This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008)

Modern geocentrism is a belief currently held by certain groups such as the Association for Biblical Astronomy, which publishes the Biblical Astronomer and hosts a website [1], that Earth is the center of the universe and does not move - basically the ancient Ptolemaic conception. This article is about Earth as a planet. ... For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation). ...

Overview of modern geocentrism

The most popular modern geocentric description consists of a stationary Earth (neither rotating nor orbiting the sun) at the center of the universe. As in the Tychonic system, the Sun is thought to revolve around the Earth once per day, and the rest of the solar system orbits the Sun with Keplerian orbits. This revolution is considered to be a physical reality, not simply the choice of a rotating frame of reference. At a more detailed level, modern geocentric beliefs divide into two logically distinct groups, although some geocentrists hold both types of beliefs simultaneously^{[citation needed]}: Tychonic system The Tychonic system (or Tychonian system) was an effort by Tycho Brahe to create a model of the solar system which would combine what he saw as the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical and physical benefits of the Ptolemaic system. ... ...

• The geocentrists that are closest to the scientific mainstream accept essentially all the observations of the mainstream. They point to the theory of general relativity, which says that all physical phenomena can be described and explained self-consistently in any frame of reference. Since the current state of physics does not single out the geocentric frame of reference as special in any way, this group claims the geocentric frame is special for alternative religious reasons.

• Most geocentrists are more extreme and reject essentially all of modern astronomy and cosmology. A belief commonly associated with this view is that the stars are much closer than they are measured to be and are embedded in a rigid substrate. This substrate is referred to as aether (not to be confused with the classical concept of luminiferous aether). This aether is believed to revolve around the Earth in one sidereal day, but this revolution varies on a yearly cycle (in order to explain observations like aberration of light). An analogy is drawn to the gyroscope, which also exhibits a much slower precession on top of its primary rotation. This viewpoint does not adequately explain frame-dependent forces such as the Coriolis force since it also rejects most of physics including the theory of general relativity^{[citation needed]}.

For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... STARS can mean: Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society Special Tactics And Rescue Service, a fictional task force that appears in Capcoms Resident Evil video game franchise. ... The cosmic distance ladder refers to the methods by which astronomers determine the distances to objects. ... Look up aether, ether in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The luminiferous aether: it was hypothesised that the Earth moves through a medium of aether that carries light In the late 19th century luminiferous aether (light-bearing aether) was the term used to describe a medium for the propagation of light. ... On a prograde planet like the Earth, the sidereal day is shorter than the solar day. ... The aberration of light (also referred to as astronomical aberration or stellar aberration) is an astronomical phenomenon which produces an apparent motion of celestial objects. ... A gyroscope For other uses, see Gyroscope (disambiguation). ... Precession redirects here. ... In physics, the Coriolis effect is an inertial force first described by Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, a French scientist, in 1835. ... A magnet levitating above a high-temperature superconductor demonstrates the Meissner effect. ... For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ...

History of modern geocentrism

Map of the Square and Stationary Earth, by Orlando Ferguson (1893)

The Ptolemaic model of the solar system held sway into the early modern age; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the heliocentric model. Geocentrism as a separate religious belief, however, never completely died out. In the United States between 1870 and 1920, for example, various members of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod published articles disparaging Copernican astronomy, and geocentricism was widely taught within the synod during that period.^{[citation needed]} However, in the 1902 Concordia Theological Quarterly, Prof. A. L. Graebner claimed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism, heliocentrism, or any scientific model, unless it were to contradict Scripture. He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole.^[1] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 424 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,998 × 1,589 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 424 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,998 × 1,589 pixels, file size: 2. ... This artistic representation of the geocentric model shows signs of the zodiac and the solar system with world at centre. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. ... 1870 (MDCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920) of the Gregorian calendar. ... LCMS redirects here. ... Heliocentric Solar System Heliocentrism (lower panel) in comparison to the geocentric model (upper panel) In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the sun is at the center of the Universe and/or the Solar System. ...

The most recent resurgence of geocentrism began in North America in 1967, when Dutch-Canadian schoolmaster Walter van der Kamp (1913–1998) circulated a geocentric paper entitled “The Heart of the Matter” to about 50 Christian individuals and institutions. From these seeds grew the Tychonian Society and its journal, Bulletin of the Tychonian Society. Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... This artistic representation of the geocentric model shows signs of the zodiac and the solar system with world at centre. ...

In 1984 van der Kamp retired as leader of the Tychonian Society and Gerardus Bouw, an amateur cosmologist with a Ph.D. in Astronomy from Case Western Reserve University and a B.S. in atrophysics from the University of Rochester (Rochester, NY) succeeded him. In 1991 Bouw reorganized the Tychonian Society as the "Association for Biblical Astronomy" and changed the name of the Bulletin to The Biblical Astronomer.^[2] Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus located in Cleveland Heights. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Biblical cosmology. ...

Previous works include Bouw's earlier With Every Wind of Doctrine (1984), Walter Van Der Kamp's De Labor Solis (1989), and Marshall Hall's The Earth is Not Moving (1991). Other modern geocentrists include Malcolm Bowden, James Hanson, Paul Ellwanger, R. G. Elmendorf, Paula Haigh, and Robert Sungenis (president of Catholic Apologetics International, author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong). Robert A. Sungenis (born 1955), is a controversial American Catholic apologist and founder of Catholic Apologetics International. ... Catholic Apologetics International is an American Traditionalist Catholic apostolate founded by Robert Sungenis in 1993. ...

