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Muhammad (c. 570–632) (Arabic: محمد) (listen (help· info)), also transliterated Mohammad, Mohammed, Muhammed, and sometimes Mahomet (following the Turkish), is believed by Muslims to be God's final prophet sent to guide all of mankind with the message of Islam. He is referred to as "The Prophet" (Arabic: النبي) within the faith. Non-Muslims generally consider him to be the founder of Islam. Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Arabic (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Image File history File links Ar-muhammad. ... Due to the fact that the Arabic language has a number of phonemes that have no equivalent in English or other European languages, a number of different transliteration methods have been invented to represent certain Arabic characters, due to various conflicting goals: A desire to stay consistent with traditional usage... Michelangelos depiction of God in the painting Creation of the Sun and Moon in the Sistine Chapel) This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and derived henotheistic forms. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ...

According to traditional Muslim biographers, he was born c. 570 in Mecca (Makkah) and died on June 8, 632 in Medina (Madinah). Both Mecca and Medina are cities in the Hejaz region of present day Saudi Arabia. The name Muhammad means "the praised one" in Arabic. A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) (sometimes also spelled Moslem) is an adherent of Islam. ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; Arabic: al-Ḥiǧāz) is a region in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia; its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better-known for the holy city of Mecca. ... Arabic (; , less formally, ) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...

Summary

The name "Muhammad" written in Arabic calligraphy as a form of devotion

Born Muhammad ibn Abdullah, he is said to have initially been a merchant who traveled widely. Image File history File links Muhammad_callig. ... Image File history File links Muhammad_callig. ... Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ...

Muhammad often retreated to the mountains outside Mecca, for prayer and contemplation. Muslims believe that in 610, at about the age of forty, while praying in one of these mountain caves called Hira, he was visited by the Angel Gabriel who commanded him to memorize and recite the verses sent by God. These verses were later collected as part of the Qur'an. Gabriel told him that God (Allah in Arabic) had chosen him as the last prophet to mankind. He eventually expanded his mission as a prophet, publicly preaching a strict monotheism and warning against a Day of Judgement where all humans shall be held responsible for their deeds. He did not completely reject Judaism and Christianity, two other monotheistic faiths known to the Arabs; rather he said that he had been sent by God in order to complete and perfect their teachings. Many in Mecca resented his preaching and persecuted him and his followers. Muslims believe that this was in part due to his followers' holding Muhammad's authority above that of their leaders. Eventually, persecution followed and in 622, he was forced to flee from Mecca (the Hijra) and settled in Yathrib (now known as Medina) with his followers, where he was the leader of the first avowedly Muslim community. War between factions in Mecca and Medina followed, in which Muhammad and his followers were eventually victorious. The military organization that was created by this struggle was then set to conquering the other tribes of Arabia. By the time of Muhammad's death, he had unified Arabia, spread Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula, and launched expeditions to the north, towards Syria and Palestine. Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... The Cave of Hira is the location where Muhammad, according to Islam, received his first revelations from the angel Gabriel(جبريل ). It is located at the peak of Jabal al-Nour (Mountain of Light) in Saudi Arabia. ... The Annunciation - the Angel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear Jesus (El Greco, 1575) Angels typically are depicted as having white feathered wings, and accompanied by halos. ... 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod. ... The Quran (Arabic , literally the recitation; also called or The Noble Quran; also transliterated Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... The word is the Arabic term for God. In other languages, it is often used to refer specifically to the Islamic concept of God: see Usage below. ... Arabic can mean: From or related to Arabia From or related to the Arabs The Arabic language; see also Arabic grammar The Arabic alphabet, used for expressing the languages of Arabic, Persian, Malay ( Jawi), Kurdish, Panjabi, Pashto, Sindhi and Urdu, among others. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. ... Monotheism (in Greek μόνος = single and θεός = God) is the belief in a single, universal, all-encompassing deity. ... Yaum al-Qiyâmah (يوم القيامة; literally: Day of the Resurrection (Quran 71. ... Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people, with around 14 million followers (as of 2005 [1]). It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths, second only to Zoroasterism, and one of the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life, teachings, and actions of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... For other uses see Hijra. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

Under Muhammad's immediate successors, the Islamic empire expanded into Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, North Africa, and Iberia. Later conquests, commercial contact between Muslims and non-Muslims, and missionary activity spread Islam over much of the globe. Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Sumerian list of gods in cuneiform script, ca. ... Motto: Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic (Persian: Esteqlāl, āzādÄ«, jomhÅ«rÄ«-ye eslāmÄ«) Anthem: SorÅ«d-e MellÄ«-e Īrān Capital Tehran Largest city Tehran Official language(s) Persian (Western Farsi[1]) Government Supreme Leader President Islamic republic Ali Khamenei Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Revolution Declared Against Reza... The Maghreb (المغرب العربي ; sometimes also rendered Moghreb), meaning western in Arabic, is the region of the continent of Africa north of the Sahara desert and west of the Nile — specifically, the modern countries of Morocco, Western Sahara (annexed and occupied by Morocco), Algeria, Tunisia, Libya — and to a much lesser extent... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... A missionary is a propagator of religion, often an evangelist or other representative of a religious community who works among those outside of that community. ...

Sources about Muhammad's life

The sources available about Muhammad's life are the Qur'an, the Sira biographies, and the Hadith collections. While the Qur'an is not a biography of Muhammad, it does provide information about his life. The earliest surviving biographies are the Life of the Apostle of God, by Ibn Ishaq (d. 768), edited by Ibn Hisham (d. 833); and al-Waqidi's (d. 822) biography of Muhammad. Ibn Ishaq wrote his biography some 120 to 130 years after Muhammad's death. The third source, the hadith collections, like the Qur'an, are not a biography per se. In both the Sunni and Shia belief, they are the accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of Muhammad. The Quran (Arabic , literally the recitation; also called or The Noble Quran; also transliterated Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. ... This article is not about the group of British engineering companies called Sira; see Sira (group of British companies). ... Hadith (Arabic: , Arabic pl. ... Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ... Events Charles (Charlemagne) and Carloman divide the Frankish kingdom after the death of their father Pippin the Short. ... Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik (d. ... Events End of the reign of caliph Al-Mamun Nimmyo succeeds Junna as emperor of Japan Creation of Great Moravia Births Deaths October 10 - al-Mamun, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad Categories: 833 ... al-Waqidi الواقدي (d. ... Events Abd-ar-rahman II becomes ruler of Umayyad Spain. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ...

