conflict between the Israelites and the Moabites is expressed in the biblical narrative describing the Moabites' incestuous origins. According to the story, Moab was the son of Lot, through his eldest daughter, with whom he had a child after the destruction of Sodom. The Bible then explains the etymology of Moab as meaning "of his father". Nevertheless, there was considerable interchange between the two peoples, and the Bible in the Book of Ruth traces King David's lineage to a Moabite woman. Lot and his Daughters, Hendrik Goltzius, 1616. ... Sodom can refer to: Sodom, a Biblical city that was said to be destroyed by God for the sins of its inhabitants. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld: Ruth in Boazs Field, 1828 The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות, Megilat Rut, the Scroll of Ruth) is one of the books of the Ketuvim (Writings) of the Tanakh (the... David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. ...

According to Genesis xix. 30-38, Moab was the son of Abraham's nephew Lot by his elder daughter, while Ben Ammi was Moab's half-brother by a similar union of Lot with his younger child. The close ethnological affinity of Moab and Ammon which is thus attested^[8] is confirmed by their subsequent history, while their kinship with the Israelites is equally certain, and is borne out by the linguistic evidence of the Moabite Stone. They are also mentioned in close connection with the Amalekites,^[9] the inhabitants of Mount Seir^[10], the Edomites^[11], the Canaanites^[12], the Sethites^[13] and the Philistines. ^[14] The story of Moab's incestuous conception may be intended to relegate the Moabites to a lesser status than that of the Israelites. Genesis (Hebrew: ‎, Greek: Γένεσις, meaning birth, creation, cause, beginning, source or origin) is the first book of the Torah, the Tanakh, and the Old Testament. ... The angel prevents the sacrifice of Isaac (Rembrandt, 1634) Abraham (Hebrew: , Standard Avraham Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom Tiberian  ; Arabic: ,  ; Geez: , ) is a figure in the Bible and Quran who is by believers regarded as the founding patriarch of the Israelites and of the Nabataean people in Jewish, Christian and... Lot and his Daughters, Hendrik Goltzius, 1616. ... Image:Benammi. ... A half-brother is a male sibling with one shared parent. ... An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. ... Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ... The stele as photographed circa 1891 The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the Moabite Stone) is a black basalt stone, bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC Moabite King Mesha, discovered in 1868. ... According to the Book of Genesis and 1 Chronicles, Amalek (עֲמָלֵק; Standard Hebrew ʿAmaleq, Tiberian Hebrew ʿĂmālēq) was the son of Eliphaz and the grandson of Esau (Gen. ... Mount Seir is the mountainous region allotted to the descendants of Esau, the Edomites. ... Edom (אֱדוֹם, Standard Hebrew Edom, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĔḏôm) sounds like the Biblical Hebrew word for red and is a vividly apposite designation for the red sandstones of Edom. ... This article is about the land called Canaan. ... Map showing the location of Philistine land and cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ashkelon Map of the southern Levant, c. ...

The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands at the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far north as the mountain of Gilead, from which country they expelled the Emim, the original inhabitants,^[15] but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of Amorites, who had crossed the river Jordan. These Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King Sihon, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary.^[16] From the Scriptures, Gilead means hill of testimony or mound of witness, (Gen. ... The Emim were a race of giants in mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. ... Amorite (Hebrew ’emōrî, Egyptian Amar, Akkadian Amurrū (corresponding to Sumerian MAR.TU or Martu) refers to a Semitic people who occupied the middle Euphrates area from the second half of the third millennium BC and also appear in the Tanakh. ... This article is about the Jordan River in western Asia. ... The Bible describes that as the Israelites in their Exodus came to the country east of the Jordan, king Sihon of the Amorites refused to let them pass through his country. ...

The Israelites, in entering the "promised land", did not pass through the Moabites, (Judges 11:18) but conquered Sihon's kingdom and his capital at Heshbon. After the conquest of Canaan the relations of Moab with Israel were of a mixed character, sometimes warlike and sometimes peaceable. With the tribe of Benjamin they had at least one severe struggle, in union with their kindred the Ammonites and the Amalekites.^[17] The Benjaminite shofet Ehud ben Gera assassinated the Moabite king Eglon and led an Israelite army against the Moabites at a ford of the Jordan river, killing many of them. For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ... In Hebrew and several other Semitic languages, shofet (plural shoftim) literally means Judge, from the verb Š-F-T, to pass judgment. In ancient Israel, the shoftim were chieftains who united various Israelite tribes in time of mutual danger to defeat foreign enemies. ... Ehud Ben Gera (אֵהוּד Union, Standard Hebrew Ehud, Tiberian Hebrew ʼĒhûḏ), in the Biblical Book of Judges (3:12-4:1) was the Judge who fought against the Moabites, which were ruled by King Eglon. ... A Biblical name, Eglon refers to either: A Canaanite city, whose king Debir joined a confederacy against Gibeon when that city made peace with Israel. ...

