Although Irish has been used as a literary language for more than a thousand years (see Irish literature), and in a form intelligible to contemporary speakers since at least the sixteenth century, modern Irish literature is thought to begin with the revival movement. For a comparatively small country, Ireland has made a disproportionate contribution to world literature in all its branches. ...

Early revival

To start with, the revivalists preferred the style used at the latest stages of classical Irish, notably by Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn) in his History of Ireland, or Foras Feasa ar Éirinn. However, Keating's Irish was soon ousted by popular dialects especially championed by the priest and native speaker from the Coolea-Muskerry area, Peadar Ua Laoghaire, who in the 1890s published, in a serialised form, a folkloristic novel strongly influenced by the storytelling tradition of the Gaeltacht, Séadna. His other works include the autobiography Mo Scéal Féin and retellings of classical Irish stories as well as a recently reissued adaptation of Don Quixote. Seathrún Céitinn, known in English as Geoffrey Keating, was a 17th century Irish clergyman, poet and historian. ... Gaeltacht is an Irish word for an Irish-speaking region. ... Statues of Don Quixote (left) and Sancho Panza (right) This page is about the fictional character and novel. ...

Ua Laoghaire was soon followed by Patrick Pearse, who was to be executed as one of the leaders of the Easter Rising. Pearse learnt Irish in Rosmuck and wrote sentimental stories about the Irish-speaking countryside, as well as nationalistic poems in a more classical, Keatingesque style. Patrick Pearse Patrick Henry Pearse (known as Pádraig Pearse or by his Irish name Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais) (November 10, 1879 – May 3, 1916) was a teacher, poet, writer and political activist who led the Irish Easter Rising in 1916 and was declared president of the Irish Republic... The Easter Rising (Irish: Éirí Amach na Cásca) was a militarily unsuccessful rebellion staged in Ireland against British rule on Easter Monday in April 1916. ... Rosmuck (Ros Muc in Irish) is a village in the Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking area) of County Galway, Ireland. ...

Pádraic Ó Conaire wrote realistic, even naturalistic, stories about the life of Irish emigrants in England about the turn of the century; he was also one of the first people ever to use Irish for journalism. His most important book is his only novel, Deoraíocht (Diaspora), which combines realism with absurd elements. He was to die in the nineteen twenties, not yet fifty years old. He was actually a civil servant, but became something of a mythical figure of the folklore. Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ...

Writing from the Gaeltachts

In the nineteen twenties, researchers went to the Gaeltacht to record the lives of native speakers in authentic dialect. The most well-known books of this crop were the autobiographies from Great Blasket Island, "Peig" by Peig Sayers, "An tOileánach" ("The Islandman") by Tomás Ó Criomhthain, and "Fiche Bliain ag Fás" ("Twenty Years a-Growing") by Muiris Ó Súilleabháin. As the books - especially "Peig" - were often edited to become more suitable to the ideological ends of the Catholic Free State and used in an indoctrinatory way in school tuition, they were often resented by pupils and gave the language a bad press. Gaeltacht is an Irish word for an Irish-speaking region. ... Peig Sayers (1873 - 1958) was an Irish author. ... Tomás Ó Criomhthain (Thomas O’Crohan) (1856-1937) was a native of the Irish-speaking Great Blasket Island two miles off the coast of Kerry in Ireland. ...

Arguably the most interesting of the Gaeltacht autobiographies is Micí Mac Gabhann's "Rotha Mór an tSaoil" - translated into English as "The Hard Road to Klondyke", written in Ulster Irish. As the English title shows, it deals with the Klondyke gold rush, "ruathar an óir", at the end of the nineteenth century, but also with the hardship Irish gold-rushers had to endure on their way to "tír an óir", the gold country. Gaeltacht is an Irish word for an Irish-speaking region. ...

Another newcomer of the nineteen twenties was the prolific writer of rural novels, Séamus Ó Grianna (pen name "Máire"). Although he has been justly praised for his beautiful, rich Ulster dialect, he was not a very original artist, and even his best novels were kept from being reprinted by his unnecessarily hostile attitude towards the new standard orthography, which he deemed unsuitable to his dialect. He was not interested in modernising or developing Irish language, and avoided newly coined words and terms. Towards his death, "Máire" became violently anti-Irish language, indeed lending his support to a movement of anti-Irish language activists euphemistically calling themselves the Language Freedom Movement.