Some skeptical scholars (Wansbrough, Cook, Crone, and others) have raised doubts about the reliability of these sources, especially the hadith collections. They argue that by the time the oral traditions were being collected, the Muslim community had grown and also fractured into rival sects and different schools of thought and each sect and school had its own sometimes conflicting traditions of what Muhammad and his companions had done and said. Traditions multiplied, and Muslim scholars made a strenuous effort to weed out what they felt were spurious stories. Traditionalists rely on their efforts while the skeptics feel that the question must be revisited. John Edward Wansbrough (19 February 1928, Peoria Illinois - 10 June 2002, Montaigu-de-Quercy France) was a historian of Islam who taught at SOAS in London. ... Patricia Crone is a scholar of Islam working at the [[List of faculty members at the Institute for Advanced Study|InstiInsert non-formatted text here--82. ... A sect is a small religious or political group that has branched off from a larger established group. ...

Muslim and non-Muslim scholars alike agree that there are some inauthentic traditions concerning the life of Muhammad in the hadith collections. Thus most of these traditions are acknowledged by Muslim clerical authorities to be weak and only a few hadith collections are considered reliable. A very small minority called the "Qur'an Alone Muslims" consider all hadith as unreliable.

However, the historicity of the biographical material about Muhammad presented in the summary above is not generally contested. Traditionalists, both Muslim and non-Muslim, paint a much more detailed picture of Muhammad's life. Historicity refers to the historical authenticity of a person, event, or place. ...

Muhammad's life according to Sira

Muhammad's genealogy

According to tradition, Muhammad traced his genealogy back as far as Adnan, whom the northern Arabs believed to be their common ancestor. Adnan in turn is said to be a descendant of Ismaeel (Ishmael), son of Ibrahim (Abraham) though the exact genealogy is disputed. Muhammad's genealogy up to Adnan is as follows: Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. ... Adnan is the traditional ancestor of the northern Arabs, as compared to Qahtan father of of Southern Arabs, said to be a descendant of Ishmael through his son Kedar. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... Ishmael or Yishmael (יִשְׁמָעֵאל God hears or obeys, Standard Hebrew Yišmaʿel, Tiberian Hebrew Yišmāʿêl, Arabic إسماعيل) is Abrahams eldest son, born by his servant Hagar. ... Abraham (אַבְרָהָם Father/Leader of many, (circa 1700 BCE) Standard Hebrew Avraham, Tiberian Hebrew ; Arabic ابراهيم ; Geez አብርሃም ) is regarded as a patriarch of Israelite religion, recognized by Judaism and later Christianity, and a very important prophet in Islam. ...

Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (Shaiba) ibn Hashim (Amr) ibn Abd Manaf (al-Mughira) ibn Qusai (Zaid) ibn Kilab ibn Murra ibn Ka`b ibn Lu'ay ibn Ghalib ibn Fahr (Quraish) ibn Malik ibn an-Nadr (Qais) ibn Kinana ibn Khuzaimah ibn Mudrikah (Amir) ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma`ad ibn Adnan. (ibn means "son of" in Arabic; alternate names of people with two names are given in parentheses.) [1] Muhammads father See Also Family tree of Abdallah ibn Abd al-Muttalib Sahaba External links Categories: Muslims | Arab people | Islam-related stubs | Religious biography stubs ... Abdul Muttalib was the grandfather of the prophet Mohammad, whom he raised after his mother died. ... Hashim (died ca. ... Quraish (Arabic: ) refers to the Meccan tribe that Muhammad belonged to. ... Adnan is the traditional ancestor of the northern Arabs, as compared to Qahtan father of of Southern Arabs, said to be a descendant of Ishmael through his son Kedar. ...

He was also called Abul-Qaasim by some meaning "father of Qaasim", after his short-lived first son.

Childhood

Muhammad was born into a well-to-do family settled in the northern Arabian town of Mecca. Some calculate his birthdate as April 20, 570 (Shia Muslims believe it to be April 26), and some as 571; tradition places it in the Year of the Elephant. Muhammad's father, Abdullah, had died before he was born and the young boy was brought up by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe. Tradition says that as an infant, he was placed with a Bedouin wetnurse, Halima, as desert life was believed to be safer and healthier for children. At the age of six, Muhammad lost his mother Amina, and at the age of eight his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib. Muhammad now came under the care of his uncle Abu Talib, the new leader of the Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe, the most powerful in Mecca. This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... April 26 is the 116th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (117th in leap years). ... Events The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism. ... The Year of the Elephant (عام الفيل `Âm al-Fîl) is estimated at 570 AD. According to early Islamic historians such as Ibn Ishaq, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abraha, had built a great church in Sanaa intended to lure the Arabs away from the Kaaba; a man of Quraysh... Abd-Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (545-570) (Arabic: عبدالله بن عبد المطلب) was the son of Shaiba ibn Hashim. ... Abdul Muttalib was the grandfather of the prophet Mohammad, whom he raised after his mother died. ... Banu Hashim (Arabic: بنو هاشم) is a clan in the Quraish tribe. ... A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. ... Quraish (Arabic: ) refers to the Meccan tribe that Muhammad belonged to. ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ... Bedouin resting at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic , a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and Negev... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... A dune in the Egyptian desert In geography, a desert is a landscape form or region that receives little precipitation - less than 250 mm (10 in) per year. ... Aminah bint Wahab (Arabic: آمنة بنت وهب) was Muhammads mother and was married to Abdallah ibn Abd al-Muttalib. ... Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib (d. ... Hashim (died ca. ...

Muslims differ as to whether or not Muhammad was brought up as a hanif, a monotheist, and whether or not he ever engaged in the polytheist worship. See Hanif for further information. Hanif is an Islamic term that refers to people who during the time of Jahiliya rejected the idolatry in their society. ... Hanif is an Islamic term that refers to people who during the time of Jahiliya rejected the idolatry in their society. ...

