Mohammad Mosaddeq (Mossadeq (help·info)) (Persian: محمد مصدق‎ Moḥammad Moṣaddeq, also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) (16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major figure in modern Iranian history who served as the Prime Minister of Iran ^[1][2] from 1951 to 1953 when he was removed from power by a coup d'état. From an aristocratic background, Mossadegh was a nationalist and passionately opposed foreign intervention in Iran. An author, administrator, lawyer, prominent parliamentarian, and statesman, he is most famous as the architect of the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry^[3], which had been under British control through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), today known as British Petroleum (BP). Mohammed Mossadeq File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... As the result of an amendment to the Constitution of Iran in 1989, there is no longer a post titled Prime Minister of Iran, but Iran has had many prime ministers since the Qajar era, when the country was internationally known as Persia. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Hosein Ala Hosein Alā was a Prime Minister of Iran during 1951. ... General Fazlollah Zahedi Mohammad Fazlollah Zahedi (1897-1963) was an Iranian general, Prime Minister, and politician. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... This article is about the day. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... The National Front of Iran (Jebhe Melli) is a Democratic political opposition group founded by Mohammad Mossadegh and other secular Iranian leaders of Nationalist, Liberal, and Social-Democratic political orientation who had been educated in France in the late 1940s. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Farsi redirects here. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the day. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... As the result of an amendment to the Constitution of Iran in 1989, there is no longer a post titled Prime Minister of Iran, but Iran has had many prime ministers since the Qajar era, when the country was internationally known as Persia. ... Coup redirects here. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) was founded in 1909, as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran. ... This article is about the corporation known as BP. See also BP (disambiguation) BP (formerly British Petroleum and briefly known as BP Amoco) (NYSE: BP) is a petroleum company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. ...

Mossadegh was removed from power on August 19, 1953, in a coup d'état, supported and funded by the British and U.S. governments and led by General Fazlollah Zahedi ^[4]. The American operation came to be known as Operation Ajax in America,^[5] after its CIA cryptonym, and as the "28 Mordad 1332" coup in Iran, after its date on the Iranian calendar.^[6] Dr. Mosaddeq was imprisoned for three years and subsequently put under house arrest until his death. Coup redirects here. ... General Fazlollah Zahedi Mohammad Fazlollah Zahedi (1897-1963) was an Iranian general, Prime Minister, and politician. ... Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ... CIA cryptonyms are code words seen in declassified documents of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. ... The Iranian calendar (Persian: ) also known as Persian calendar or the Jalāli Calendar is a solar calendar currently used in Iran and Afghanistan. ... The Iranian calendar (Persian: ), also known as Persian calendar or (mistakenly) the Jalāli Calendar is an astronomical solar calendar currently used in Iran and Afghanistan as the main official calendar. ...

In Iran and many countries, Mosaddeq is known as a hero of Third World anti-imperialism and victim of imperialist greed.^[7] However a number of scholars and historians believe that alongside the plotting of the UK and US, a major factor in his overthrow was Mossadeq's loss of support among Shia clerics and the traditional middle class^[disputed], brought on by his increasingly radical and secular policies and by their fear of a communist takeover.^{[8][9][10][11][disputed]} For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... Anti-imperialism, strictly speaking, is a term that may be applied to or movement opposed to some form of imperialism. ...

Early life

Mohammad Mossadegh was born in 1882 in Tehran to an Ashtian Bakhtiari finance minister and a Qajar princess. When his father died in 1892, he was appointed the tax collector of the Khorasan province and was bestowed with the title of "Mossadegh-os-Saltaneh" by Nasser al-Din Shah.^[12] For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... Ashtian is an ancient city located in the northeast of Markazi province of Iran. ... The Qajar dynasty was the ruling family of Persia from 1796 to 1925. ... Khorasan (also spelled Khurasan and Khorassan; خراسان in Persian) is an area, located in eastern and northeastern Iran. ... Nasser-al-Din Shah The Shah, on his European tour, in The Royal Albert Hall, London Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar (Persian: ‎ translit: ) (July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) was the Shah of Persia from September 17, 1848 until his death on May 1, 1896. ...