The story of Ruth, on the other hand, testifies to the existence of a friendly intercourse between Moab and Bethlehem, one of the towns of the tribe of Judah. By his descent from Ruth, David may be said to have had Moabite blood in his veins. He committed his parents to the protection of the king of Moab (who may have been his kinsman), when hard pressed by King Saul. (1 Samuel 22:3,4) But here all friendly relations stop forever. The next time the name is mentioned is in the account of David's war, who made the Moabites tributary.^[18] Moab may have been under the rule of an Israelite governor during this period; among the exiles who returned to Judea from Babylonia were a clan descended from Pahath-Moab, whose name means "ruler of Moab". Central Bethlehem Bethlehem (Arabic بيت لحم   house of meat; Standard Hebrew בית לחם house of bread, Bet léḥem / Bet láḥem; Tiberian Hebrew Bêṯ léḥem / Bêṯ lāḥem; Greek: Βηθλεέμ) is a city in the Bethlehem Governorate of the West Bank under Palestinian Authority considered a central hub of Palestinian cultural and tourism... The Tribe of Judah (Hebrew: יְהוּדָה, Praise; Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ) is one of the Hebrew tribes, founded by Judah, son of Jacob(Israel). ... This page is about the Biblical king David. ... Saul or Shaul (שָׁאוּל Demanded, Standard Hebrew Šaʾul, Tiberian Hebrew Šāʾûl) was the first king of Israel according to the Old Testament of the Bible, as taught in Judaism. ... Babylonia, named for its capital city, Babylon, was an ancient state in the south part of Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq), combining the territories of Sumer and Akkad. ... Pahath-moab (Hebrew governor of Moab) was the ancestor of a Judahite clan that returned from the Babylonian Exile and assisted in rebuilding Jerusalem. ...

Reassertion of Independence

Map of the southern Levant, c.830s BCE.      Kingdom of Judah      Kingdom of Israel      Philistine city-states      Phoenician states      Kingdom of Ammon      Kingdom of Edom      Kingdom of Aram-Damascus      Aramean tribes      Assyrian Empire      Kingdom of Moab      Arubu tribes      Nabatu tribes

At the disruption of the kingdom under the reign of Rehoboam, Moab seems to have absorbed into the northern realm. It continued in vassaldom to the Kingdom of Israel until the death of Ahab, when the Moabites refused to pay tribute and asserted their independence, making war upon the kingdom of Judah.^[19] Image File history File links Levant_830. ... Image File history File links Levant_830. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: /lÉ™vænt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ... Centuries: 10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC Decades: 880s BC 870s BC 860s BC 850s BC 840s BC - 830s BC - 820s BC 810s BC 800s BC 790s BC 780s BC Events and Trends 836 BC - Shalmaneser III of Egypt. ... Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut YÉ™huda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ YÉ™hûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... Commonwealth of Israel redirects here. ... The historic Philistines (see note Philistines below) were a people that inhabited the southern coast of Canaan around the time of the arrival of the Israelites, their territory being named Philistia in later contexts. ... Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, Spain; now in Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. ... Ammon or Ammonites (עַמּוֹן People, Standard Hebrew Ê»Ammon, Tiberian Hebrew Ê»Ammôn), also referred to in the Bible as the children of Ammon, were a people living east of the Jordan river who along with the Moabites traced their origin to Lot, the nephew of the patriarch Abraham, and who were... Edom (Hebrew: אֱדוֹם, Standard Tiberian  ; red) is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation purportedly descended from him. ... This article concerns the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom. ... Rehoboam was king of Judah, succeeding his father Solomon. ... Commonwealth of Israel redirects here. ... Ahab or Achav (אַחְאָב Brother of the father, Standard Hebrew Aḥʼav, Tiberian Hebrew ʼAḥăʼāḇ, ʼAḫʼāḇ) was King of the province of Samaria in the greater Kingdom of Israel, and the son and successor of Omri (1 Kings 16:29-34). ...