Mecca was a thriving commercial centre, due in great part to a stone temple (now called the Kaaba) that housed many different idols. Merchants from different tribes would visit Mecca during the pilgrimage season, when all inter-tribal warfare was forbidden and they could trade in safety. While still in his teens, Muhammad began accompanying his uncle on trading journeys to Syria. He thus became well-travelled and knowledgeable as to foreign ways. The Kaaba (Kaabah), (Arabic: الكعبة or Al Kaabah Al Musharafah : الكعبة المشرًّفة) also al-Bait ul Ateeq (Arabic: البيت العتيق ) and al-Bait ul Haram (Arabic: البيت الحرام ), is a building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). ...

Middle years

Muhammad became a merchant and one of his employers was Khadijah, a widow then forty years old. The young twenty-five-year old Muhammad had impressed Khadijah and she proposed to him in the year 595. By Arab custom before Islam, minors did not inherit, so Muhammad had received no inheritance from either his father or his grandfather. Merchants function as professionals who deal with trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves, in order to produce profit. ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. ... Events The first mention of the state of Karantania on monuments. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب Ê»arab) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... For other uses, see inheritance (disambiguation). ...

Ibn Ishaq records that Khadijah bore Muhammad five children, one son and four daughters. All of Khadija's children were born before Muhammad received his first revelation. His son Qasim died at the age of two. The four daughters are said to be Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah. Ibn Ishaq (or ibn Ishaq), (d. ... For information on the last book of the New Testament see the Book of Revelation. ... this is a sahaba of Muhammad She is the daghter of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, however, it is disputed if she is the daghter of Muhammad or Khadijahs assumed previous husband. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) ... Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ...

The Shi'a say that Muhammad had only the one daughter, Fatimah, and that the other daughters were either children of Khadijah by her previous marriage, or children of her sister. Shia Islam ( Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shiite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 20-25% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shia tradition. ...

Events The Nubian kingdom of Alodia is converted to Christianity, according to John of Ephesus. ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Events First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date). ... Events Births Deaths Categories: 576 ... Events Tiberius II Constantine succeeds Justin II as Byzantine Emperor Births Deaths July 30 - Jacob Baradaeus, bishop of Edessa October 5 - Justin II, Roman emperor Northern Zhou Wu Di, Chinese ruler John Malalas, Byzantine chronicler Categories: 578 ... Categories: 583 ... Events The first mention of the state of Karantania on monuments. ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad and the first female convert to Islam, the new religion he had begun to preach. ... Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... The Quran identifies a number of men as prophets of Islam. ... Events Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Saint Columbanus founds the monastery of Bobbio in northern Italy. ... Events The Persian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured. ... Events The Edict of Paris grants extensive rights to the Frankish nobility. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Events The Persians capture Alexandria. ... Banu Hashim (Arabic: بنو هاشم) is a clan in the Quraish tribe. ... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the year 619; for the number, see 619 (number). ... Events Medina is converted to Islam. ... Isra is an Arabic word referring to what Muslims regard as Muhammads miraculous night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem - specifically, to the site of Masjid al-Aqsa - alluded to in Surat Al-Isra 1: سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده ليلاً من المسجد الحرام إلى المسجد الأقصى الذي باركنا حوله Glory... Events Medina is converted to Islam. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... For other uses see Hijra. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... This article is about the Saudi city of Medina. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... Events Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia Samo, reputedly a Frankish merchant, governs in Moravia, Slovakia and Lower Austria. ... The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... The Battle of Badr on Friday, 17th Ramadhan 2 AH or January 13th 624 AD, was a seminal event in the formative days of Islam. ... Events October 27 - Pope Boniface V succeeded by Pope Honorius I. Births Adamnan, abbot of Iona Empress Wu Zetian of China Deaths Pope Boniface V Category: 625 ... The victory of Badr alerted to Islam all the hostile forces in Arabia. ... Events October 27 - Pope Boniface V succeeded by Pope Honorius I. Births Adamnan, abbot of Iona Empress Wu Zetian of China Deaths Pope Boniface V Category: 625 ... Events July 2 - In the early morning, Li Shimin, the future Emperor Tang Taizong of China, eliminated two of his brothers, Li Yuanji and the crown prince Li Jiancheng in a coup détat at the Xuanwu Gate in Changan. ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... The Battle of the Trench (also Battle of the Ditch) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627 AD. Although Mecca fielded a larger army it was not successful. ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Treaty of Hudaybiyya (628) In the name of Allah. ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Kaba is: a different orthography for a holy place of Islam, see Kaaba; a town in Hungary, see Kaba (Hungary); a genre of instrumental music from Albania, see Kaba (music). ... Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... Combatants Muslims Ghatafan and Fazarah Jews Commanders Strength Casualties {{{notes}}} To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... The Hajj or Haj (Arabic: ) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah) in Islam. ... Events Jerusalem reconquered by Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire (September). ... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Mutah is a Arabic word meaning joy, for other uses, see Muta The word is used in the name of the Battle of Mutah. ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Events Battle of Wogastisburg between Slavs led by Samo and Dagobert I, king of the Franks Births Deaths Categories: 631 ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... language|Arabic]]:الغساسنة) were [[Arab Christian|Arab it is assumed that the Ghassanids adopted the religion of Christianity from the native Aramaeans and Romans. ... Tabuk (also spelled Tabouk) is the capital city of the Tabuk province in north western Saudi Arabia. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... The Hajj or Haj (Arabic: ) is the Pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah) in Islam. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...

The first revelations

Muhammad had a reflective turn of mind and routinely spent nights in a cave (Hira) near Mecca in meditation and thought. Muslims believe that around the year 610, while meditating, Muhammad had a vision of the Angel Gabriel. The Cave of Hira is the location where Muhammad, according to Islam, received his first revelations from the angel Gabriel(جبريل ). It is located at the peak of Jabal al-Nour (Mountain of Light) in Saudi Arabia. ... Meditation is the practice of focusing attention, often formalized into a specific routine. ... Events October 4 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. ... 12th-century icon of Archangel Gabriel from Novgorod. ...

His wife Khadijah and her Christian cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal were the first to believe Muhammad was a prophet. She was soon followed by his ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Abu Bakr, whom Sunnis assert to have been Muhammad's closest friend. Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. ... Waraqah ibn Nawfal, Waraqah ibn Nawfal ibn Assad ibn al-Azi ibn Kassi Al-Korshy (Arabic ورقه بن نوفل بن أسد بن عبد العزي بن قصي القرشي ) is the parental cousin of Khadijas, Muhammads first wife. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: ) (c. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ...