Education

Dr. Mossadeq received his B.A. and Masters in (International) Law from University of Paris (Sorbonne) before pursuing higher education in Switzerland. He received his Ph.D. in 1914 following a bachelor of economics in 1916. Mossadeq also taught at the University of Tehran before entering his political career. ^[13]

Early political career

Mossadeq started his career in Iranian politics with the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, when at the age of 24, he was elected from Isfahan to the newly inaugurated Persian Parliament, the Majlis of Iran. In 1920, after being self-exiled to Switzerland in protest of the Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1919, he was invited by the new Persian Prime Minister, Hassan Pirnia (Moshir-ed-Dowleh), to become his "Minister of Justice"; but while enroute to Tehran, he was asked by the people of Shiraz to become Governor of the "Fars" Province. He was later appointed Finance Minister, in the government of Ahmad Ghavam (Ghavam os-Saltaneh) in 1921, and then Foreign Minister, in the government of Moshir-ed-Dowleh in June 1923. He then became Governor of the "Azerbaijan" Province. Later, in 1923, he was re-elected to the Majlis and voted against the selection of the Prime Minister Reza Khan as the new Shah of Persia. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution (also Persian Constitutional Revolution and Constitutional Revolution of Iran) took place between 1905 and 1911. ... Naghsh-i Jahan Square, Isfahan This article is about the city of Isfahan. ... Image:DSC--Majlis5323. ... The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... A minister for foreign affairs, or foreign minister, is a governmental cabinet minister who helps form the foreign policy of a sovereign nation. ... Shah Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877–July 26, 1944), called Reza Shah the Great after his death, was Shah of Persia (later Iran) from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. ...

By 1944, Reza Shah Pahlavi had abdicated, and Mossadegh was once again elected to parliament. This time he took the lead of Jebhe Melli (National Front of Iran), an organization he had founded with nineteen others like Dr.Hossein Fatemi, Ahmad Zirakzadeh, Ali Shayegan and Karim Sanjabi, aiming to establish democracy and end the foreign presence in Iranian politics, especially by nationalizing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's (AIOC) operations in Iran. Shah Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi (Persian: رضا پهلوی), (March 16, 1877–July 26, 1944), called Reza Shah the Great after his death, was Shah of Persia (later Iran) from December 15, 1925 to September 16, 1941. ... The National Front of Iran (Jebhe Melli) is a political opposition party founded by Mohammad Mossadegh and other Iranian nationalist leaders in the late 1940s. ... Hosein Fatemi is regarded as an Iranian patriot in history Hosein Fatemi, PhD, was a famous politician of Iran. ...

Prime Minister

Support for oil nationalization

Most of Iran's oil reserves were in the Persian Gulf area and had been developed by the British Anglo-Iranian Oil company and exported to Britain. For a number of reasons - a growing conscious of how little Iran was getting from the Anglo-Iranian Oil company for its oil; refusal of AIOC to offer of a `50-50% profit sharing deal` to Iran as Aramco had to the Saudi Arabian; anger over Iran's defeat and occupation by the Allied powers - nationalization of oil was an important and popular issue with "a broad cross-section of the Iranian people."^[14]

General Haj-Ali Razmara, the Shah's choice, was approved as prime minister June 1950. On March 3, 1951 he appeared before the Majlis in an attempt to persuade the deputies against "full nationalization on the grounds that Iran could not override its international obligations and lacked the capacity to run the oil industry on its own." He was assassinated four days later by Khalil Tahmasebi, a member of the militant fundamentalist group Fadayan-e Islam.^[15] General Ali Razmara was a prime minister of Iran during the early 1950s. ... Khalil Tahmasebi, Iranian who murdered the prime minister of Iran (Ali Razmara) in 1951. ... Fadayan-e Islam was founded in 1946 as an Islamic fundamentalist organization. ...

After negotiations for higher oil royalties failed, on 15 March and 20 March 1951, the Iranian Majlis and Senate voted to nationalize the British-owned and operated AIOC, taking control of Iran's oil industry. is the 74th day of the year (75th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Image:DSC--Majlis5323. ...

Another force for nationalization was the Tudeh or Communist party. In early April of 1951 the party unleashed nationwide strikes and riots in protest against delays in nationalization of the oil industry along with low wages and bad housing in oil industry. This display of strength, along with public celebration at the assassination of General Razmara made an impact on the deputies of the majlis.^[16] The Tudeh Party of Iran (f. ...