After the death of Ahab the Moabites under Mesha rebelled against Jehoram, who allied himself with Jehoshaphat, King of Kingdom of Judah, and with the King of Edom. According to the Bible, the prophet Elisha directed the Israelites dug a series of ditches between themselves and the enemy, and during the night these channels were miraculously filled with water which was as red as blood. Deceived by the crimson color into the belief that their opponents had attacked one another, the Moabites became overconfident and were entrapped and utterly defeated at Ziz, near En Gedi,^[20] which states that the Moabites and their allies, the Ammonites and the inhabitants of Mount Seir, mistook one another for the enemy, and so destroyed one another). According to Mesha's inscription on the Mesha Stele, however, he was completely victorious and regained all the territory of which Israel had deprived him. The battle of Ziz is the last important date in the history of the Moabites as recorded in the Bible. In the year of Elisha's death they invaded Israel.^[21] and later aided Nebuchadnezzar in his expedition against Jehoiakim.^[22] Ahab or Achav (אַחְאָב Brother of the father, Standard Hebrew Aḥʼav, Tiberian Hebrew ʼAḥăʼāḇ, ʼAḫʼāḇ) was King of the province of Samaria in the greater Kingdom of Israel, and the son and successor of Omri (1 Kings 16:29-34). ... A 9th Century B.C.E King of Moab, a strip of hilly land in present-day Jordan, which lay north of Edom, across the Dead Sea from Judah up to the Arnon river valley. ... Jehoram (meaning exalted in Biblical Hebrew) was the name of several individuals in the Old Testament. ... In the Bible, Jehoshaphat or Josaphat or Yehoshafat (יְהוֹשָׁפָט The LORD is judge, Standard Hebrew Yəhošafat, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhôšāp̄āṭ) was the son and successor of Asa, king of... Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew מַלְכוּת יְהוּדָה, Standard Hebrew Malḫut YÉ™huda, Tiberian Hebrew Malḵûṯ YÉ™hûḏāh) in the times of the Hebrew Bible, was the nation formed from the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin after the Kingdom of Israel was divided, and was named after Judah... Elisha (אֱלִישַׁע My God is salvation, Standard Hebrew EliÅ¡aÊ¿, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĔlîšaÊ¿) is the name of a Biblical prophet. ... Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ... Shulamit Fall at Nahal David Ein Gedi (עין גדי) is an oasis near the Dead Sea. ... The stele as photographed circa 1891 The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the Moabite Stone) is a black basalt stone, bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC Moabite King Mesha, discovered in 1868. ... King Jehoiakim (he whom God has set up, Hebrew language: יהוֹיָקִים) is a biblical character, whose original name was Eliakim. ...

Although allusions to Moab are frequent in the prophetical books^[23] and although two chapters of Isaiah (xv.-xvi.) and one of Jeremiah (xlviii.) are devoted to the "burden of Moab," they give little information about the land. Its prosperity and pride, which the Israelites believed incurred the wrath of God, are frequently mentioned^[24]; and their contempt for Israel is once expressly noted.^[25] Neviim [נביאים] or Prophets is the second of the three major sections in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible). ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ...

The Mesha stele as photographed circa 1891. The stele describes King Mesha's wars against the Israelites.