Modern geocentrists subscribe to the view that a literal reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. For this reason, modern geocentrists are also creationists, many of which actively promote creationism in the creation-evolution controversy, and a few, such as Hall even argue against modern views of celestial mechanics, although most, particularly Bouw and Sungenis, use General Relativity against the modern view. However, many creationists hold that while the Bible makes explicit historical claims regarding the origin of the Earth and life in the creation account in Genesis, it does not explicitly endorse geocentrism. The most popular creationist societies (specifically Answers in Genesis, Creation Ministries International and the Institute for Creation Research) explicitly reject the absolute geocentric perspective, and creationist journals such as TJ (now Journal of Creation) have rejected modern geocentric articles in favor of geokineticism (moving Earth)^[3] Geocentrists regard such groups as compromisers.^[4] Creationism is a religious belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe were created in their original form by a deity or deities (often the Abrahamic God of Judaism, Christianity and Islam), whose existence is presupposed. ... The creation-evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs. ... Celestial mechanics is a division of astronomy dealing with the motions and gravitational effects of celestial objects. ... This article is about the biblical text. ... Answers in Genesis (AiG) is a non-profit Christian apologetics ministry with a particular focus on Young Earth creationism and a literal, or plain,[1] interpretation of the first chapters of Genesis. ... AiGs logo Answers in Genesis (AiG) is a non-profit Christian apologetics ministry with a particular focus on Young Earth Creationism, and a literal or plain [1] interpretation of the first chapters of the Book of Genesis. ... The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) is a biblical research institute based in Santee, California that focuses on constructing and teaching a Young Earth Creationist world-view. ... The initials TJ may refer to: Tajikistan, central Asian nation Technical journal, now the Journal of Creation, published by Creation Ministries International Temasek Junior College in eastern Singapore Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States TJ Goree, Captain in Confederate States Army and aide to Lt. ...

Modern geocentrists believe that they are the true standard-bearers for an appropriate integration of science and religion. In particular, Gerardus Bouw has claimed "Invariably, those [creationists] who do take more than a cursory look [at geocentricity] become geocentrists." Many modern creationists disagree, including Ph.D. astronomers such as Danny Faulkner.^[3][5]

Morris Berman quotes survey results that show currently some 20% of the USA population, believe that the sun goes around the Earth (geocentricism) rather than the Earth goes around the sun (heliocentricism), and 9% didn't know.^[6] Morris Berman (born 1944) is an academic and a humanist cultural critic who specializes in Western cultural and intellectual history. ...

Biblical references

Modern geocentrists point to some passages in the Bible, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis. One is Ecclesiastes 1:5: For other uses, see Bible (disambiguation). ... Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ...

The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose.

Another is in Joshua 10: 12–13, where the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky:^[7] The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in both the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...

Then spake Joshua to the LORD in the day when the LORD delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon. And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day.

At this point The Wycliffe Bible Commentary says:

"The usual interpretation of the miracle described herein is that God prolonged the daylight about a whole day (v. 13) to enable the Israelites to complete their pursuit of the enemy. However, if the sunlight was extended for ten, twelve, or more hours, so that the entire ancient Near East could have observed the phenomenon - a more spectacular miracle than the crossings of the Red Sea and the Jordan River - then it seems strange that only one other reference to the event (Hab. 3:11) is to be found in the OT ... What Joshua deemed necessary for his pursuing troops, already tired from their all-night climb, was relief from the merciless sun in the cloudless summer sky ... The true explanation of this miracle, told in ancient, Oriental poetic style, tends to confirm the idea that Joshua was looking for relief from the sun. The word dom, translated stand thou still (v. 12b), means basically 'be dumb, silent, or still'; and then 'reset' or 'cease' from usual activity ... Robert Dick Wilson demonstrated that the root dm in Babylonian cuneiform astronomical texts meant 'to be darkened.' Thus the sun is spoken of as 'dumb' when not shining ... Joshua 10:12-14 may then be translated: 'Now Joshua spoke to Jehovah, in the day that Jehovah gave the Amorites over to the sons of Israel; and he said before the eyes of Israel, "O sun, be dumb at Gibeon, and thous moon, in the Valley of Ajalon." And the sun was dumb and the moon ceased (shining), until the nation took vengeance on its enemies - Is it not written in the Book of Jashar - For the sun cease (shining) in the midst of the sky, and (i.e., although) it did not hasten to set about a whole day. And there was no day like that before it or after it, that Jehovah hearkened to the voice of a man; for Jehovah was fighting for Israel.'"

One may also note that miraculous contexts, such as this one and Hezekiah's miracle (II Kings 20:10-11, Isaiah 38:8), overrode one or more of the laws of physics and so would have nothing to say about geocentrism, whose description supposedly relies on no overriding of the laws of physics.

In Psalm 104: 5 (according to King James Version numbering) this verse is found: Wikisource has original text related to this article: Psalm 104 Psalm 104 (Psalm 103 in Septuagint based translations) is a poem in the Bible. ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ...

[God] (w)ho laid the foundations of the Earth, that it should not be removed for ever.

A suggestion that the Earth is stationary (relative to Heaven) is Isaiah 66:1: For other uses, see Heaven (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Book of Isaiah. ...

Thus saith the Lord: Heaven is my throne, and the earth my footstool.

And another in I Chronicles 16:30 The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ...

Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved.

