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Modularity of mind is the notion that a mind, at least in part, may be composed of separate innate structures which have established evolutionarily-developed functional purposes (ie. "modules"). Proponents believe this view is implied by Noam Chomsky's concept of a universal, generative grammar. Such features of language imply there's an underlying "language acquisition device" structure in the brain. This device is postulated to be autonomous and specialized for learning language rapidly; a module. For other uses, see Mind (disambiguation). ...
This article is about evolution in biology. ...
Avram Noam Chomsky (Hebrew :××‘×¨× × ×•×¢× ×—×•×ž×¡×§×™ Yiddish: ××‘×¨× × ×•×¢× ×›×מסקי) (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, political activist, author, and lecturer. ...
Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Generative linguistics. ...
Language Acquisition: A Journal of Developmental Linguistics Language acquisition is the process by which the language capability develops in a human. ...
Fodor's Modularity of Mind
Historically, questions regarding the functional architecture of the mind have been divided into two different theories of the nature of the faculties. The first can be characterized as a horizontal view because it refers to mental processes as if they are interactions between faculties; such as memory, imagination, judgement, and perception; which are not domain specific (e.g., a judgement remains a judgement whether it refers to a perceptual experience or to the comprehension of language). The second can be characterized as a vertical view because it claims that the mental faculties are differentiated on the basis of domain specificity, are genetically determined, are associated with distinct neurological structures, and are computationally autonomous. Domain-specificity is a theoretical position in cognitive science (especially modern cognitive development) that argues that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized, presumably evolutionarily specified, learning devices. ...
The vertical vision goes back to the 19th century movement called phrenology and its founder Franz Joseph Gall, who claimed that the individual mental faculties could be associated precisely, in a sort of one to one correspondence, with specific physical areas of the brain. Hence, someone's level of intelligence, for example, could be literally "read off" from the size of a particular bump on his posterior parietal lobe. This simplistic view of modularity has, of course, been disproven over the course of the last century. A 19th century phrenology chart. ...
F.J. Gall Franz Joseph Gall (March 9, 1758 - August 22, 1828) was a neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain. ...
However, Jerry Fodor, drawing from Chomsky and other evidence from linguistics as well as implications from optical illusions and philosophy of mind, revived the idea of the modularity of mind, without the notion of precise physical localizability of the mental faculties, in the 1980s and became one of the most articulate proponents for it with the 1983 publication of Modularity of Mind[1]. Jerry Alan Fodor (born 1935) is a philosopher at Rutgers University, New Jersey. ...
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. ...
An optical illusion. ...
A Phrenological mapping of the brain. ...
According to Fodor, a module falls somewhere between the behaviorist and cognitivist views of lower-level processes.
Behaviorists tried to replace the mind with reflexes which Fodor describes as encapsulated (cognitively impenetrable or unaffected by other cognitive domains) and non-inferential (straight pathways with no information added). Low level processes are unlike reflexes in that they are inferential. This can be demonstrated by poverty of the stimulus arguments in which the proximate stimulus, that which is initially received by the brain (such as the 2d image received by the retina), cannot account for the resulting output (for example our 3d perception of the world) thus necessitating some form of computation. Behaviorism (also called learning perspective) is a philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things which organisms do—including acting, thinking and feeling—can and should be regarded as behaviors. ...
The Argument from Poverty of the Stimulus (or APS) is the common name for a popular argument in favour of linguistic nativism. ...
In contrast, cognitivists saw lower level processes as continuous with higher level processes in there being inferential and cognitively penetrable (influenced by other cognitive domains such as beliefs). The latter is untrue of lower level processes. For example consider illusions, ex. Müller-Lyer illusion, that can persist despite a person’s awareness of their existence. This is taken to indicate that other domains, including one’s beliefs, cannot influence such processes. In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical approach to understanding the mind, which argues that mental function can be understood by quantitative, positivist and scientific methods, and that such functions can be described as information processing models. ...
the Müller-Lyer optical illusion with arrows. ...
Fodor arrives at the conclusion that such processes are inferential like higher order processes and encapsulated in the same sense as reflexes.
Although he argued for the modularity of 'lower level' cognitive processes in Modularity of Mind he also argued that higher level cognitive processes are not modular since they have dissimilar properties. The Mind Doesn't Work That Way, a reaction to Steven Pinker's How the Mind Works, is devoted to this subject. Steven Pinker Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a prominent Canadian-born American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and popular science writer known for his spirited and wide-ranging advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. ...
How the Mind Works is a book by American cognitive scientist Steven Pinker, published in 1996. ...
Fodor (1983) states that modular systems must - at least to "some interesting extent" - fulfill certain properties:
- Domain specificity, modules only operate on certain kinds of inputs – they are specialised
- Informational encapsulation, modules need not refer to other psychological systems in order to operate
- Obligatory firing, modules process in a mandatory manner
- Fast speed, probably due to the fact that they are encapsulated (thereby needing only to consult a restricted database) and mandatory (time need not be wasted in determining whether or not to process incoming input)
- Shallow outputs, the output of modules is very simple
- Limited inaccessibility
- Characteristic ontogeny, there is a regularity of development
- Fixed neural architecture.
Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature form. ...
Evolutionary psychology Other perspectives on modularity come from evolutionary psychology, particularly from the work of Leda Cosmides and John Tooby. This perspective suggests that modules are units of mental processing that evolved in response to selection pressures. On this view, much modern human psychological activity is rooted in adaptations that occurred earlier in human evolution, when natural selection was forming the modern human species. This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ...
Leda Cosmides Leda Cosmides, (born May 7, 1957 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologist, who, together with anthropologist husband John Tooby, helped pioneer the field of evolutionary psychology. ...
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// For the history of humans on Earth, see History of the world. ...
Darwins illustrations of beak variation in the finches of the Galápagos Islands, which hold 13 closely related species that differ most markedly in the shape of their beaks. ...
Arguments against modularity In contrast to modular mental structure, some theories posit domain-general processing, in which mental activity is distributed across the brain and cannot be decomposed, even abstractly, into independent units.[citation needed] A staunch defender of this view is William Uttal, who argues in The New Phrenology (2003)[2] that there are serious philosophical, theoretical, and methodological problems with the entire enterprise of trying to localize cognitive processes in the brain. Part of this argument is that a successful taxonomy of mental processes has yet to be developed. In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for in the head), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behaviour. ...
Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
See also Modularity is a concept that has applications in the contexts of computer science, particularly programming, as well as cognitive science in investigating the structure of mind. ...
Language module refers to a hypothesized structure in the human brain that some linguists claim contains innate capacities for language. ...
The way in which the primate visual system operates is currently under intense scientific scrutiny. ...
The Society of Mind is the book and theory of natural intelligence as written and developed by Marvin Minsky. ...
References - ^ Fodor, Jerry A. (1983). Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-56025-9
- ^ Uttal, William R. (2003). The New Phrenology: The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes in the Brain. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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