In the Nimrud clay inscription of Tiglath-pileser III the Moabite king Salmanu (perhaps the Shalman who sacked Beth-arbel in Hosea x. 14) is mentioned as tributary to Assyria. Sargon II mentions on a clay prism a revolt against him by Moab together with Philistia, Judah, and Edom; but on the Taylor prism, which recounts the expedition against Hezekiah, Kammusu-Nadbi (Chemosh-nadab), King of Moab, brings tribute to Sargon as his suzerain. Another Moabite king, Muẓuri ("the Egyptian" ?), is mentioned as one of the subject princes at the courts of Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, while Kaasḥalta, possibly his successor, is named on cylinder B of Assurbanipal. Download high resolution version (510x808, 99 KB)Circa 1891 photograph of the 9th century BC Mesha Stele, inscribed in the Moabite language by king Mesha of Moab. ... Download high resolution version (510x808, 99 KB)Circa 1891 photograph of the 9th century BC Mesha Stele, inscribed in the Moabite language by king Mesha of Moab. ... The stele as photographed circa 1891 The Mesha Stele (popularized in the 19th century as the Moabite Stone) is a black basalt stone, bearing an inscription by the 9th century BC Moabite King Mesha, discovered in 1868. ... A 9th Century B.C.E King of Moab, a strip of hilly land in present-day Jordan, which lay north of Edom, across the Dead Sea from Judah up to the Arnon river valley. ... An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. ... Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris. ... The Gay Head cliffs in Marthas Vineyard are made almost entirely of clay. ... Tiglath-Pileser III — stela from the walls of his palace (British Museum, London) Tiglath-Pileser III (Akkadian: TukultÄ«-Apil-EÅ¡arra) was a prominent king of Assyria in the 8th century BC (ruled 745–727 BC) and is widely regarded as the founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. ... Salmanu was king of Moab during the reign of the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III ((ruled 745–727 BCE). ... See also Hoshea, who has the same name in Biblical Hebrew. ... For other uses, see Assyria (disambiguation). ... Sargon II, captor of Samaria, with a dignitary Sargon II (ܣܪܓܘܢ in Syriac) (r. ... The historic Philistines (see note Philistines below) were a people that inhabited the southern coast of Canaan around the time of the arrival of the Israelites, their territory being named Philistia in later contexts. ... The Taylor prism, or Sennacheribs Prism, is a hexagonal baked-clay prism discovered among the ruins of Nineveh, ancient capital of the Assyrian Empire. ... Hezekiah (or Ezekias) (Hebrew: חזקיה or חזקיהו, God has strengthened) was the 13th king of indepedent Judah and the son of King Ahaz and Abijah (2 Chronicles 29:1), who was a daughter of a man (who was not the prophet) named Zechariah. ... Chemosh-nadab (in Assyrian, Kammusu-Nadbi) was king of Moab during the reign of Sennacherib. ... Muẓuri was a ruler of Moab during the reigns of the Assyrian kings Esarhaddon (681-669 BCE) and Assurbanipal (669-c. ... Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form; Akkadian Aššur-aha-iddina Ashur has given a brother to me), was a king of Assyria who reigned 681 BC-669 BC), the youngest son of Sennacherib and the Aramaic queen Naqia (Zakitu), Sennacheribs second wife. ... Assurbanipal in a relief from the north palace at Nineveh There were several Assyrian kings named Assur-bani-pal, also spelled Asurbanipal, Assurbanipal (most commonly), Ashurbanipal and Ashshurbanipal, but the best known was Assurbanipal IV.  Ashurbanipal, or Assurbanipal, (reigned 668 - 627 BCE), the son of Esarhaddon and Naqia-Zakutu... Kaasḥalta is mentioned in Assyrian sources as a king of Moab during the reign of Assurbanipal. ...

Decline and Fall

Sometime during the Persian period Moab disappears from the extant historical record. Its territory was subsequently overrun by waves of tribes from northern Arabia, including the Kedarites and (later) the Nabataeans. In Nehemiah iv. 7 the Arabs instead of the Moabites are the allies of the Ammonites.^[26] Their country, however, continued to be known by its biblical name for some time; when the Crusaders occupied the area, the castle they built to defend the eastern part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was called Krak des Moabites. The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the old Persian homeland, and beyond in Western Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Kedar is a son of Ishmael mentioned in the Bible. ... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans were a trading people of ancient Arabia, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ... Nehemiah or Nechemya (נְחֶמְיָה Comforted of/is the LORD (YHWH), Standard Hebrew Nəḥemya, Tiberian Hebrew Nəḥemyāh, ) is a major figure in the post-exile history of the Jews as recorded in the Bible, and is believed to be the primary author of the Book of Nehemiah. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... Official language Latin, French, Italian, and other western languages; Greek and Arabic also widely spoken Capital Jerusalem, later Acre Constitution Various laws, so-called Assizes of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 by the First Crusade. ... Kerak was a Crusader castle in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, now located in Jordan. ...