Election as prime minister

On 28 April 1951, the Majlis named Mossadegh as new prime minister by a vote of 79-12. Aware of Mossadegh's rising popularity and political power, the young Shah appointed Mossadegh to the Premiership. On May 1, Mossadegh nationalized the AIOC, cancelling its oil concession due to expire in 1993 and expropriating its assets. The next month a committee of five majlis deputies was sent to Khuzistan to enforce the nationalization. ^[17] is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 121st day of the year (122nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mossadegh explained his nationalization policy in a June 21, 1951 speech: is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Our long years of negotiations with foreign countries ... have yielded no results this far. With the oil revenues we could meet our entire budget and combat poverty, disease, and backwardness among our people. Another important consideration is that by the elimination of the power of the British company, we would also eliminate corruption and intrigue, by means of which the internal affairs of our country have been influenced. Once this tutelage has ceased, Iran will have achieved its economic and political independence. The Iranian state prefers to take over the production of petroleum itself. The company should do nothing else but return its property to the rightful owners. The nationalization law provide that 25% of the net profits on oil be set aside to meet all the legitimate claims of the company for compensation .... It has been asserted abroad that Iran intends to expel the foreign oil experts from the country and then shut down oil installations. Not only is this allegation absurd; it is utter invention.... ^[18]

The confrontation between Iran and Britain escalated from there with Mossadegh's government refusing to allow the British any involvement in Iran's oil industry, and Britain making sure Iran could sell no oil. In July, Mossadeq broke off negotiations with AIOC after it threatened "to pull out its employees," and told owners of oil tanker ships that "receipts from the Iranian government would not be accepted on the world market."^[19] Two months later the AIOC evacuated its technicians and closed down the oil installations. Under nationalized management many refineries lacked properly trained technicians that were needed to continue production. The British government announced a de facto blockade and reinforced its naval force in the Gulf and lodged complaints against Iran before the United Nations Security Council. ^[20] “Security Council” redirects here. ...

The British government announced a de facto blockade sending gunboats to the Persian Gulf. It threatened legal action against purchasers of oil produced in the formerly British-controlled refineries and obtained an agreement with its sister international oil companies not to fill in where the AIOC was boycotting Iran. The AIOC withdrew its technicians from the refineries and the entire Iranian oil industry came to a "virtual standstill", oil production dropping from 241.4 million barrels in 1950 to 10.6 million in 1952. This "Abadan Crisis" reduced Iran's oil income to almost nil, putting a severe strain on the implementation of Mossadeq's promised domestic reforms. At the same time BP and Aramco doubled their production in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq, to make up for lost production in Iran so that no hardship was felt in Britain. The British public rallied behind the cause of AIOC. Map of the Persian Gulf. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Abadan Crisis occurred from 1951 to 1954, after Iran nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and expelled Western companies from oil refineries in the city of Abadan. ... This article is about the energy corporation. ... Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabian Oil Company) is one of the largest oil companies in the world, and the largest in terms of production (bpd). ...

Still enormously popular in late 1951, Mossadegh called elections. His base of support was in urban areas and not in the provinces.^[21] According to Ervand Abrahamian: "Realizing that the opposition would take the vast majority of the provincial seats, Mossadeq stopped the voting as soon as 79 deputies - just enough to form a parliamentary quorum - had been elected."^[disputed] National Front members or supporters made up 30 of these 79 deputies. 17th Majles convened on 1952 February.

According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, tension escalated in the majlis also. Conservative opponents refused to grant Mossadegh special powers to deal with the economic crisis caused by the sharp drop in revenue and voiced regional grievances against the capital Tehran, while the National Front waged "a propaganda war against the landed upper class." ^[22]

Resignation and uprising

On July 16, 1952, during the royal approval of his new cabinet, Mossadegh insisted on the constitutional prerogative of the prime minister to name a Minister of War and the Chief of Staff, something the Shah had done hitherto. The Shah refused, and Mossadegh announced his resignation appealing directly to the public for support, pronouncing that `in the present situation, the struggle started by the Iranian people cannot be brought to a victorious conclusion`.^[23] is the 197th day of the year (198th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the governmental body. ...