Until his death, Muhammad reportedly received frequent revelations, although there was a relatively long gap after the first revelation. This silence worried him, until he received surat ad-Dhuha, whose words provided comfort and reassurance. Surat Ad-Dhuha (The Morning Hours, Morning Bright) is the 93rd sura of the Quran with 11 ayat. ...

Around 613, Muhammad began to spread his message amongst the people. Most of those who heard his message ignored it. A few mocked him. Some, however, believed and joined his small group. Events Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Saint Columbanus founds the monastery of Bobbio in northern Italy. ...

Rejection

As the ranks of Muhammad's followers swelled, he became a threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city. Their wealth, after all, rested on the Kaaba, a sacred house of idols and the focal point of Meccan religious life. If they threw out their idols, as Muhammad preached, there would be no more pilgrims, no more trade, and no more wealth. Muhammad’s denunciation of polytheism was especially offensive to his own tribe, the Quraysh, as they were the guardians of the Ka'aba. Furthermore, Muhammad and his followers, bypassing the rulers, forged a relationship with the Christian nation of Ethiopia, a nation traditionally considered an enemy of Mecca. Muhammad and his followers were persecuted. Some of them fled to Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia)and founded a small colony there under the refuge of the Ethiopian King. Polytheism stevenis gay, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. ... Quraish (sura) is also the name of a Surah in the Quran. ... This article needs cleanup. ...

Several suras and parts of suras are said to date from this time, and reflect its circumstances: see for example al-Masadd, al-Humaza, parts of Maryam and al-Anbiya, al-Kafirun, and Abasa. The 111th Sura of the Quran. ... Surat Al-Humaza (The Traducer, The Gossipmonger) is the 4th sura of the Quran, with 9 ayat. ... Sura Maryam (Arabic: سورة مريم ) (Mary) is the 19th sura of the Quran. ... Surat al-Anbiya (The Prophets) is the 21st sura of the Quran. ... The 109th Sura of the Quran. ... Surat Abasa (Arabic: سورة عبس ) (He Frowned) is the 80Th sura of the Quran with 42 ayat. ...

In 619, both Muhammad's wife Khadijah and his uncle Abu Talib died; it was known as "the year of sorrows." Muhammad's own clan withdrew their protection of him. Muslims patiently endured hunger and persecution. This article is about the year 619; for the number, see 619 (number). ...

Isra and Miraj

Some time in 620, Muhammad told his followers that he had experienced the Isra and Miraj, a miraculous journey said to have been accomplished in one night. In the first part of the journey, the Isra, he is said to have travelled from Mecca to Jerusalem. In the second part, the Miraj, Muhammad is said to have toured Heaven and Hell, and spoken with earlier prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Events Medina is converted to Islam. ... Isra is an Arabic word referring to what Muslims regard as Muhammads miraculous night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem - specifically, to the site of Masjid al-Aqsa - alluded to in Surat Al-Isra 1: سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده ليلاً من المسجد الحرام إلى المسجد الأقصى الذي باركنا حوله Glory... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Jerusalem (31°46′N 35°14′E; Hebrew: (help· info) Yerushalayim; Arabic: (help· info) al-Quds; (alternative Arabic found in Bible translations: أُورْشَلِيم Urshalim)) is an ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea at an elevation of 650-840 meter. ... Michelangelos interpretation of Heaven Heaven is an afterlife concept found in many religions or spiritual philosophies. ... Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180) Hell is, according to many religious beliefs, a place or a state of painful suffering. ...

Muslims believe that the Jerusalem mosque on the Temple Mount known as the Masjid al-Aqsa is built over the site from which Muhammad ascended to Heaven. The Temple Mount (Hebrew: (without niqqud: הר הבית), Har haBáyit) or Noble Sanctuary (Arabic: الحرم الشريف, â–¶ (help· info)) is a hotly contested religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem. ... The Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem is not to be confused with the Dome of the Rock The Al-Aqsa Mosque (Arabic: المسجد الاقصى, Masjid Al-Aqsa, literally farthest mosque) is part of the complex of religious buildings in Jerusalem known as either the Majed Mount or Al-Haram ash...

Hijra

By 622, life in the small Muslim community of Mecca was becoming not only difficult, but dangerous. Muslim traditions say that there were several attempts to assassinate Muhammad. Muhammad then resolved to emigrate to Medina, then known as Yathrib, a large agricultural oasis where there were a number of Muslim converts. By breaking the link with his own tribe, Muhammad demonstrated that tribal and family loyalties were insignificant compared to the bonds of Islam, a revolutionary idea in the tribal society of Arabia. This Hijra or emigration (traditionally translated into English as "flight") marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. The Muslim calendar counts dates from the Hijra, which is why Muslim dates have the suffix AH (After Hijra). Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... Oasis in the Libyan part of the Sahara In geography, an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation in a desert, typically surrounding a spring or similar water source. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ... For other uses see Hijra. ... The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar (also called Hijri calendar, Arabic التقويم الهجري) is the calendar used to date events in many predominantly Muslim countries, and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days. ...

Muhammad came to Medina as a mediator, invited to resolve the feud between the Arab factions of Aws and Khazraj. He ultimately did so by absorbing both factions into his Muslim community, forbidding bloodshed among Muslims. However, Medina was also home to a number of Jewish tribes (whether they were ethnically as well as religiously Jewish is an open question, as is the depth of their "Jewishness"). Muhammad had hoped that they would recognize him as a prophet, but they did not do so. Some academic historians attribute the change of qibla, the Muslim direction of prayer, from the site of the former Temple in Jerusalem to the Kaaba in Mecca, which occurred during this period, to Muhammad's abandonment of hope of recruiting Jews as allies or followers. At prayer in Damascus Qibla is an Arabic word referring to the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays. ... The Temple in Jerusalem or the Holy Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש, transliterated Bet HaMikdash) was built in ancient Jerusalem in c. ... The Kaaba (Kaabah), (Arabic: الكعبة or Al Kaabah Al Musharafah : الكعبة المشرًّفة) also al-Bait ul Ateeq (Arabic: البيت العتيق ) and al-Bait ul Haram (Arabic: البيت الحرام ), is a building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). ...