However, most modern biblical scholars, even those who tend to a literal interpretation on other issues, believe that the above passages do not support a universe centered on an immobile Earth, but are instead simply natural descriptions made from the perspective of the author (also referred to as the phenomenological hermeneutic, or phenomenological descriptions).^[8] The Scripture uses these phenomenological descriptions of heavenly bodies & events in the cosmos. Some claim that the description of the Earth as a footstool in Isaiah should only be considered to be a metaphorical description of God's power, rather than an indication that God literally rests his feet on the Earth. It is argued that the context of the passages provides no reason to believe that the author intended them to be dogmatic statements regarding the location of the Earth in the universe, that any such implications are therefore indirect rather than reflecting the intended purpose of the author, and that drawing indirect implications from the text is improper, because it is often due more to the bias of the interpreter than the meaning of the text. They would refer to passages such as Matthew 24:29 Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and related texts. ... Biblical literalism is the supposed adherence to the explicit and literal sense of the Bible. ... This article is about the Book of Isaiah. ... Matthew may refer to: In religion: Matthew the Evangelist, the person traditionally held as the apostle of the Gospel of Christ Gospel of Matthew, a book of the Bible Matthew of Kraków, a professor of theology People with the given name Matthew: Matthew (given name) Other: Matthew the fictional...

...the sun (shall) be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven...

Clearly the moon does not produce a light source like the sun or stars do, yet it appears to do so. Also, the sun is not truly darkened, but may appear to be darkened due to clouds. Also, it is more likely that these are meteorites rather than actual stars, but they appear to be stars. Gerardus Bouw concedes that the moon only appears to shine light^[9] and that the stars falling from heaven to earth are most likely meteorites^[10].

Recently, geocentrists have developed a new theory that God created the earth first, and then the heavens. He made the earth on Day One, but in an incomplete form. He created the heaven, or firmament, on Day Two, and finished the earth on Day Three. This relates to geocentrism because it is claimed that God did not place the earth in the heavens, but rather created the firmament around earth, putting it in the center of the universe. They would also ask what the earth was revolving around since it is created before the sun, moon and stars. However, not all geocentrists are in agreement on this position. The leading proponent of modern geocentrism, Gerardus Bouw holds that planets & stars were created before the earth^[11]. Hence, the heavens they are in must have been created prior to the creation of the earth.

Another recent concept of modern geocentrism is the work of the Holy Spirit during Creation. Geocentrists argue that the "Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters" in an earth orbit, giving light to the earth prior to the creation of the sun, moon and stars. This view is supported by Psalm 148:2, which discusses some elements of the Creation, and mentions that God is "clothed in light." So, an illuminated Holy Spirit moved diurnally around the earth, created day and night until the creation of the heavenly light bearers. Hence, the only thing moving on the first few days of Creation was the Holy Spirit, and not the earth.

Many scholars such as those at the Institute for Creation Research would argue that interpreting the descriptions of heavenly/spacial events as phenomenological rather than strictly scientific or literal is important. For one, it shows that science and the Bible are not contradictory. The Bible describes things as man describes them (sunrises, sunsets, etc.). Also, it shows that the Bible is very careful to avoid specifics that would make no sense to the majority of readers throughout the majority of history. While the descriptions may not be strictly scientific, they are not erroneous or inaccurate. The Bible describes the heavens from man's perspective, and not in intricate detail. This is in great contradistinction to Apocryphal and Koranic descriptions of cosmology, which are very specific and demonstrably inaccurate (e.g. 2 Esdras 6:42, 1 Enoch 72, Koran 41:9-12). Finally, they would argue that it is necessary to interpret the seemingly geocentric passages as phenomenological because it is easily demonstrable that the Bible describes other heavenly events in similar language (the moon's light, stars falling from heaven, etc.). The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) is a biblical research institute based in Santee, California that focuses on constructing and teaching a Young Earth Creationist world-view. ... In Judeo-Christian theologies, apocrypha refers to religious Sacred text that have questionable authenticity or are otherwise disputed. ... In the Septuagint and for Eastern Orthodox Christians, 2 Esdras refers to the combination of Ezra and Nehemiah. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Quran (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ...

Geocentrists argue that reasoning that "explains away" such verses with arguments such as "the Bible is not a science book" or the Bible is "contextual" leads to the appearance of the scriptures containing lies or inaccuracies. They see this sort of reasoning as very dangerous, and associate it with the perceived recent rapid disintegration of all Bible-based religion and, by extension, society.

They would also argue that the Bible does not mix the phenomenological hermeneutic (or, interpreting the passage as being merely a description of the observer's point of reference) with the literal hermeneutic (or, interpreting the passage as what the observer saw, but also what literally happened. However, their critics would respond that Isaiah 13:10 does mix these two hermeneutics. Hermeneutics (Hermeneutic means interpretive), is a branch of philosophy concerned with human understanding and the interpretation of texts. ... Isaiah the Prophet in Hebrew Scriptures was depicted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo. ...

For the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof shall not give their light: the sun shall be darkened in his going forth, and the moon shall not cause her light to shine.

Geocentrist's critics argue that this passage includes (according to their interpretation) literal descriptions (the sun going forth) as well as phenomenological descriptions (sun & stars darkened, moon having a light to shine). This is also illustrated in Ecclesiastes 12:2-4, where the sun, moon & stars are darkened by clouds. Clearly the clouds are not literally surrounding these objects in darkness or enveloping them, making them absolutely darkened. However, those who look out of windows are darkened. They are literally enveloped in darkness, whereas the heavenly lights only appear to be darkened to these individuals.