Veteran politician Ahmad Qavam (also known as Ghavam os-Saltaneh) was appointed as Iran's new prime minister. On the day of his appointment, he announced his intention to resume negotiations with the British to end the oil dispute, a reversal of Mossadegh's policy. National Front - along with various Nationalist, Islamist, and socialist parties and groups ^[24] - including Tudeh - responded by calling for protests, strikes and mass demonstrations in favor of Mossadeq. Major strikes broke out in all of Iran's major towns, with the Bazaar closing down in Tehran. Over 250 demonstrators in Tehran, Hamadan, Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Kermanshah were killed or suffered serious injuries. ^[25] Ahmad Ghavam in royal court attire. ...

After five days of mass demonstrations on Siyeh-i Tir (the 13th of Tir on the Iranian calendar), "military commanders, ordered their "troops back to barracks, fearful of overstraining" the enlisted men's loyalty and left Tehran "in the hands of the protestors."^[26] Frightened by the unrest, Shah dismissed Qavam and re-appointed Mossadegh, granting him the full control of the military he had previously demanded.

Reinstatement and emergency powers

With further rise of his popularity, a greatly strengthened Mossadegh convinced the parliament to grant him "emergency powers for six months to decree any law he felt necessary for obtaining not only financial solvency, but also electoral, judicial, and educational reforms." ^[27] Mossadegh appoints Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani as house speaker. Kashani's Islamic scholars, as well as the Tudeh Party, proved to be two of Mossadegh's key political allies, although both relationships were often strained. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Tudeh Party of Iran (f. ...

With his emergency powers, Mossadegh trid to strengthen the democratically-elected political institutions by limiting the monarchy's unconstitutional powers ^[28], cutting Shah's personal budget, forbidding him to communicate directly with foreign diplomats, transferring royal lands back to the state, expelling his politically active sister Ashraf Pahlavi. ^[29] Prince Shahryar showing a military site to his mother, Princess Ashraf Pahlavi Princess (Shahdokht) Ashraf ul-Mulk (Persian: اشرف پهلوی Ashraf Pahlavī) (born October 26, 1919), is the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran and the Pahlavi Dynasty. ...

Mossadegh also weakened the landed aristocracy, abolishing Iran's centuries-old feudal agriculture sector and working to replace it with a system of collective farming and government land ownership. Although Mossadegh had previously been opposed to these policies when implemented unilaterally by the Shah^{[citation needed]}, he saw it as a means of checking the power of the Tudeh Party, which had been agitating for general land reform among the peasants.

Overthrow of Mossadegh

Main article: 1953 Iranian coup d'état

In the 1953 Iranian coup détat, the administration of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower orchestrated the overthrow of the democratically-elected administration of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq and his cabinet from power. ...

Plot to depose Mossadegh

Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on 19 August 1953.

The government of the United Kingdom had grown increasingly distressed over Mossadegh's policies and were especially bitter over the loss of their control of the Iranian oil industry. Repeated attempts to reach a settlement had failed. Photo is from CHN Archives of Irans Cultural Heritage Organization. ... Photo is from CHN Archives of Irans Cultural Heritage Organization. ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Unable to resolve the issue single handedly due to its post-World War II problems, Britain looked towards the United States to settle the issue. Initially America had opposed British policies. "After American mediation had failed several times to bring about a settlement", American Secretary of State Dean Acheson "concluded that the British were `destructive and determined on a rule or ruin policy in Iran.`" ^[30] By early 1953, however, there was a new Republican party presidential administration in the United States.

The United States was led to believe by the British that Mossadegh was increasingly turning towards communism and was moving Iran towards the Soviet sphere at a time of high Cold War fears.^{[31][32][33][34]} This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

Acting on the opposition to Mossadegh by the British government and fears that he was, or would become, dependent on the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party at a time of expanding Soviet influence,^[35] the United States and Britain began to publicly denounce Mossadegh's policies for Iran as harmful to the country. The Tudeh Party of Iran (f. ...

In the mean time the already precarious alliance between Mossadegh and Kashani was severed in January 1953, when Kashani opposed Mossadegh's demand that his increased powers be extended for a period of one year.

Operation Ajax

In October 1952, Mossadegh declared that Britain was "an enemy", and cut all diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. In November and December 1952, British intelligence officials suggested to American intelligence that the prime minister should be ousted. The new US administration under Dwight D. Eisenhower and the British government under Winston Churchill agreed to work together toward Mossadegh's removal. In March 1953, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles directed the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was headed by his younger brother Allen Dulles, to draft plans to overthrow Mossadegh.^[36] Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961). ... Churchill redirects here. ... The United States Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with foreign affairs. ... John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. ... CIA redirects here. ... Allen W. Dulles Allen Welsh Dulles (April 7, 1893 – January 29, 1969) was the first civilian and the longest serving (1953-1961) Director of Central Intelligence (de-facto head of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency) and a member of the Warren Commission. ...