Non-Muslim settlements within Muslim territories were taxed rather than expelled. Muhammad drafted a document now known as the Constitution of Medina (c. 622-623), which laid out the terms on which the different factions, specifically the Jews and other "Peoples of the Book" could exist within the new Islamic State. This system would come to typify Muslim relations with their non-believing subjects and that tradition was one reason for the stability of the later Muslim caliphate or Khilafah. In this, the Islamic empire was more tolerant than another great power of the area, the Byzantine empire, which was actively hostile to any religions or sects other than the state-sponsored version of Orthodox Christianity. The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ... Events Hegira - Muhammad and his followers withdraw from Mecca to Medina - starting year of the Islamic calendar. ... Events Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia Samo, reputedly a Frankish merchant, governs in Moravia, Slovakia and Lower Austria. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalifah, Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Byzantine Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Catholic Church. ...

War

Relations between Mecca and Medina rapidly worsened (see surat al-Baqara). Meccans confiscated all the property that the Muslims had left in Mecca. In Medina, Muhammad signed treaties of alliance and mutual help with neighboring tribes. This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... Surat al-Baqarah (Arabic: سورة البقرة ) (the Cow) is the second, and the longest, sura of the Quran, with 286 ayat. ...

Muhammad turned to raiding caravans bound for Mecca. Caravan raiding (al-ghazw) was an old Arabian tradition; Muslims justified the raids by Meccan's confiscation of all their property left at Mecca and the state of war deemed to exist between the Meccans and the Muslims. Secular scholars add this was also a matter of survival for the Muslims. They owned no land in Medina and if they did not raid, they would have to live on charity and whatever wage labor they could find, both of which were in short supply in the small oasis. Caravans comprise land-based trading convoys, often utilising the camel as a beast of burden, and generally associated with crossing deserts in Asia or Africa. ... This article refers to the act of selfless giving, and organizations which facilitate selfless giving. ...

In March of 624, Muhammad led some 300 warriors in a raid on a Meccan merchant caravan. The Meccans successfully defended the caravan and then decided to teach the Medinans a lesson. They sent a small army against Medina. On March 15, 624 near a place called Badr, the Meccans and the Muslims clashed. Though outnumbered more than 3 times (1000 to 300) in the battle, the Muslims met with success, killing at least forty-five Meccans and taking seventy prisoners for ransom; only fourteen Muslims died. This marked the real beginning of Muslim military achievement. Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... Raid or RAID may refer to: Raid (police action), when police invade a building or area. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in Leap years). ... Events Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. ... The Battle of Badr on Friday, 17th Ramadhan 2 AH or January 13th 624 AD, was a seminal event in the formative days of Islam. ...

Muhammad's rule consolidated

To the Muslims, the victory in Badr appeared as a divine authentication of Muhammad's prophethood, and he and all the Muslims rejoiced greatly. Following this victory, after clashes, and the breaking of a treaty that risked the security of the city state, the victors expelled a local Jewish clan, the Banu Qainuqa. Virtually all the remaining Medinans converted, and Muhammad became ruler of the city. The Battle of Badr on Friday, 17th Ramadhan 2 AH or January 13th 624 AD, was a seminal event in the formative days of Islam. ...

After Khadija's death, Muhammad married again, to Aisha, the daughter of his friend Abu Bakr (who would later emerge as the first leader of the Muslims after Muhammad's death). In Medina, he married Hafsah, daughter of Umar (who would eventually become Abu Bakr's successor). Aisha, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha (Arabic عائشة `āisha, she who lives) was a wife of Muhammad, whom Muslims regard as the final prophet of Islam. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... Hafsa bint Umar was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Muhammad. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ...

Muhammad's daughter Fatima married Ali, Muhammad's cousin. According to the Sunni, another daughter, Umm Kulthum, married Uthman. Each of these men, in later years, would emerge as successors to Muhammad and political leaders of the Muslims. Thus all four of the first four caliphs were linked to Muhammad by marriage. Sunni Muslims regard these caliphs as the Rashidun, or Rightly Guided. (See Succession to Muhammad for more information on the controversy on who the first caliph should have been). Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ... Ali ibn Abi Talib (علي بن أبي طالب) (c. ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ... Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalifah, is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... The Four Righteously or Rightly Guided Caliphs or Khulifa Rashidoon in Arabic refers to the first four caliphs in the Sunni tradition of Islam who are seen as being model leaders. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Continued warfare

In 625 the Meccan general Abu Sufyan marched on Medina with 3,000 men. The ensuing Battle of Uhud took place on March 23, ending in a stalemate. The Meccans claimed victory, but they had lost too many men to pursue the Muslims into Medina. Events October 27 - Pope Boniface V succeeded by Pope Honorius I. Births Adamnan, abbot of Iona Empress Wu Zetian of China Deaths Pope Boniface V Category: 625 ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was the leader of the Banu Abd Shams clan of the Quraish tribe, and was the chieftain of the entire Quraish tribe, making him one of, if not the most powerful men in Mecca during the lifetime of Muhammad. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... The victory of Badr alerted to Islam all the hostile forces in Arabia. ... March 23 is the 82nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (83rd in Leap years). ...

In April 627 Abu Sufyan led another strong force against Medina. But Muhammad had dug a trench around Medina and successfully defended the city in the Battle of the Trench. Events April 11 - Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira December 12 - Battle of Nineveh: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians Births Deaths November 10 - Justus, Archbishop of Canterbury Categories: 627 ... The Battle of the Trench (also Battle of the Ditch) was an attack by the city of Mecca on the city Medina in 627 AD. Although Mecca fielded a larger army it was not successful. ...

Many of the Muslims believed that Abu Sufyan had been aided by sympathizers among the Medinans, the Jewish tribe of the Banu Qurayza. As soon as the battle was over, the Muslims turned upon the Banu Qurayza. After the Banu Qurayza were defeated, all the adult men were beheaded by the order of Saad ibn Muadh, an arbiter chosen by the Banu Qurayza. The remaining women and children were taken as captives and were not harmed. Muslims believe that this was necessary, however, some critics of Islam believed it was unjust. The matter is discussed at greater length in the article on the Banu Qurayza. The Banū Qurayẓah (Arabic بنو قريظة; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayza, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia during the 7th century, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina). ... Beheading. ... The Banū Qurayẓah (Arabic بنو قريظة; alternate spellings include Quraiza, Qurayza, Quraytha, and the archaic Koreiza) were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia during the 7th century, at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as Medina). ...