Geocentrists tend to be careless or sloppy with their interpretations of passages, attempting to prove their own view of Biblical cosmology without keeping passages in their intended context. For example, geocentrists cite Psalm 119:90. Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...

...thou hast established the earth, and it abideth. (see also Ecclesiastes 1:4)

The word "abideth" means "to stand," and geocentrists claim this further proof of their position. However, critics point out that the context of this passage is about the Bible and its endurance. To claim this discusses a stationary earth seems out of place in this passage. Also, they would argue that the Hebrew word used here for established and abideth is also used in other passages to refer to the sun, moon, stars, and the heavens. For example: Ecclesiastes, Qohelet in Hebrew, is a book of the Hebrew Bible. ...

Psalm 96:10 and Proverbs 3:19 say that the earth is "established"

God prepared the heavens in Proverbs 8:27

The moon and stars are ordained in Psalm 8:3

The day, the light and the sun are all established in Psalm 74:16

In Psalm 148:6, the sun, moon, stars, and the heaven of heavens are all established (this is the same word abideth, used in Psalm 119:90 to refer to the earth).

Geocentrists take passages such as I Chronicles 16:30 to be geocentric: Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Proverbs may refer to: The plural of the word proverb. ... Proverbs may refer to: The plural of the word proverb. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... The Book of Chronicles is a book in the Hebrew Bible (also see Old Testament). ...

Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved.

The problem with this interpretation, is that the "world" referred to here is a reference not to the earth, but to the people of the earth. Also, the word "be not moved" describes strength & stability, not orbital/spacial motion. For instance, it is used to describe the scales of Leviathan, in Job 41:23. Scale (botany) Scale (zoology) Scale (medical) Scale (music) Scale (measurement) Scale (chemical) Scale (social sciences) Scale (spatial) Scale (computing) Order of magnitude Logarithmic scale Scale model Architects scale Engineers scale This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... This article is about the biblical creature. ... Job (plural jobs) refers to a piece of work or a task. ...

...which “are firm in themselves; they cannot be moved.

The word "moved" is also translated as "shaketh" in Psalm 60:2 Psalms (Tehilim תהילים, in Hebrew) is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and of the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ...

Thou hast made the earth to tremble; thou hast broken it: heal the breaches thereof; for it shaketh

Geocentrists also argue that the "circuit of heaven" described in Job 22:14 describes the orbital movement of the universe around the earth, yet they argue that the earth is spherical based on Isaiah 40:22. Job (plural jobs) refers to a piece of work or a task. ... Isaiah the Prophet in Hebrew Scriptures was depicted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo. ...

...it is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth...

Critics of this argument point out that the word for circuit and circle are the same word (also translated as compass in Proverbs 8:27). In two of the three passages in which this word appears, it obviously describes shape, yet geocentrists claim that in the one remaining passage, it describes orbital motion. This article is about the navigational instrument. ... Proverbs may refer to: The plural of the word proverb. ...

Also, some geocentrists (such as Gerardus Bouw) identify Mercury & Venus as the "morning stars" of Job 38:7 and the "wandering stars" of Jude 14 as references to planets^[12]. If these are planets, then they only appear to be stars. Look up Mercury in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Venus (disambiguation). ... Job (plural jobs) refers to a piece of work or a task. ... An anthology of Jewish Fantasy and Science Fiction, edited by Jack Dann, originally published by Harper & Row in 1974. ... Look up Jude in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A planet (from the Greek πλανήτης, planetes or wanderers) is a body of considerable mass that orbits a star and that produces very little or no energy through nuclear fusion. ...

Finally, the movement of the Holy Spirit during Day One of Creation is not orbital movement. It is translated as "hovered over" in most modern Bible versions and the words "moved upon is translated as "fluttereth over" (Deuteronomy 32:11) and "shake" (Jeremiah 23:9) in the King James Version. This would seem to support heliocentricity rather than geocentricity, since it gives the image of a stationary Holy Spirit hovering above the earth. If the Spirit was shining light on earth, then the earth must be moving in order to create day and night, a point argued by Dr. Robert McCabe at Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary [2]. One may however argue that while the Spirit did not directly orbit the earth, it is the heavens that move, and hence, moved the Spirit around the stationary earth. This argument would be difficult, since the same geocentrists who teach this also believe the heavens were not yet created. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      In mainstream... Look up creation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomium, second, from to deuteronomium touto, this second law, pronounced ) is the fifth book of the Torah of the Hebrew bible and the Old Testament. ... For other uses, see Jeremiah (disambiguation). ... This page is about the version of the Bible; for the Harvey Danger album, see King James Version (album). ...

Catholic geocentricity

This date-September 2007 may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (September 2007)

The interpretation of scripture by the Church fathers is asserted by the geocentrists to be unanimously in favor of a geocentrist position.^{[citation needed]} The early Church Fathers such as Augustine and Origen argued against the heliocentrism of the pagan Greeks well before Copernicus' time. Modern geocentrists often quote these works which seem to admonish that scriptural references about geocentrism not be interpreted as allegorical or phenomenological since such an interpretation could lead to the appearance that the Holy Spirit (the inspirer of the Scriptures) might be lying.^{[citation needed]} Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Augustinus redirects here. ... Origen Origen (Greek: ÅŒrigénÄ“s, 185–ca. ... Pagan and heathen redirect here. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      In mainstream...