Indeed, Séamus Ó Grianna's most important contribution to modern literature in the language might be the fact that he persuaded his brother Seosamh to write in Irish. Seosamh was a less prolific and less fortunate writer than his brother, and was stricken by a severe depressive psychosis in 1935, so that he had to spend the rest of his life - more than fifty years - at a psychiatric hospital. Before his psychosis, however, he was able to finish a novel about the arrival of modern times in his own Gaeltacht, called "An Druma Mór" - "The Big Drum", or "The Fife and Drum Band", as well as an introspective travelogue, "Mo Bhealach Féin" - "My Own Way". His last novel, "Dá mBíodh Ruball ar an Éan" - "If the Bird Had a Tail" - a study of the alienation of a Gaeltacht man in Dublin - was left unfinished, a fact suggested by the book title. Gaeltacht is an Irish word for an Irish-speaking region. ... Gaeltacht is an Irish word for an Irish-speaking region. ... Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, located near the midpoint of Irelands east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. ...

Both brothers were acknowledged translators. In addition to Walter Scott's Ivanhoe into Irish, Seosamh's work in this field includes the Irish versions of Joseph Conrad's Almayer's Folly, in Irish "Díth Céille Almayer", as well as Peadar O'Donnell's "Adrigoole", in Irish "Eadarbhaile". Sir Walter Scott, Bart. ... Ivanhoe book cover Ivanhoe is a novel by Sir Walter Scott. ... Joseph Conrad Joseph Conrad (December 3, 1857 – August 3, 1924) was a naturalized British novelist of Polish origin. ...

Irish-language modernism

Modernist literature was developed further by Máirtín Ó Cadhain, a schoolmaster from Connemara, who was the Irish-language littérateur engagé par excellence. He was not only active in the IRA - he spent The Emergency years, - i.e. the years of the Second World War - at a detention camp in Curach Chill Dara (Curragh, County Kildare) together with other IRA men. At the camp, he wrote his modernist masterpiece, the novel Cré na Cille - "The Clay of the Churchyard". Reminiscent of some Latin American novels (notably Redoble por Rancas by Manuel Scorza, or Pedro Páramo by Juan Rulfo), this novel is a chain of voices of the dead speaking from the churchyard, where they go on forever quarrelling about their bygone life in their village. The novel is a resounding refutation of the romantic view of the Gaeltacht typical of the early years of the linguistic revival: Ó Cadhain shows clearly that there are social conflicts inside the Gaeltachtaí, too. This article needs to be wikified. ... For information about the 1975-1977 Emergency in India under Indira Gandhi, please see Indian Emergency. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Kildare (Irish: Cill Dara) is a town in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. ... Juan Rulfo (born 16 May 1917 – 7 January 1986) was a Mexican novelist, short story writer, and photographer, one of Latin Americas most esteemed authors. ... Gaeltacht is an Irish word for an Irish-speaking region. ...

In addition to Cré na Cille, Máirtín Ó Cadhain wrote several collections of short stories (one "short" story, Fuíoll Fuine in the collection An tSraith dhá Tógáil, can count as a short novel): "Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre", "An Braon Broghach", "Cois Caoláire", "An tSraith dhá Tógáil", "An tSraith Tógtha", "An tSraith ar Lár". An important part of his writings are his journalism, essays, and pamphlets, that can be found in such collections as "Ó Cadhain i bhFeasta", "Caiscín", and "Caithfear Éisteacht".

Máirtín Ó Cadhain was a great stylistic innovator. Although his Irish was very much his native dialect - even in such contexts where a less dialectal style would have been appropriate - he was not afraid of enriching his Irish with constructed neologisms and loan words from other dialects including Scots Gaelic.

Modernism and renewal were also represented by several writers not of Gaeltacht descent, such as Eoghan Ó Tuairisc, Diarmuid Ó Súilleabháin, and Breandán Ó Doibhlin. Ó Tuairisc wrote poetry and plays, as well as two important novels about historical themes: L'Attaque, and Dé Luain. Diarmuid Ó Súilleabháin authored a realistic depiction of a de facto divorced man's dilemmas in a country where divorces do not officially exist, Caoin Thú Féin, as well as several other novels, including a jail journal, Ciontach. Breandán Ó Doibhlin introduced introspective writing into Irish with Néal Maidine agus Tine Oíche.

Contemporary literature in Irish

Among the most important contemporary writers in Irish also being native speakers are Pádraic Breathnach, Pádraig Ó Cíobháin, and Cathal Ó Searcaigh. The first two are novelists and short story writers, Cathal Ó Searcaigh's most work has been lyrical, but his most important and accessible creation is certainly his engaging travelogue about Nepal, Seal i Neipeal