Following the Muslim's victory at the Battle of the Trench, the Muslims were able, through conversion and conquest, to extend their rule to many of the neighboring cities and tribes.

The conquest of Mecca

By 628, the Muslim position was strong enough that Muhammad decided to return to Mecca, this time as a pilgrim. In March of that year, he set out for Mecca, followed by 1,600 men. After some negotiation, a treaty was signed at the border town of al-Hudaybiyah. While Muhammad would not be allowed to finish his pilgrimage that year, hostilities would cease and the Muslims would have permission to make a pilgrimage to Mecca in the following year. Events Khusro II of Persia overthrown Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta Births Deaths Empress Suiko of Japan Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards Categories: 628 ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... For albums named Pilgrim, see Pilgrim (album). ... Treaty of Hudaybiyya (628) In the name of Allah. ...

The agreement lasted only two years, however, as the Meccans broke the treaty in 630. As a result, Muhammad marched on Mecca with an enormous force, said to number more than 10,000 men. The Meccans submitted without a fight, and thus, there was no bloodshed. Muhammad promised a general amnesty to all the Meccans, regardless of religion, and ensured that no harm will be done to them. As a result of this most Meccans converted to Islam, and Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Kaaba. Henceforth the pilgrimage would be a Muslim pilgrimage and the shrine a Muslim shrine. Events Muhammad captures Mecca (January). ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ... The Kaaba (Kaabah), (Arabic: الكعبة or Al Kaabah Al Musharafah : الكعبة المشرًّفة) also al-Bait ul Ateeq (Arabic: البيت العتيق ) and al-Bait ul Haram (Arabic: البيت الحرام ), is a building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). ...

Unification of Arabia

The capitulation of Mecca and the defeat of an alliance of enemy tribes at Hunayn effectively brought the greater part of the Arabian peninsula under Muhammad's authority. This authority was not enforced by any formal governments, however, as he chose instead to rule through personal relationships and tribal treaties. The Muslims were clearly the dominant force in Arabia, and most of the remaining tribes and states hastened to convert to Islam.

Muhammad as a warrior

Main article: Muhammad as a warrior

For most of the sixty-three years of his life, Muhammad was a merchant, then a prophet. He took up the sword late in his life. He was a warrior for ten years. Muhammad (c. ...

Much criticism has been leveled at Muhammad for engaging in caravan raids and taking part in battles. Critics say that his wars went well beyond self-defense. Muslim commentators, however, argue that he fought only to defend his community against the Meccans, and that he insisted on humane rules of warfare.

Muhammad's family life

Main article: Muhammad's marriages

From 595 to 619, Muhammad had only one wife, Khadijah. After her death he married Aisha, then Hafsa. Later he was to marry more wives, for a total of eleven (nine or ten living at the time of his death). (The status of Maria al-Qibtiyya is much disputed; she may have been a slave, a freed slave, a concubine, or a wife.) Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) is regarded by non-Muslims as the founder of the religion of Islam and by Muslims as the last and greatest of the prophets of Islam. ... Events The first mention of the state of Karantania on monuments. ... This article is about the year 619; for the number, see 619 (number). ... Khadija (Arabic: خديجه ) was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad and the first female convert to Islam, the new religion he had begun to preach. ... Aisha, Ayesha, Aisha, or Aisha (Arabic عائشة `āisha, she who lives) was a wife of Muhammad, whom Muslims regard as the final prophet of Islam. ... Hafsa bint Umar (Arabic: حفصة بنت عمر) was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and wife of Muhammad. ... Maria al-Qibtiyya (Arabic: مارية القبطية) (alternatively, especially in non-Arabic traditions, Maria Qupthiya), or Maria the Copt, was a Coptic Christian slave who was sent as a gift from Muqawqis, a Byzantine official, to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 628 CE. According to most Islamic accounts, she was Muhammads wife. ...

Khadija was Muhammad's first wife and the mother of the only child to survive him, his daughter Fatima. He married his other wives after the death of Khadija. Some of these women were recent widows of warriors in battle. Others were daughters of his close allies or tribal leaders. One of the later unions resulted in a son, but the child died when he was ten months old. Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ...

Companions of Muhammad

Main articles: Sahaba and Salaf In the Islamic religion, the Sahaba (or Asahaaba,الصحابه; both forms are plural--the singular is Sahaabi, which is Arabic for friend, or companion) are the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. ... Salaf or Salaf as-Sālih (Arabic: ) can be variously translated as (righteous) predecessors or (righteous) ancestors. ...

The term companions refers to anyone who met three criteria. First, he must have been a contemporary of Muhammad. Second, he must have seen or heard Muhammad speak on at least one occasion. Third, he must have converted to Islam. Companions are responsible for the transmission of hadith, as each hadith must have as its first transmitter a companion. There were many other companions in addition to the ones listed here. Hadith (Arabic: , Arabic pl. ...

List in alphabetic order:

Abdullah ibn Abbas (Arabic: عبد الله ابن عباس ) was a cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ... Abdur-Rahman ibn Awf, the companion of Prophet Muhammad. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... It has been suggested that Abu-Dahr be merged into this article or section. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: ) (c. ... The introduction of this article does not provide enough context for readers unfamiliar with the subject. ... Bilal was an early convert to Islam. ... For the Sahaba, see Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib For Hamza, the letter Ø¡ in the Arabic alphabet, representing /Ê”/, see (glottal stop). ... Miqdad is among the The Four Companions. ... With sword hanging from his neck, he set out straight away on his sinister errand. ... Salman the Persian (Arabic سلمان الفارسي Salman Farisi, Persian Salman e Farsi) was one of the Islamic prophet Muhammads companions. ... The murder of Uthman ibn Affan had become Talhahs tryst with destiny. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Leave this page if youre under 18!! - Page contains huge lies and hardly has any facts > it will surely misguide you! Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان) (c. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

The death of Muhammad

After a short illness, Muhammad died around noon on Monday 8 June 632, in the city of Medina at the age of sixty-three. June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ...