Economy

The country of Moab was the source of numerous natural resources, including limestone, salt and balsam from the Dead Sea region. The Moabites occupied a vital place along the King's Highway, the ancient trade route connecting Egypt with Mesopotamia, Syria, and Anatolia. Like the Edomites and Ammonites, trade along this route gave them considerable revenue. A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride) Salt covering the floor of Bad Water in Death Valley, CA, the lowest point in the US. A salt, in chemistry, is any ionic compound composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is neutral... Balsam (pronounced balm) is a term used for various pleasantly scented plant products. ... The Dead Sea (Arabic: ‎, Hebrew: ‎) is the Earths lowest point not covered by ice, at 418 m (1371 feet) below sea level and falling,[2] and the deepest hypersaline lake in the world, at 330 m (1083 feet) deep. ... The King’s Highway was a trade route of vital importance to the ancient Middle East. ... Mesopotamia refers to the region now occupied by modern Iraq, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Southwest Iran. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Religion

References to the religion of Moab are scanty. Most of the Moabites were polytheists like the other early Semites; and they induced the Israelites to join in their sacrifices.^[27] Their chief god was Chemosh,^[28] so that the Israelites sometimes referred to them rhetorically as the "people of Chemosh".^[29] At times, especially in dire peril, human sacrifices were offered to him, as by Mesha, who gave up his son and heir to him.^[30] Nevertheless, King Solomon built, for this "abomination of Moab," on the hill before Jerusalem, a "high place"^[31] which was not destroyed until the reign of Josiah.^[32] The Moabite Stone also mentions (line 17) a female counterpart of Chemosh, Ashtar-Chemosh, and a god Nebo (line 14), probably the well-known Babylonian divinity Nabu. The cult of Baal-peor^[33] or Peor^[34] seems to have been marked by sexual rites, though this may be exaggeration. Polytheism is belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. ... Semitic is an adjective which in common parlance mistakenly refers specifically to Jewish things, while the term actually refers to things originating among speakers of Semitic languages or people descended from them, and in a linguistic context to the northeastern subfamily of Afro-Asiatic. ... Marcus Aurelius and members of the Imperial family offer sacrifice in gratitude for success against Germanic tribes: contemporary bas-relief, Capitoline Museum, Rome For other uses, see Sacrifice (disambiguation). ... Chemosh, was the god of the Moabites (Num. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... It has been suggested that Sulayman be merged into this article or section. ... Josiah or Yoshiyahu (יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ supported of the LORD, Standard Hebrew YoÅ¡iyyáhu, Tiberian Hebrew Yôšiyyāhû) was king of Judah, and son of Amon and Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah of Bozkath. ... A goddess worshipped by the ancient Moabites. ... Nebo may refer to: Nebo, a Babylonian god Nebo, a Biblical character recorded as having 52 sons Nabau, a Biblical town Mount Nebo Nebo, Kentucky in the United States Nebo, Illinois in the United States Nebo, Queensland in Australia Nebo, Gwynedd in Wales External links NeboWeb Interactive Agency Category: ... It has been suggested that Nebo (god) be merged into this article or section. ... In the Tanach Baal Peor (Hebrew בעל פעור Ba‘al Pə‘ôr), in the Septuagint Beelphegôr, was a god associated with Mount Pe‘or in Moab whom many Israelites began to worship under the influence of Moabite women as told...

In Jewish law

Since the Moabites had opposed the invasion of Canaan, they, like the Ammonites, were excluded from the congregation unto the tenth generation.^[35] This law was violated during the Exile, however; and Ezra and Nehemiah sought to compel a return to the ancient custom of exclusion.^[36] The Diaspora usage had had royal sanction; the harem of Solomon included Moabite women.^[37] Halakha (הלכה in Hebrew or Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish law, custom and tradition regulating all aspects of behavior. ... For other uses, see Canaan (disambiguation). ... The term: diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά – a scattering or sowing of seeds) is used (without capitalization) to refer to any people or ethnic population forced or induced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands; being dispersed throughout other parts of the world, and the ensuing developments in their dispersal and culture. ... Coming from the Arab tradition, the harîm حريم (compare haram) is the part of the household forbidden to male strangers. ...