Some Catholics^{[attribution needed]} hold to geocentrism on the basis of interpretations of the history and teachings of the Church. The three popes who issued decrees on the subject (Paul V, Urban VIII, and Alexander VII) all ratified^{[citation needed]} the statement used in the 1633-06-22 condemnation of Galileo by the Congregation for the Index: "The proposition that the Earth is not the centre of the world and immovable but that it moves, and also with a diurnal motion, is equally absurd and false philosophically and theologically considered at least erroneous in faith."^[13] Painting of Pope Paul V by Caravaggio Paul V, né Camillo Borghese (Rome, September 17, 1550 - January 28, 1621) was Pope from May 16, 1605 until his death. ... Urban VIII, né Maffeo Barberini (April 1568 - July 29, 1644) was pope from 1623-1644. ... Alexander VII, né Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 - May 22, 1667) was pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ... Events February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Alexander VII declared in a Papal Bull that "the Pythagorean doctrine concerning the mobility of the earth and the immobility of the sun is false and altogether incompatible with divine Scripture" and the principles advocated by Copernicus on the position and movement of the earth to be “repugnant to Scripture and to its true and Catholic interpretation".^{[citation needed]} Alexander VII, né Fabio Chigi (February 13, 1599 - May 22, 1667) was pope from April 7, 1655 until his death in 1667. ... Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla. ...

These declarations have yet to be officially overturned by the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, and there have been no official declarations on the subject since. Most Catholics believe the declarations were not infallible, leaving open the possibility that the Church, in an official statement of equal or greater weight, could overturn the decrees.^{[citation needed]} Some point out that Pope John Paul II made an apology for the treatment which Galileo received in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1992. The apology was for the treatment Galileo received and declared the incident to be based on a "misunderstanding". Coat of Arms of Pope John Paul II. The Letter M is for Mary, the mother of Jesus, to whom he held strong devotion Pope John Paul II (Latin: , Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan PaweÅ‚ II) born   []; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) reigned as the 264th Pope of... The Pontifical Academy of Sciences was founded in 1936 under its current name by Pope Pius XI and is placed under the protection of the reigning Supreme Pontiff (the current Pope). ... Year 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar). ...

Many Catholics educated on the issue believe that historical curial support of geocentricity is not authoritative because the pope is only infallible when he speaks on issues of faith or morals, and they believe geocentrism is not such an issue.

Jewish geocentricity

Only a small minority of Orthodox Jews, particularly followers of the Lubavitcher Rebbe maintain a geocentric model of the universe, based on the aforementioned Biblical verses and their interpretation of Maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the earth is orbited by the sun. This is an important basis in his calculation of Rosh Chodesh (the first day of the Jewish lunar month), however the great majority of Jewish religious scholars, who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of Maimonides' rulings as legally binding do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism ^[14]. Orthodox Judaism is one of the three major branches of Judaism. ... Rabbi M.M. Schneerson The third Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch dynasty was also named Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (with a h) Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 18, 1902-June 12, 1994) was an Orthodox Judaism rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch branch of... Commonly used image indicating one artists conception of Maimonidess appearance Maimonides (March 30, 1135 or 1138–December 13, 1204) was a Jewish rabbi, physician, and philosopher in Spain, Morocco and Egypt during the Middle Ages. ... Rosh Chodesh (Hebrew: Head/Beginning [of the Hebrew] Month) is the name for the first day of every month in the [[Hebrew calendar]]. Although Rosh Chodesh is not considered a religious holiday, it is observed with additional [[Jewish prayer]]s, including the Psalms of Hallel (praise) in all Orthodox and...

The modern scientific point of view

The consensus of scientists today is that

1. there is no center or otherwise special position in the universe,
2. from the standpoint of the laws of physics, there is no such thing as absolute rest,
3. there is a unique rotational velocity in which Newton’s laws of motion hold.

"There is no special position."

All the known laws of physics can be formulated without reference to any particular place, as long as an inertial frame of reference is chosen for the description. That this is true, as far as we can tell, at all places and has been true for all times is illustrated by the agreement of the laboratory value of the fine structure constant with that derived from the spectra of stars billions of light years away. (For references, see Is the fine structure constant really constant?.) This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The fine-structure constant or Sommerfeld fine-structure constant, usually denoted , is the fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. ... The fine-structure constant or Sommerfeld fine-structure constant, usually denoted , is the fundamental physical constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. ...

Even if the laws of physics are independent of any particular place, one might still ask whether the arrangement of objects in the universe points to a special place for the Earth. But the Earth does not hold any obvious preferred place within the Solar System, nor does the Solar System appear to be in a preferred location within our Galaxy, nor is our Galaxy in a preferred location within the Local Group. Furthermore, the consensus scientific opinion is that there is no evidence based on the distribution of astronomical objects that any particular position in the universe is special. (For references, see Large-scale structure of the cosmos.) This article is about Earth as a planet. ... This article is about the Solar System. ... The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Galaxia Kuklos; or simply the Galaxy) is a barred spiral galaxy in the Local Group, and has special significance to humanity as the location of the solar system, which is located near the Orion... A member of the Local Group of galaxies, irregular galaxy Sextans A is 4. ... Astronomy and cosmology examine the universe to understand the large-scale structure of the cosmos. ...

"The cosmic microwave background radiation determines the only special velocity."

All the known laws of physics can be formulated without reference to any particular velocity, as long as an inertial frame of reference is chosen for the description. Therefore if, from the point of view of physics, there is a special velocity in the universe, it can only be observed because some group of objects move with that velocity. The most popular choice of a reference is the cosmic microwave background radiation, whose velocity relative to the Solar System is about 370 km/s. It is also possible, with some modeling, to consider the local value of the velocity field of all galaxies, which is found to agree with the velocity of the cosmic microwave background radiation. CMB redirects here. ...