According to Shi'a Islam, Muhammad had appointed his son-in-law Ali as his successor, in a public sermon at Ghadir Khumm. Shi'a believe that Muhammad's companions Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to oust Ali and make Abu Bakr the leader or caliph. The majority of the Sunni sect dispute this, and say that the leaders of the community conferred and freely chose Abu Bakr, who was pre-eminent among the followers of Muhammad. However it happened, Abu Bakr became the new leader, and the split between Ali and Abu Bakr precipitated the split between Shi'a and Sunni. Abu Bakr spent much of his short reign suppressing rebellious tribes in the Ridda Wars. Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Sunni Islam (Arabic سنّة) is the largest denomination of Islam. ... The Ridda wars were a set of military campaigns against apostasy in Arabia during 632 and 633 AD, following the death of Muhammad. ...

With unity restored in Arabia, the Muslims looked outward and commenced the conquests that would eventually unite the Middle East under the caliphs. A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Image File history File links Hazrat_Muhammad_217. ...

Muhammad's descendants

Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina. The mosque contains the tombs of Muhammad and the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab.

Muhammad was survived by his daughter Fatima and her children. (Some say that he had a daughter Zainab, who had borne a daughter, Amma or Umama, who survived him as well.) The Prophet Mosque in Medina; the mosque has the Shrine of the Prophet Muhammad in the middle, also known as Gumbad-e-Khizra or Dome of the Prophet The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... The Prophet Mosque in Medina; the mosque has the Shrine of the Prophet Muhammad in the middle, also known as Gumbad-e-Khizra or Dome of the Prophet The copyright status of this work is difficult or impossible to determine. ... Masjid al-Nabawi or Mosque of the Prophet is the second holiest mosque in the Islamic world. ... This article is about the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. ... Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Abu Bakr As Siddiq (Arabic ابو بكر الصديق, alternative spellings, Abubakar, Abi Bakr, Abu Bakar) (c. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ... Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic: ) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija. ... this is a sahaba of Muhammad She is the daghter of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, however, it is disputed if she is the daghter of Muhammad or Khadijahs assumed previous husband. ... His Holiness Arulthiru Bangaru Adigalar The Avatar Par Excellence Palaniyappen Natarajan, B.E. May the All-pervading, Omniscient and Omnipotent, the Supreme Brahman, the personality of Godhead, the Divine Mother Adhiparasakthi and Her incarnation, His Holiness Arulthiru Bangaru Adigalar, my beloved Guru, guide this mind and hand. ...

In Shi'a Islam, it is believed that Fatima's husband Ali and his descendants are the rightful leaders of the faithful. The Sunni do not accept this view, but they still honor Muhammad's descendants. Shiʻa Islam (Arabic شيعى follower; English has traditionally used Shiite) makes up the second largest sect of believers in Islam, constituting about 30%–35% of all Muslim. ...

Descendants of Muhammad are known by many names, such as sayyids, syeds سيد, and sharifs شريف (plural: ِأشراف Ashraaf). Many rulers and notables in Muslim countries, past and present, claim such descent, with various degrees of credibility, such as the Fatimid dynasty of North Africa, the Idrisis, the current royal families of Jordan and Morocco, and the Agha Khan Imams of the Ismaili branch of Islam. In various Muslim countries, there are societies that authenticate claims of descent; some societies are more credible than others. Sayyid (Arabic: سيد also rendered as syed, seyyed, sayyed, saiyed, or sayed) is an honorific title often given to descendants of Muhammad through his grandsons, Hussein and Hasan, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib (who was Muhammads younger cousin and... Sayyid (Arabic: سید also rendered as syedd, seyyed or sayyed in Iran, saiyed or sayed) is an honorific title often given to descendants of Muhammad through his grandsons, Hussain and Hassan, the sons of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib. ... Sharif is a traditional Arab tribal title given to those to serve as the protector of the tribe and all tribal assets, property, land, wells etc. ... The Fatimids or Fatimid Caliphate (Arabic الفاطميون) is the Ismaili Shiite dynasty that ruled much of North Africa from A.D. 5 January 910 to 1171. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... Al-Idrisis world map from 1154. ... Aga Khan is the title of the spiritual leader of a sect within the Ismaili branch of Islam (Nizari Ismaili). ... Imam (Arabic: إمام , Persian: امام ) is an Arabic word meaning Leader. The ruler of a country might be called the Imam, for example. ... The Ismaili (Arabic الإسماعيليون, Persian: اسماعیلیان Esmâiliyân) branch of Islam is the second largest Shia community, after the Twelvers who are dominant in Iran. ...

Muhammad's historical significance

Before his death in 632, Muhammad had established Islam as a social and political force and had unified most of Arabia. A few decades after his death, his successors had united all of Arabia, and conquered Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Armenia, and much of North Africa. By 750, Islam had emerged as the spiritual counterpart to the two great monotheistic belief systems, Judaism and Christianity, and as the geopolitical successor to the Roman Empire. The rest of North Africa had come under Muslim rule, as well as the entire Iberian Peninsula and much of Central Asia (including Sind, in the Indus Valley). Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... North Africa is a region generally considered to include: Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara The Azores, Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Madeira are sometimes considered to be a part of North Africa. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... topographic map of the Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Sindh (Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... The Indus (सिन्‍धु नदी) (known as Sindhu in ancient times) is the principal river of Pakistan. ...

Under the Ghaznavids, in the tenth century, Islam was spread to the mainly Hindu principalities east of the Indus by conquering armies in what is now northern India. Even later, Islam expanded into much of Africa and Southeast Asia. Islam is now the faith of well over a billion people all over the globe, and is the second largest religion of the present day. The Ghaznavid Empire was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 977 to 1186. ... ( 9th century - 10th century - 11th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... A Hindu (archaic Hindoo), as per modern definition is an adherent of philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, the predominant Vedic religious, philosophical and cultural system of India (Bharat), Nepal, and the island of Bali. ... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...

Muslim veneration of Muhammad

The name "Muhammad" written in Arabic calligraphy. Many Muslims believe that Islam prohibits depicting the prophet Muhammad or arts depicting humans or animals; much Islamic art is decorative calligraphy or arabesque (abstract pattern). Image File history File links Muhammad_callig. ... Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. ... The Arabesque, an aspect of Islamic art usually found decorating the walls of mosques, is an elaborate application of repeating geometric forms that often echo the forms of plants and animals. ...