On the other hand, the marriages of the Bethlehem Ephrathites (of the tribe of Judah) Chilion and Mahlon to the Moabite women Orpah and Ruth^[38], and the marriage of the latter, after her husband's death, to Boaz^[39] who by her was the great-grandfather of David, are mentioned with no shade of reproach. The Talmudic explanation, however, is that the language of the law only applies to Moabite and Ammonite men (Hebrew, like all Semitic languages, is gendered). Central Bethlehem Bethlehem (Arabic بيت لحم   house of meat; Standard Hebrew בית לחם house of bread, Bet léḥem / Bet láḥem; Tiberian Hebrew Bêṯ léḥem / Bêṯ lāḥem; Greek: Βηθλεέμ) is a city in the Bethlehem Governorate of the West Bank under Palestinian Authority considered a central hub of Palestinian cultural and tourism... Ephrath or Ephratah is the Biblical name of the ancient city in the Judean Hills, south of Bethlehem, now called Efrat in the West Bank. ... The Tribe of Judah (Hebrew: יְהוּדָה, Praise; Standard Hebrew , Tiberian Hebrew ) is one of the Hebrew tribes, founded by Judah, son of Jacob(Israel). ... In the Book of Ruth, Mahlon and Chilion were two brothers, the sons of Elimelech of the tribe of Judah and his wife Naomi. ... In the Book of Ruth, Mahlon and Chilion were two brothers, the sons of Elimelech of the tribe of Judah and his wife Naomi. ... Orpah is a woman mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. ... Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld: Ruth in Boazs Field, 1828 The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות, Megilat Rut, the Scroll of Ruth) is one of the books of the Ketuvim (Writings) of the Tanakh (the... Boaz (בועז) is a major figure in The Book of Ruth in the Old Testament of the Bible. ... David and Goliath by Caravaggio, c. ...

See also

• Canaanite language
• Children of Eber
• Habiru
• Moabite language
• Nabataea
• Oultrejordain

The Canaanite languages are a subfamily of the Semitic languages, spoken by the ancient Canaanite peoples. ... The Sons of Ever or Bnei Eyver (בני-עבר) a synonym for the earliest cultural Hebrews, are first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in Genesis 10:21. ... Habiru or Hapiru was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, from before 2000 BC to around 1200 BC) to a group of people living in the areas of Northeastern Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent from the borders of Egypt in Canaan... The Moabite language is an extinct Hebrew Canaanite dialect, spoken in Moab (modern-day northwestern Jordan) in the early first millennium BC. Most of our knowledge about Moabite comes from the Mesha Stele, as well as the El-Kerak Stela; this is sufficient to show that it was extremely similar... Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans, a people of ancient Arabia, whose settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the border-land between Syria and Arabia from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ... Oultrejordain or Oultrejourdain (French for beyond the Jordan) was the name used during the Crusades for an extensive and partly undefined region to the east of the Jordan river, an area known in ancient times as Edom and Moab. ...

References

1. ^ see 2 Kings 3
2. ^ Genesis xix. 37
3. ^ Verhandlungen des Zwölften Internationalen Orientalisten-Congresses, p. 261, Leyden, 1904
4. ^ Deuteronomy xxxiv. 1-8
5. ^ Ruth 1:1,2,6
6. ^ Deuteronomy 1:5; 32:49
7. ^ Numbers 22:1
8. ^ comp. also Judges iii. 13; II Chronicles xx. 22; Isaiah xi. 14; Jeremiah xxvi. 21
9. ^ Judges iii. 13
10. ^ II Chron. xx. 22; Ezek. xxv. 8
11. ^ Exodus xv. 15; [[Psalms lx. 10 [A. V. 8]; Isa. xi. 14; Jer. xxv. 21
12. ^ Ex. xv. 15
13. ^ Num. xxiv. 17
14. ^ Psalms lx. 10 [A. V. 8]; Isa. xi. 14
15. ^ Deuteronomy 2:11
16. ^ Numbers 21:13; Judges 11:18
17. ^ Judges 3:12-30
18. ^ 2 Samuel 8:2; 1 Chronicles 18:2
19. ^ 2 Chronicles 22:1
20. ^ II Kings iii.; II Chronicles xx.
21. ^ II Kings xiii. 20
22. ^ ib. xxiv. 2
23. ^ e.g., Isa. xxv. 10; Ezek. xxv. 8-11; Amos ii. 1-3; Zephaniah ii. 8-11
24. ^ Isa. xvi. 6; Jer. xlviii. 11, 29; Zeph. ii. 10
25. ^ Jer. xlviii. 27
26. ^ comp. I Macc. ix. 32-42; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities xiii. 13, § 5; xiv. 1, § 4.
27. ^ Num. xxv. 2; Judges x. 6
28. ^ Jer. xlviii. 7, 13
29. ^ Num. xxi. 29; Jer. xlviii. 46
30. ^ II Kings iii. 27
31. ^ I Kings xi. 7
32. ^ II Kings xxiii. 13
33. ^ Num. xxv. 5; Ps. cvi. 28
34. ^ Num. xxxi. 16; Josh. xxii. 17
35. ^ Deut. xxiii. 3-4; comp. Neh. xiii. 1-3
36. ^ Ezra ix. 1-2, 12; Nehemiah xiii. 23-25
37. ^ I Kings xi. 1
38. ^ Ruth i. 2-4
39. ^ ib. iv. 10, 13