"The inertial frame is the only special rotation."

If the known local laws of physics are formulated in various frames of reference rotating relative to one another, the mathematical formulation of these laws vary. Generally, a centrifugal force and a Coriolis force, dependent on a direction and rate of rotation, must be introduced. In classical physics, these two forces are called fictitious forces because they do not obey Newton’s third law of motion. There are some special frames of reference, known as inertial frames, where these forces vanish. The rotation of these frames may be considered special, and indeed inertial frames are the only special ones known to physics. Equivalently, there is only one rotational frame of reference in which the axes of gimbal-mounted gyroscopes remain fixed. The Earth per se is not in an inertial frame, as evidenced by measurable centrifugal and Coriolis forces experienced by objects on Earth's surface. Centrifugal force (from Latin centrum centre and fugere to flee) is a term which may refer to two different forces which are related to rotation. ... In physics, the Coriolis effect is an inertial force first described by Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, a French scientist, in 1835. ... A fictitious force is an apparent force that acts on all masses in a non-inertial frame of reference, e. ... Newtons First and Second laws, in Latin, from the original 1687 edition of the Principia Mathematica. ... In physics, an inertial frame of reference, or inertial frame for short (also descibed as absolute frame of reference), is a frame of reference in which the observers move without the influence of any accelerating or decelerating force. ... A gimbal is a mechanical device that allows the rotation of an object in multiple dimensions. ...

In the framework of general relativity, the formulation of the laws of physics is identical in all frames of reference, even in rotating and accelerating frames. The fictitious forces are then a manifestation of the gravitomagnetism associated with the acceleration of the mass of the universe. This is the same effect that results in frame dragging, only in frame dragging the effect due to a rotating body is local and small. If the entire universe is rotating, the effect is massive. Even in general relativity, the inertial frames of reference can be considered special, because they are the only ones that allow the laws of physics to be formulated without explicit reference to distant masses. Compared to frames of reference with linear or rotational acceleration, inertial frames of reference also preserve local causality. For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

Non-falsifiability of geocentrism

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (September 2007)

If general relativity is true, then there exists a non-inertial reference frame where the Earth is the immobile center of a non-inertial universe (see equivalence principle). There also exists a reference frame (inertial or non-inertial) for any other arbitrary choice of coordinate systems. This means that strictly speaking, a preferred coordinate system cannot be chosen, nor can a preferred coordinate system be rejected on the grounds of physics alone.^{[dubious – discuss]} Ideas such as this which are not falsifiable may be true^{[dubious – discuss]}, but they are not scientific theories. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... In the physics of relativity, the equivalence principle is applied to several related concepts dealing with gravitation and the uniformity of physical measurements in different frames of reference. ... In mathematics as applied to geometry, physics or engineering, a coordinate system is a system for assigning a tuple of numbers to each point in an n-dimensional space. ... Falsifiability (or refutability or testability) is the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown false by an observation or a physical experiment. ... The word theory has a number of distinct meanings in different fields of knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ...

Modern geocentrists have pointed out when defending their beliefs that physics allows for geocentric descriptions that can describe the physical universe if one allows for non-inertial reference frames.^{[citation needed]}

Modern geocentrism and astronomical observations

This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. WikiProject Physics or the Physics Portal may be able to help recruit one. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly.(March 2008)

Modern geocentrists have been known to point to certain astronomical observations as evidence which could be interpreted as placing the earth at the center of the universe. However, all of the proposed falsifications have explanations that are compatible with the current scientific model of the solar system and universe^{[citation needed]}. Falsification may mean: The act of disproving a proposition, hypothesis, or theory. ... Model may refer to more than one thing : For models in society, art, fashion, and cosmetics, see; role model model (person) supermodel figure drawing modeling section In science and technology, a model (abstract) is understood as an abstract or theoretical representation of a phenomenon,see; geologic modeling model (economics) model...

Gamma ray bursts

One such observation is reported in "The Biggest Bangs: The Mystery of Gamma-Ray Bursts", 2002 (ISBN 0-19-514570-4), by Jonathan I. Katz, professor of physics at Washington University: Washington University in St. ...

The uniform distribution of burst arrival directions tells us that the distribution of gamma-ray-burst sources in space is a sphere or spherical shell, with us at the center (some other extremely contrived and implausible distributions are also possible). But Copernicus taught us that we are not in a special preferred position in the universe; Earth is not at the center of the solar system, the Sun is not at the center of the galaxy, and so forth. There is no reason to believe we are at the center of the distribution of gamma-ray bursts. If our instruments are sensitive enough to detect bursts at the edge of the spatial distribution, then they should not be isotropic on the sky, contrary to observation; if our instruments are less sensitive, then the N ~ S^-3/2 law should hold, also contrary to observation. That is the Copernican dilemma.