A 16th century Persian miniature painting celebrating Muhammad's ascent into the Heavens, a journey known as the Miraj. Muhammad's face is veiled. Image File history File links Headline text Allah File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... Isra is an Arabic word referring to what Muslims regard as Muhammads miraculous night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem - specifically, to the site of Masjid al-Aqsa - alluded to in Surat Al-Isra 1: سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده ليلاً من المسجد الحرام إلى المسجد الأقصى الذي باركنا حوله Glory...

Main article: Islam and veneration for Muhammad

All Muslims feel a great love and veneration for Muhammad, and express this feeling in many ways. Muslims, or followers of the religion of Islam, commonly feel a great love for their prophet Muhammad. ...

• When speaking or writing, Muhammad's name is preceded by the title "Prophet" and is followed by the phrase, Peace be upon him, or Peace be upon him and his descendants by Shias; in English often abbreviated as "(pbuh)" and "pbuh&hd", or just simply as "p".
• Concerts of Muslim and especially Sufi devotional music include songs praising Muhammad (see Muslim music, Qawwali).
• Some Muslims celebrate the birthday of Muhammad (Mawlid) with elaborate festivities. Others do not, believing that such festivities are modern innovations.
• Criticism of Muhammad is often equated with blasphemy, which is punishable by death in some Muslim states.
• Muhammad is often refered to with titles of praise.
• Muhammad's relics, such as his grave, his sword, his clothing, even strands of his hair, are revered by some.
• Even non-iconic representations of Muhammad are traditionally discouraged. From the 16th century, however, Persian and Ottoman art frequently represented Muhammad in miniatures, albeit with his face either veiled, or emanating radiance (see e.g. Siyer-i Nebi). Modern caricatures of Muhammad have caused great controversy and criticism (see Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons for an example).
• Beyond the stories accepted as canonical by Islamic scholars of hadith, or oral traditions, there are many folktales praising Muhammad and recounting miraculous stories of his birth, upbringing and life.

Peace be upon him (Arabic: صلى الله عليه وسلم; salla Allahu alayhi wa sallam, also transliterated as sallalahu aleyhi wasallam) is a phrase that Muslims often say after mentioning the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ... Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a system of esoteric philosophy commonly associated with Islam. ... Islamic music is Muslim religious music, as sung or played in public services or private devotions. ... Qawwali () is the devotional music of the Sufis. ... Mawlid, Mawlid an-Nabi or Milad al-Nabi (Arabic: ) is the celebration of the birthday of Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam; also known as the seal of the prophets. Sunni Muslims celebrate this day on the 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal in the Islamic calendar; whereas Shia Muslims... Look up blasphemy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The Persians of Iran (officially named Persia by West until 1935 while still referred to as Persia by some) are an Iranian people who speak Persian (locally named Fârsi by native speakers) and often refer to themselves as ethnic Iranians as well. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... The Siyer-i Nebi is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mameluke ruler in Cairo. ... The image is page three of Jyllands-Postens culture section from 2005-09-30 with the twelve drawings of Muhammad. ... Look up canon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hadith (Arabic: , Arabic pl. ... Folklore is the ethnographic concept of the tales, legends, or superstitions current among a particular ethnic population, a part of the oral history of a particular culture. ...

See also

Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God)) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions, and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Muslims, or followers of the religion of Islam, commonly feel a great love for their prophet Muhammad. ... In 1978, Michael H. Hart published a book called The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. ... This article is not about the group of British engineering companies called Sira; see Sira (group of British companies). ... Hadith (Arabic: , Arabic pl. ... Hanif is an Islamic term that refers to people who during the time of Jahiliya rejected the idolatry in their society. ... Here follows Muhammads family tree: Paternal grand father: Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim wateva trevors Aunt Arwa bint Abd al-Muttalib (Same mother as Hamza?) Paternal grand mother: Fatimah bint Amr Paternal uncle Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib Paternal uncle Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib Cousin Ali ibn Abu... Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) is regarded by non-Muslims as the founder of the religion of Islam and by Muslims as the last and greatest of the prophets of Islam. ... Zulfiqar (Dhul-Fiqar) (Arabic: ) was the sword of Muhammad and his son-in-law, Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... The Siyer-i Nebi is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, completed around 1388, written by Mustafa son of Yusuf of Erzurum, a Mevlevi dervish on the commission of Sultan Berkuk, the Mameluke ruler in Cairo. ... The following list consists of concepts that are derived from both Islam and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. ... The following figures are believed to have founded major religions or to have been the first codifiers or best known proponents of older traditions. ... Several informative movies and documentaries have been made about Muhammad, who is considered the final prophet of Islam by Muslims. ... Seal of the Prophets (Khatam-an-Nabi) is a title given to Muhammad by a verse in the Quran (33:40). ... Mohammad, Messenger of God (retitled The Message for U.S. release) (1976) is a film directed by Mustafa Akkad, chronicling the life and times of the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad. ... Ya Muhammad, Ya Ali, Ya Hussain and such are expresions used mainly by Shias. ...

References

• Armstrong, Karen (1993). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet, San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0062508865.
• Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1995). The Life of Muhammad, Islamic Book Service. ISBN 1577311957.
• Lings, Martin (1987). Muhammad: His Life Based on Earliest Sources, Inner Traditions International, Limited. ISBN 0892811706.
• Rodinson, Maxime (1861). Muhammad, New Publishers. ISBN 1565847520.
• Warraq, Ibn (March 2000). The Quest for the Historical Muhammad, Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573927872.
• Sahih Muslim Book 008, Number 3310
• Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 64
• Sahih Bukhari Volume 7, Book 62, Number 65

Muhammad Husay Haykal was a former minister of culture of Egypt. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Muhammad

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Muhammad

Non-sectarian biography

• Public Broadcasting System program on Muhammad
• Encarta Encyclopedia
• 1911 Encyclopedia article of Muhammad

Muslim biographies

• USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
• Islamonline
• Biography by Harun Yahya
• Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar)- Memoirs of the Noble Prophet
• The Life of Muhammad Muhammad Husayn Haykal Translated by Isma'il Razi A. al-Faruqi
• About Muhammad
• Muhammad Biography and more
• Who is Muhammad? (With Photos of ar-Rawdah an-Nabawiyah)

Critical perspectives

• Answering Islam's critical analysis of Muhammad
• Trends in Biographies of Muhammad
• Wives of Muhammad

Other

• Swords of the Prophet Muhammad