On April 4, 1953, CIA director Dulles approved US$1 million to be used "in any way that would bring about the fall of Mossadegh." Soon the CIA's Tehran station started to launch a propaganda campaign against Mossadegh. Finally, according to The New York Times, in early June, American and British intelligence officials met again, this time in Beirut, and put the finishing touches on the strategy. Soon afterward, according to his later published accounts, the chief of the CIA's Near East and Africa division, Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. the grandson of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, arrived in Tehran to direct it.^[37].In 2000, The New York Times made partial publication of a leaked CIA document titled, "Clandestine Service History – Overthrow of Premier Mosaddeq of Iran – November 1952-August 1953." This document describes the planning and execution conducted by the American and British governments. The New York Times published this critical document with the names censored. The New York Times also limited its publication to scanned image (bitmap) format, rather than machine-readable text. This document was eventually published properly – in text form, and fully unexpurgated. The complete CIA document is now web published. The word 'blowback' appeared for the very first time in this document. is the 94th day of the year (95th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... This article is about the Lebanese city. ... Kermit Roosevelt Kermit Kim Roosevelt, Jr. ... For other persons named Theodore Roosevelt, see Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation). ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Blowback is a term now broadly used in espionage to describe the unintended consequences of covert operations. ...

The plot, known as Operation Ajax, centered around convincing Iran's monarch to use his constitutional authority to dismiss Mossadegh from office, as he had attempted some months earlier. But the Shah was uncooperative, and it would take much persuasion and many meetings to successfully execute the plan. Soldiers surround the Parliament building in Tehran on August 19, 1953. ...

Mossadegh became aware of the plots against him and grew increasingly wary of conspirators acting within his government. Soon Pro-Mossadegh supporters, both socialists and nationalists, threatened Muslim leaders with "savage punishment if they opposed Mossadegh," with impression that Mossadegh was cracking down on dissent, and stirring anti-Mossadegh sentiments within the religious community. Mossadegh then moved to dissolve parliament, in spite of the Constitutional provision which gave the Shah sole authority to dissolve Parliament. After taking the additional step of abolishing the Constitutional guarantee of a “secret ballot”, Mossadegh’s victory in the national plebiscite was assured. The electorate was forced into a non-secret ballot and Mossadegh won 99.93% of the vote. The tactics employed by Mossadegh to remain in power were dictatorial in their result, playing into the hands of those who wished to see him removed.^{[citation needed]} Parliament was suspended indefinitely, and Mossadegh's emergency powers were extended. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government, may work to alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors, or may order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. ...

Shah's exile

Shaban jafari in Tehran on 19 August 1953.

In August 1953, Mossadegh attempted to convince the Shah to leave the country and allow him control over the government. The Shah refused, and formally dismissed the Prime Minister. Mossadegh refused to leave, however, and when it became apparent that he was going to fight to overthrow the monarchy, the Shah, as a precautionary measure, flew to Baghdad and from there to Rome, Italy, after signing two decrees, one dismissing Mossadegh and the other nominating General Fazlollah Zahedi Prime Minister. For other uses, see Tehran (disambiguation). ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... For other uses, see Rome (disambiguation). ... General Fazlollah Zahedi Mohammad Fazlollah Zahedi (1897-1963) was an Iranian general, Prime Minister, and politician. ...

Coup d'etat

Once again, massive protests broke out across the nation. Anti- and pro-monarchy protestors violently clashed in the streets, leaving almost 300 dead. The pro-monarchy forces, led by retired army General and former Minister of Interior in Mossadegh's cabinet, Fazlollah Zahedi and street thugs like Shaban Jafari (also known as Shaban "the Brainless")^[38] , gained the upper hand on 19 August 1953 (28 Mordad). The military intervened as the pro-Shah tank regiments stormed the capital and bombarded the prime minister's official residence. Mossadegh managed to flee from the mob that set in to ransack his house, and, the following day, surrendered to General Zahedi, who had meanwhile established his makeshift headquarters at the Officers' Club. Dr. Mossadegh was arrested at the Officers' Club and transferred to a military jail shortly after. General Fazlollah Zahedi Mohammad Fazlollah Zahedi (1897-1963) was an Iranian general, Prime Minister, and politician. ... is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Shah's return