The Books of Kings (Hebrew: Sefer Melachim ספר מלכים) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... Genesis (Hebrew: ‎, Greek: Γένεσις, meaning birth, creation, cause, beginning, source or origin) is the first book of the Torah, the Tanakh, and the Old Testament. ... Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible. ... Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795 Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld: Ruth in Boazs Field, 1828 The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות, Megilat Rut, the Scroll of Ruth) is one of the books of the Ketuvim (Writings) of the Tanakh (the... Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ... Isaiah the Prophet in Hebrew Scriptures was depicted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo. ... Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem by Rembrandt van Rijn. ... It has been suggested that Pharaoh of the Exodus be merged into this article or section. ... Psalms (from the Greek: Psalmoi (songs sung to a harp, originally from psallein play on a stringed instrument), Ψαλμοί; Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים) is a book of the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh or Old Testament. ... Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible. ... The Book of Numbers is the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch, called in the Hebrew ba-midbar במדבר, i. ... Book of Judges (Hebrew: Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים) is a book of the Bible originally written in Hebrew. ... The Books of Samuel (Hebrew: Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל), are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaisms Hebrew Bible) and also of the Old Testament (of Christianity). ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ... The Books of Kings (also known as [The Book of] Kings in Hebrew: Sefer Melachim מלכים) is a part of Judaisms Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ... Amos was a Biblical prophet (see Amos (prophet)) and putative author of the Book of Amos. ... Zephaniah or Tzfanya (צְפַנְיָה Concealed of/is the LORD, Standard Hebrew Ẓəfanya, Tiberian Hebrew Ṣəp̄anyāh) is the name of several people in the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. ... A fanciful representation of Flavius Josephus, in an engraving in William Whistons translation of his works Josephus (years 37 – shortly after 100 AD)[1], who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Flavius Josephus[2], was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and... Antiquities of the Jews was a work published by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in the year A.D. 93. ... Ezra is a personal name derived from Hebrew, written variously as עֶזְרָא ( Standard Hebrew ), ʿEzra, ( Tiberian Hebrew ), ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל My help/court is God, Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl, Arabic: عزير. // Once there once an ezra who ate two pies the kill barney with jake burton Unless otherwise... Nehemiah or Nechemya (נְחֶמְיָה Comforted of/is the LORD (YHWH), Standard Hebrew Nəḥemya, Tiberian Hebrew Nəḥemyāh, ) is a major figure in the post-exile history of the Jews as recorded in the Bible, and is believed to be the primary author of the Book of Nehemiah. ...

Resources

• Routledge, Bruce. 'Moab in the Iron Age:Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology,' 2004. The most comprehensive treatment of Moab to date.
• Bienkowski, Piotr (ed.) Early Edom and Moab: The Beginning of the Iron age in Southern Jordan (1992).
• Dearman, Andrew (ed.) Studies in the Mesha inscription and Moab (1989).
• Jacobs, Joseph and Louis H. Gray. "Moab." Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906, which cites to the following bibliography:

• Tristram, The Land of Moab, London, 1874;
• George Adam Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, ib. 1897;
• Clermont-Ganneau, Recueil d'Archéologie Orientale, ii. 185-234, Paris, 1889;
• Baethgen, Beiträge zur Semitischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlin, 1888;
• Smith, Rel. of Sem. Edinburgh, 1894. J. L. H. G.
• Hertz, J.H., The Pentateuch and Haftoras: Deuteronomy, Oxford, 1936, Oxford University Press.

• Moabite rulers on Bruce Gordon's Regnal Chronologies (also at [1])
• Gutenberg E-text of Patriarchal Palestine by Archibald Henry Sayce (1895)
• Moab entry in Smith's Bible Dictionary
• Moab on Nabataea.net
• Moab on Ancientroute.com
• Book of Judges article (Jewish Encyclopedia)
• The King's Calendar: The Secret of Qumran (Fundamentalist reconstruction of chronology for Israel's Period of the Judges 1412 BCE to 1039 BCE)

This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... Smiths Bible Dictionary is a Bible dictionary edited by William Smith in the 19th century. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...