This "dilemma"^{[citation needed]} is resolved by realizing that the gamma ray bursts are so bright that they can be seen at distances corresponding to the early universe. GRB 990123, for example, has been located at 9 billion light years (see the article on gamma ray bursters). Indeed every GRB for which data on distance could be obtained has been measured to be at what is considered cosmological distances.^{[dubious – discuss]} The edge of the spatial distribution centered on us is really an edge to the temporal distribution, which is converted to an isotropic spatial distribution by the finite speed of light. The cosmological distances associated with GRBs are an observational confirmation of part of the cosmological principle that is foundational to modern cosmology, namely that the universe is isotropic on the largest scales. In astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are flashes of gamma rays that last from seconds to hours, the longer ones being followed by several days of X-ray afterglow. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (in Latin; Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus - February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was a Polish astronomer, mathematician and economist who developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system in a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful. ... The image above shows the optical afterglow of gamma ray burst GRB-990123 taken on January 23, 1999. ... Optical afterglow of gamma ray burst GRB-990123 (the bright dot within the white square and in the enlarged cutout) on 23 January 1999. ... In astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are flashes of gamma rays that last from seconds to hours, the longer ones being followed by several days of X-ray afterglow. ... The cosmic distance ladder is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects. ... The Cosmological Principle is a principle invoked in cosmology that severely restricts the large variety of possible cosmological theories: On large scales, the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic. ... This article is about the physics subject. ... Isotropic means independent of direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented. ...

Quantization of redshifts

Another line of evidence referred to by modern geocentrists is related to supposed quantized redshift. If the universe violates predictions from the FRW metric derived from General Relativity, it is not expanding but has a redshift-distance relation, and the redshifts of particular types of astronomical objects only take on certain values, that would suggest that the objects are located on shells concentric around the Earth, that is, that the location of the Earth is special. Redshift quantization, is the hypothesis that the redshifts of cosmologically distant objects (in particular galaxies) tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value. ... The Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric describes a homogeneous, isotropic expanding/contracting universe. ... For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. ... This box:      Hubbles law is a statement in physical cosmology which states that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance. ...

The first claimed observations of redshift quantization came from studies of galaxies. There have also been claimed observations of redshift quantization in quasar populations. Since these claimed observations were made, galaxy surveys have increased the quantity and quality of the redshift data enormously. Taken on the whole, it appears that the surveys do not show any quantization of redshifts, though many supporters of the idea have made the claim that the models are not applicable to the entire quasar sample. One study with a new database was specifically designed to test the most popular model of quasars associated with galaxies and that the redshifts of the galaxy pairings appear in regular intervals and are not homogeneous. The statistical methods were approved in advance by supporters of this model, but despite the prior approval, those supporting quantization still reject the result showing a lack of galaxy-quasar pairing. This article is about a celestial body. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A galaxy survey is a survey of galaxies in two or three dimensions. ...

Those scientists who still believe in quantized redshifts represent a very small minority.^{[citation needed]} It is also believed by some scientists that effects like the evolution of the universe, large-scale structures in the universe, and local clustering can, in some circumstances, mimic the trace of redshift quantization.

Forms of modern geocentrism

The simplest way to define a theory of geocentrism is to apply the appropriate coordinate transformation to existing theory. Geocentrists generally believe there is additional substance to their worldview that can be expressed in a theory with explanatory and, ideally, predictive power. There is no theory that is accepted by all geocentrists, and no theory that is formulated well enough mathematically to be falsifiable, but some general comments can be made^{[citation needed]}.

The observations

The major observations to be explained, as expressed from a geocentric perspective, are

• variations in the length of the day^[15]
  • a general slowing down over time (attributed by modern science to tidal friction)
  • a variation over many years (attributed to changes in the Earth's core)
  • seasonal variations (attributed to changes in the jet stream and the distribution of ice and water)
  • occasional sudden changes (attributed to events like major earthquakes or particular weather patterns)
• motions of the stars and the Sun
  • daily motion in near circles centered on the Earth
  • monthly variation on top of that (attributed by modern science to the orbit of the Earth around the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system)
  • yearly variation on top of that with a radius of one astronomical unit
  • proper motions, i.e., movements of the stars relative to each other according to Newton's laws of motion and gravitation
• motions of the planets and of artificial satellites and space probes
  • daily, monthly, and yearly motions as for the stars
  • Keplerian orbits around the Sun on top of that
• physics on the Earth
  • centrifugal force
  • Coriolis force

Bouw claims that most of these are readily explainable from a geocentric perspective by starting with the universe as a whole. He cites eight references to support his claim.^[16] Tidal friction is a process that transferes energy between the planets. ... The astronomical unit (AU or au or a. ... The proper motion of a star is the motion of the position of the star in the sky (the change in direction in which we see it, as opposed to the radial velocity) after eliminating the improper motions of the stars, which affect their measured coordinates but are not real...

Geocentrism based on classical gravitation

Some geocentrists believe that at least part of these observations can be explained as a result of classical gravitation with a particular mass distribution. Indeed, a uniform distribution of dark (and otherwise unobtrusive) matter, coupled with a quadrupole gravitational field imposed from the “outside”, could provide the centripetal force associated with the daily rotation. Gravitational fields uniform throughout the universe and rotating monthly and yearly would result in those components of the motion. On the other hand, classical gravitational fields cannot provide the torque needed to account for the variations in the length of the day, nor can they provide the Coriolis forces observed in planetary motion and in physics experiments on Earth. Schematic quadrupole magnet(four-pole) used to focus particle beams in a particle accelerator. ...