Shortly after the return of the Shah, on 22 August 1953, from the brief self-imposed exile in Rome, Mossadegh was tried by a military tribunal for high treason. Zahedi and the Shah were inclined, however, to spare the man's life (the death penalty would have applied according to the laws of the day). Mossadegh received a sentence of 3 years in solitary confinement at a military jail and was exiled to his village not far from Tehran, where he remained under house arrest on his estate until his death, on 5 March 1967. is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the day. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ...

Zahedi's new government soon reached an agreement with foreign oil companies to form a "Consortium" and "restore the flow of Iranian oil to world markets in substantial quantities."^[39]

Legacy

Iran

The overthrow of Mossadeq served as a rallying point in anti-US protests during the 1979 Iranian revolution and to this day is said to be one of the most popular figures in Iranian history. ^[40] Despite this he is generally ignored by the government of the Islamic Republic because of his secularism and western manners. ^[41] This article is about the 1979 revolution in Iran. ...

The withdrawal of support for Mossadeq by the powerful Shia clergy's has been regarded as having been motivated by their fear of the "chaos" of "a communist takeover."^[42] Some argue that while many elements of Mossadeq's coalition abandoned him it was the loss of support from Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani and other clergy that was fatal to his cause, reflective of the dominance of the ulama in Iranian society and a portent of the Islamic Revolution to come. "The loss of the political clerics effectively cut Mossadeq's connections with the lower middle classes and the Iranian masses which are crucial to any popular movement" in Iran.^[43] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ulema, a community of legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia. ...

U.S. and other countries

Prime Minister Mossadeq with President Truman

The extent of the U.S.'s role in Mossadeq's overthrow was not formally acknowledged for many years, although the Eisenhower administration was quite vocal in its opposition to the policies of the ousted Iranian Prime Minister. In his memoirs, Eisenhower writes angrily about Mossadeq, and describes him as impractical and naive, though he stops short of admitting any overt involvement in the coup.

Eventually the CIA's role became well-known, and caused controversy within the organization itself, and within the CIA congressional hearings of the 1970s. CIA supporters maintain that the plot against Mossadegh was strategically necessary, and praise the efficiency of agents in carrying out the plan. Critics say the scheme was paranoid and colonial, as well as immoral.

In March 2000, then-Secretary of State Madeleine Albright stated her regret that Mossadegh was ousted: "The Eisenhower administration believed its actions were justified for strategic reasons. But the coup was clearly a setback for Iran's political development and it is easy to see now why many Iranians continue to resent this intervention by America." In the same year, the New York Times published a detailed report about the coup based on alleged CIA documents.^[4] Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová, IPA: , on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

For his sudden rise in popularity inside and outside of Iran, and for his defiance of the British, Mossadegh was named as Time Magazine's 1951 Man of the Year. Other notables considered for the title that year included Dean Acheson, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur.^[44] (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Person of the Year is an annual issue of United States (U.S.) newsmagazine Time that features a profile on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that [1] // The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year began in 1927, when Time editors contemplated what they could... Dean Acheson Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer; as United States Secretary of State in the late 1940s he played the central role in defining American foreign policy for the Cold War. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, born David Dwight Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), nicknamed Ike, was a five-star General in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953–1961). ... This article is about the American general; for the municipality in the Philippines, see General MacArthur, Eastern Samar. ...

In early 2004, the Egyptian government changed a street name in Cairo from Pahlavi to Mosaddeq, to facilitate closer relations with Iran. For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... The Pahlavi dynasty (in Persian: دودمان پهلوی) of Iran began with the crowning of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925 and ended with the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the subsequent collapse of the ancient tradition of Iranian monarchy. ...

He was good friends with Mohammad Mokri until his death.

Mosaddeq in the media

Mohammad Mosaddeq plays an important role in the 2003 TV production Soraya,^[45] which deals with the life of the Shah's second wife and former Queen of Iran, Princess Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari. Mosaddeq's role is played by Claude Brasseur. Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari (b. ... Claude Brasseur (born June 15, 1936) is a French actor. ...