Geocentrism based on a rigid aether

A different approach to accounting for the forces required to explain the observations is kinematic constraints. If all heavenly bodies (sun, planets, comets, stars) are rotating daily around the Earth, it is natural to suppose that they are embedded in a transparent but rigid material. Geocentrists generally believe in such a substance and refer to it as aether. This aether is not the same as the late 19th century concept of luminiferous aether that was supposed to be the material through which light propagates. If a luminiferous medium does exist, then the null result from the Michelson-Morley experiment would imply a stationary Earth with respect to such an aether. Bouw stated in 2000 that he prefers the term firmament as being "the God-chosen name for the created aether".^[17] The luminiferous aether: it was hypothesised that the Earth moves through a medium of aether that carries light In the late 19th century luminiferous aether (light-bearing aether) was the term used to describe a medium for the propagation of light. ... The Michelson-Morley experiment, one of the most important and famous experiments in the history of physics, was performed in 1887 by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley at what is now Case Western Reserve University, and is considered by some to be the first strong evidence against the theory of...

The aether hypothesis coupled with a huge rotating shell of matter at the outer position of the universe provides for forces needed to explain the daily orbits of the stars and Sun as well as a way to synchronize the monthly and yearly motions. These periodic variations are claimed to result from gyroscopic precession, although the details of the model are not specified. When the finite speed of light is taken into consideration, the picture is more complex (at least assuming the enormous estimate of the size of the universe believed today- a point which many geocentrists disagree with). If we see all the stars moving at the same time, then the stars farther away must have moved earlier in order to allow their light time to reach Earth. This implies not a rigid aether but an aether supporting torsional waves that propagate with the speed of light and converge on the Earth. To explain the irregular or sudden changes in the length of the day in this way requires a reversal of the presumptive cause and effect, that is, the aether waves must cause the earthquake or weather pattern that is associated with that change in the length of the day. It is also difficult to reconcile the rigidity of the aether required to contain and synchronize the motions of the stars with the tenuousness implied by the fact that the proper motions appear to be uninhibited.

If simple aether theories might be able to explain some of the properties of the motions of the stars and Sun, more complex theories are necessary to explain orbits in the Solar System and experiments on the Earth. This is partly because the rigidity/tenuousness dilemma brought up for stellar motion is even more visible there, but primarily because a single centripetal force is no longer adequate. The observations can only be explained by separate centrifugal and Coriolis forces.

Geocentrism based on a radically different cosmology

Some geocentrists believe that the difficulties in the types of theories discussed above can be overcome by rejecting some of the assumptions that were implicitly made in that discussion. In particular, some geocentrists believe that the universe is very much smaller than the billions of light years calculated by modern scientists.^{[citation needed]} A detailed theory of this sort is not available, so its plausibility and freedom from internal contradictions cannot be evaluated here.

See also

• List of pseudoscientific theories in physics

This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

References

Morris Berman (born 1944) is an academic and a humanist cultural critic who specializes in Western cultural and intellectual history. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

General

• Bouw, Gerardus: Geocentricity, Association for Biblical Astronomy, Cleveland, Ohio, 1992.
• Graebner, A.L. Science and the Church. Concordia Thelogical Quarterly VI(1):37
• Gibbs, W. Wayt, 1995. Profile: George F.R. Ellis; Thinking Globally, Acting Universally. Scientific American 273(4):28, 29.
• Hoyle, F., Nicolaus Copernicus, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London, p. 78, 1973.
• Hubble, E.P., The Observational Approach to Cosmology, Clarendon, Oxford, 1937.
• Iorio, L., 2006. A note on the evidence of the gravitomagnetic field of Mars, Class. Quantum Gravity, 23(17), 5451-5454.
• Misner, Thorne and Wheeler, Gravitation, W. H. Freeman, 1973
• Sungenis, Robert: "Galileo Was Wrong", 2006
• The Wycliffe Commentary, Moody Press, Chicago, Thirteenth Printing, 1976

Sir Fred Hoyle (June 24, 1915 – August 20, 2001) was a British astronomer, notable for a number of his theories that run counter to current astronomical opinion, and a writer of science fiction, including a number of books co-authored by his son Geoffrey Hoyle. ... Copernicus redirects here. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. ...

On redshift quantization

• William G. Tifft, "Global Redshift Periodicities: Association with the Cosmic Background Radiation" Astrophysics and Space Science, 239, 35 (1996)
• William G. Tifft, "Evidence for Quantized and Variable Redshifts in the CBR Rest Frame," Astrophysics and Space Science, (1997)
• Halton Arp, Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies
• Halton Arp and Geoffrey Burbidge, "Companion Galaxies Match Quasar Redshifts: The Debate Goes On", Physics Today, 37:17 (1984)
• E. Hawkins, S. J. Maddox and M. R. Merrifield, “No periodicities in 2dF Redshift Survey data,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 336, Is. 1, October 2002, p. L15
• "No Quantized Redshifts", Sky and Telescope 104:28, 2002
• William Napier and Geoffrey Burbidge, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2003, 342, pp. 601-604
• ^[1]

Halton Arp in London, Oct 2000 Halton Christian Arp is an American astronomer. ... Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies is a 1987 book by Halton Arp, an astronomer famous for his work on anomalous redshifts. ... Halton Arp in London, Oct 2000 Halton Christian Arp is an American astronomer. ... Sky & Telescope is a monthly magazine providing articles and information on all aspects of astronomy, space exploration, telescope equipment, and amateur telescope making and use. ...

External links

• FixedEarth.com by Marshall Hall
• Geocentricity.com by Gerardus Bouw
• Geocentricity 101 p1,p2,p3, p4 by Mark Wyatt
• Response to Gary Hoge by Mark Wyatt
• Pro-Geocentric page by Robert Sungenis
• Anti-Geocentric page from one Creationist's perspective
• Geocentrism: Flogging a Pink Unicorn a critique of Modern Geocentrism