See also

• List of Iranian Intellectuals
• 1953 Iranian coup d'état
• Abadan Crisis
• Abadan Crisis timeline

A Mashallah Ajoodani Mehdi Akhavan-Sales Jalal Al-e-Ahmad Bozorg Alavi Amir Hossein Aryanpour Manouchehr Atashi B Shapour Bakhtiar Rakhshan Bani-Etemad Mehdi Bazargan Simin Behbahani Masoud Behnoud C Sadegh Choubak D Mahmoud Dowlatabadi Aramesh Doustdar E Shirin Ebadi Hossein Elahi Ghomshei Mirzadeh Eshghi F Forough Farrokhzad G Akbar... In the 1953 Iranian coup détat, the administration of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower orchestrated the overthrow of the democratically-elected administration of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq and his cabinet from power. ... The Abadan Crisis occurred from 1951 to 1954, after Iran nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, and expelled Western companies from oil refineries in the city of Abadan. ...

References

Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... old Radio 4 logo BBC Radio 4 is a UK domestic radio station which broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see The Independent (disambiguation). ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... James Risen is a reporter for the New York Times and previously the Los Angeles Times, and author/co-author of two books about the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is a daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed internationally. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 263rd day of the year (264th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Guardian Unlimited is a British website owned by the Guardian Media Group. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 by Thomas Blanton, it archives and publishes declassified U.S. government files concerning selected topics of American foreign policy. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 307th day of the year (308th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 324th day of the year (325th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 218th day of the year (219th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... Year 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism : essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley : University of California Press, c1993. 0-520-08173-0
• Abrahamian, Ervand, Iran Between Two Revolutions, By Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982
• Farhad Diba, Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh; A Political Biography. London: Croom Helm, 1986, ISBN 0-7099-4517-5
• Mostafa Elm, Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8156-2642-8
• Mark Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran, Cornell University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-8014-2412-7
• Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950-1954, Columbia University Press,1997, ISBN 0-231-10819-2
• Farman Farmaian, Sattareh with Dona Munker 2006. Daughter of Persia: A Woman's Journey from Her Father's Harem through the Islamic Revolution. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN-10: 0-307-33974-2
• Stephen Kinzer, All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, John Wiley & Sons, 2003, ISBN 0-471-26517-9
• Id., Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq, Times Books, 2006, ISBN 0-8050-7861-4
• Nikki R. Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-300-09856-1
• Homa Katouzian, Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran, I B Tauris & Co, 1991, ISBN 1-850-43210-4
• Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran, edited by Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne. Translated into Persian as Mosaddegh va Coup de Etat by Ali Morshedizad, Ghasidehsara Pub. Co.
• Mark J. Gasiorowski, The 1953 Coup D'Etat in Iran, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 261-286 (1987). JSTOR

Stephen Kinzer is an American author and newspaper reporter. ... All the Shahs Men : An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (ISBN 0471678783 ) is a book, written by journalist Stephen Kinzer, about the 1953 CIA-engineered coup in which Mohammed Mossadegh was overthrown by American and British agents (chief among them Kermit Roosevelt) and royalists loyal... Overthrow: Americas Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq is a book by Stephen Kinzer released in 2006 about the United Statess involvement in overthrowing governments from the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 to Iraq in 2003. ... Homa Katouzian (in Persian: همايون کاتوزیان; born November 17, 1942) is an economist, historian, political scientist and literary critic, with a special interest in Iranian studies. ...

External links

• (Persian) Ardeshir Zahedi website contains number of articles related to Mossadegh
• The Mohammad Mossadegh Project - Site containing pictures, media and biography of Mossadegh
• James Risen: Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran -- A special report.; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79). The New York Times, 16 April 2000.
• New York Times Archive containing declassified US intelligence Documents on the Coup of 1953
• In Memory of August 19, 1953 by Sasan Fayazmanesh, 18 August 2003.
• Mossadegh's photo album
• Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran Book and declassified documents from the National Security Archive, 22 June 2004
• The Secret CIA History of the Iran Coup - U.S. National Security Archive
• An alternative view by Ardeshir Zahedi
• 50 Years After the CIA’s First Overthrow of a Democratically Elected Foreign Government
• How to Overthrow A Government: The 1953 U.S. Coup in Iran
• A short account of 1953 Coup in Iran
• The Sunday Herald, Over A Barrel